"Mind and Feeling"

Official comment:

Direction involves thinking about reason and feeling as the two most important components inner world a person that influences his aspirations and actions. Reason and feeling can be considered both in harmonious unity and in complex confrontation, which is internal conflict personality. The theme of mind and feeling is interesting for writers of different cultures and eras: heroes literary works often face a choice between the command of feeling and the prompting of reason.

Aphorisms and sayings famous people:

There are feelings that replenish and obscure the mind, and there is a mind that cools the movement of feelings. MM. Prishvin

If the feelings are not true, then our whole mind will be false. Lucretius

A feeling held captive by a crude practical need has only a limited meaning. Karl Marx

No imagination can come up with such a multitude of contradictory feelings as usually coexist in one human heart. F. La Rochefoucauld

To see and feel is to be, to think is to live. W. Shakespeare

The dialectical unity of reason and feeling is the central problem of the multitude works of art world and Russian literature. Writers, depicting the world of human intentions, passions, actions, judgments, one way or another relate to these two categories. Human nature is arranged in such a way that the struggle between reason and feeling inevitably gives rise to an internal conflict of the personality, and therefore provides fertile ground for the work of writers - artists of human souls.

List of references in the direction "Reason and feeling"

    A.I. Kuprin " Garnet bracelet»

    L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

    A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"

    A.M. Gorky "At the bottom"

    A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"

    F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

    I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"

    A.S. Pushkin Captain's daughter»

    Guy de Maupassant "Necklace"

    N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba"

    N.M. Karamzin " Poor Lisa

    A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"

MATERIALS for literary arguments.

( Introduction )

What is love? Each person will answer this question differently. For me, love is the desire to always be there, despite quarrels, problems, insults and misunderstandings, the desire to find a compromise, the ability to forgive and support in a difficult situation. Great happiness if love is mutual. But in life there are situations when an unrequited feeling arises. Unrequited love brings great suffering to a person. But the worst thing is when an unrequited feeling becomes beyond the control of reason and leads to an irreparable tragedy.(69 words)

(Argument)

Love - eternal theme world literature. Many authors describe this great feeling in their works. And I want to remember the wonderful story of Kuprin "Garnet Bracelet". On the first pages of the work, the life of the Shein family is revealed to us. There is no longer love in a married couple, and Vera Nikolaevna is disappointed in her marriage. She feels sadness in her heart. We can only guess that she, like any woman, wants attention, affection, care. Unfortunately, main character does not understand that all this is very close. A petty official, Georgy Zheltkov, has been loving Vera Nikolaevna for eight years with an unusually strong and sincere love. He fell in love with her at first sight and was happy because God rewarded him with this feeling. But the main character did not pay attention to a man of humble origin. Vera Nikolaevna is getting married and asks Zheltkov not to write to her anymore. We can only guess what difficulties this brought to our hero and marvel at his fortitude. George did not have the opportunity to be close to Vera, to be loved by her, but he is happy because she simply exists, because Vera lives in this world. Zheltkov gives Vera Nikolaevna a garnet bracelet for her birthday. He does not expect Mrs. Sheina to wear a gift. But George is warmed by the thought that his beloved will simply touch this decoration. On Vera, this bracelet evokes a feeling of anxiety, the overflow of stones remind her of drops of blood. Thus, the author makes it clear to us that a reciprocal feeling for Zheltkov begins to emerge in the main character. She worries about him, feels the approach of trouble. Vera brings up the topic of love in a conversation with a friend of her parents, whom she considers her grandfather, and she begins to understand that Zheltkov's love is that real and rare sincere love. But Vera's brother Nikolai Nikolaevich intervenes, outraged by Georgy's gift, and decides to talk to Zheltkov. Main character works understands that he can not escape from his love. Neither departure nor prison will help him. But he feels that he is interfering with his beloved, George idolizes Vera, he is ready to do everything for her well-being, but he cannot overcome his feelings, and Zheltkov decides to commit suicide. That's so strong unrequited love led to tragedy. And Vera, unfortunately, realized too late that a very rare and sincere love had passed her by. No one and nothing can fix the situation if the person is gone.(362 words)

(Output)

Love is a great feeling, but it is very scary when it leads to tragedy. No matter how strong the feelings are, you can not lose your mind. Life is the best that is given to a person. The same can be said about love. And no matter what trials come our way, we must keep our feelings and reason in harmony.(51 words)

A. I. Kuprin story "Garnet bracelet" "Reason and feeling"

(Argument 132)

The hero of Kuprin's story "Garnet Bracelet", Georgy Zheltkov, could not cope with his feelings. This man, seeing Vera Nikolaevna once, fell in love with her for life. George did not expect reciprocity from the married princess. He understood everything, but he could not help himself. Faith was a small meaning of Zheltkov's life, and he believed that God had rewarded him with such love. The hero showed his feelings only in letters, without showing himself to the princess in front of her eyes. On the day of the angel of Vera, the fan gave his beloved a garnet bracelet and attached a note in which he asked for forgiveness for the trouble he had caused. When the husband of the princess, together with her brother, found Zheltkov, he admitted the indecency of his behavior and explained that he sincerely loves Vera and only death can extinguish this feeling. Finally, the hero asked Vera's husband for permission to write her last letter, and after the conversation he said goodbye to his life.

A. I. Kuprin story "Garnet bracelet" Love or madness? "Mind and Feeling"

(Intro 72) Love is one of the warmest feelings a person can experience. She is able to fill the heart with joy, inspire and give vitality to the one in love, But, unfortunately, this feeling does not always make a person happy. The lack of reciprocity breaks people's hearts, dooms them to suffering, and then a person can lose his mind, turning the object of adoration into a kind of deity, which he is ready to worship forever. We often hear that lovers are called crazy. But where is this fine line between conscious feeling and addiction?

(Argument 160) The work of A. I. Kuprin “Garnet Bracelet” makes readers think about this question. Main character long years pursued his beloved, and then committed suicide. What pushed him to these acts: love or madness? I think it was still a conscious feeling. Zheltkov fell in love with Vera. Seeing her only once. Being a petty official, he was aware of social inequality with his beloved, and therefore did not even try to woo her. It was enough for him to admire the princess from the outside, without intruding into her life. Zheltkov shared his feelings with Vera in letters. The hero wrote to his beloved even after her marriage, although he recognized the indecency of his behavior. The husband of the princess treated Grigory Stepanovich with understanding. Shein told his wife that Zheltkov loved her and was not crazy at all. Of course, the hero showed weakness by deciding to commit suicide, but he came to this consciously, concluding that only death could cut off his love. He knew that without Vera he would not be happy and, at the same time, did not want to interfere with her.

(Argument 184) N and in the pages of world fiction, the problem of the influence of feelings and reason is raised very often. So, for example, in the epic novel by Leo Tolstoy “War and Peace”, two types of heroes appear: on the one hand, impulsive Natasha Rostova, sensitive Pierre Bezukhov, fearless Nikolai Rostov, on the other hand, haughty and prudent Helen Kuragina and her brother, callous Anatole. Many conflicts in the novel occur precisely because of the excess of the feelings of the characters, whose ups and downs are very interesting to watch. A vivid example of how a burst of feelings, thoughtlessness, ardor of character, impatient youth influenced the fate of the heroes is the case with Natasha, because for her, laughable and young, it was incredibly long to wait for her wedding with Andrei Bolkonsky, could she subdue her unexpectedly flashed feelings for Anatole the voice of reason? Here we have a real drama of mind and feelings in the soul of the heroine, she faces a difficult choice: to leave her fiancé and leave with Anatole, or not to succumb to a momentary impulse and wait for Andrei. It was in favor of feelings that this difficult choice was made, only chance prevented Natasha. We cannot condemn the girl, knowing her impatient nature and thirst for love. It was feelings that dictated Natasha's impulse, after which she regretted her act when she analyzed it.

L. N. Tolstoy novel "War and Peace" "Reason and Feeling"

(Argument 93) The main character of the novel, Leo Tolstoy's epic War and Peace, young Natasha Rostova, needed love. Being separated from her fiancé, Andrei Bolkonsky, the naive girl, in search of this feeling, trusted the insidious Anatole Kuragin, who did not even think of connecting her life with Natasha. An attempt to escape with a person of notoriety is a risky act, which Natasha Rostova decided on, relying primarily on feelings. The sad outcome of this adventure is known to all: the engagement of Natasha and Andrey is terminated, ex lover suffer, the reputation of the Rostov family has been shaken. If Natasha had thought about the possible consequences, she would not have ended up in this position.

L. N. Tolstoy novel "War and Peace" "Reason and Feeling"

(Argument 407) In the epic novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" categories of reason and feeling are brought to the fore. They are expressed in two main characters: Andrei Bolkonsky and Natasha Rostova. A girl lives with feelings, a man lives with reason. Andrei is guided by patriotism, he feels responsible for the fate of the Fatherland, for the fate of the Russian army, and considers it necessary to be where it is especially difficult, where the fate of what is dear to him is decided. Bolkonsky begins his service in the army from the lower ranks among the adjutants at Kutuzov's headquarters, Andrei is not looking for an easy career and awards. Everything in Natasha's life is based on feelings. The girl has a very easy character, Natasha enjoys life. She illuminates and warms her loved ones and relatives, like the sun. When meeting Andrei, we see in him a restless person, dissatisfied with his real life. The birth of a child and at the same time the death of his wife, before whom he felt guilty, in my opinion, aggravated, so to speak, the spiritual crisis of Bolkonsky. Natasha became the cause of the spiritual revival of Bolkonsky. Love for the cheerful, poetic Natasha gives birth to dreams of family happiness in Andrei's soul. Natasha became the second for him, new life. She had something that was not in the prince, and she harmoniously complemented him. Next to Natasha, Andrei felt revived and rejuvenated. All her vivid emotions gave strength to him, and inspired him to new deeds and events. After confessing to Natasha, Andrey's ardor subsides. Now he feels responsible for Natasha. Andrei proposes to Natasha, but at the request of his father, he postpones the wedding for a year. Natasha and Andrey are very different people. She is young, inexperienced, trusting and spontaneous. He already has a whole life behind him, the death of his wife, son, trials of difficult wartime, a meeting with death. Therefore, Andrei cannot fully understand what Natasha feels, that the expectation is very painful for her, she cannot restrain her feelings, her desire to love and be loved. This led to Natasha cheating on Andrey and they break up. Bolkonsky goes to war and is mortally wounded. Experiencing severe suffering, realizing that he is dying, before the threshold of death he experiences a feeling of universal love and forgiveness. At this tragic moment, another meeting between Prince Andrei and Natasha takes place. War and suffering made Natasha an adult, now she understands how cruelly she acted with Bolkonsky, betrayed such a wonderful person because of her childhood passion. Natasha on her knees asks the prince for forgiveness. And he forgives her, he loves her again. He already loves with an unearthly love, and this love brightens him up. last days in this world. Only at that moment Andrei and Natasha were able to understand each other, acquired what they lacked so much. But it was already too late.

(Argument 174) Talking about real and sincere feelings, I would like to turn to the play "Thunderstorm". In this work, A. N. Ostrovsky was able to convey the mental anguish of the main character with all the brightness of emotions. In the 19th century, a huge number of marriages were not for love, parents tried to marry someone who was richer. Girls were forced to live with an unloved person all their lives. Katerina, who was married off as Tikhon Kabanov from a wealthy merchant family, found herself in a similar situation. Katya's husband was a pitiful sight. Irresponsible and infantile, he was capable of nothing but drunkenness. Tikhon's mother, Marfa Kabanova, embodied the ideas of tyranny and hypocrisy inherent in everything " dark kingdom”, so Katerina was constantly under pressure. The heroine strives for freedom, it was difficult for her in the conditions of slavish worship of false idols. The girl found solace in communicating with Boris. His care, affection and sincerity helped the unfortunate heroine forget about the oppression from the Kabanikhi. Katerina realized that she was doing wrong and could not live with it, but her feelings turned out to be stronger, and she cheated on her husband. Tormented by remorse, the heroine repented to her husband, after which she threw herself into the river.

A. N. Ostrovsky play "Thunderstorm" "Reason and Feeling"

(Argument 246) Talking about real and sincere feelings, I would like to turn to the work of A. N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm". The action of the play takes place in the fictional city of Kalinovo on the banks of the Volga. Main actors plays are Katerina and Kabanikha. In the nineteenth century, girls were given in marriage not for love, everyone wanted to give their daughter to a richer family. Katerina found herself in such a situation. She finds herself in the world of Kabanikha, where outdated patriarchal morality rules. Katerina, on the other hand, strives to free herself from the shackles of coercion and worship. She is attracted by a dream, spirituality, sincerity.Katerina's character is a place of clash between piety and sinful, illegal passions. With her mind, the main character understands that she is a "husband's wife", but Katerina's soul requires love. main characterfalls in love with another man, although he tries to resist it.The heroine is given an alluring opportunity to commit this sin by meeting her lover, to overstep what is permitted, but only on the condition that outsiders do not find out about it. Katerina takes the key to the gate in the Kabanov estate, which Varvara gives her, she accepts her sin, she takes up the protest, but dooms herself to death from the very beginning.For Katerina, the commandments of the church and patriarchal world are of the greatest importance. She wants to be pure and flawless. After her fall, Katerina could not hide her guilt before her husband and people. She realizes the sin she has committed and at the same time wants to know the happiness of true love. She does not see forgiveness for herself and the end of the pangs of conscience, she considers her soul ruined. The feeling defeated Katerina's mind, she cheated on her husband, but the main character could not live with it, so she decides on an even more terrible sin from a religious point of view - suicide.

(Argument232) The plot of the play was the life of the inhabitants of the rooming house, people who have nothing: no money, no status, no social status, no simple bread. They do not see the meaning of their existence. But even in seemingly unbearable conditionstopics such as the question of truth and lies are raised . Thinking about thistopic , the author compares central characters plays. Satin and the wanderer Luke are heroes - antipodes. When Elder Luka appears in the rooming house, he tries to inspire each of the residents. With all the sincerity of feelings, he tries to inspire the unfortunate, not to let them wither away. In Luke's opinion, they could not be helped by telling the truth that nothing would change in their lives. So he lied to them, thinking that it would bring salvation for them. It will change their attitude to what is happening, instill hope in them. The hero wholeheartedly wanted to help the unfortunate, instill hope in them. The hero wholeheartedly wanted to help the unfortunate, to make their life at least a little brighter. He did not think about the fact that the sweet lie is worse than the bitter truth. Satin was harsh. He relied only on his thoughts and soberly looked at the situation. “Luke’s tales made him angry, because he is a realist and is not used to “fictitious happiness.” This hero called people not to blind hope, but to fight for their rights. Gorky posed the question to his readers - which of them is more right? I think that it is impossible to give an exact answer to this question, because it is not in vain that the author will leave it open. Everyone must decide for himself.

M. Gorky play "At the Bottom" "Reason and Feeling"

(Intro 62) Which is better, truth or compassion? It is impossible to answer this question unambiguously. If the question sounded, what is better - true or false, my answer would be unequivocal. But the concepts of truth and compassion cannot be opposed to each other. You need to look for a fine line between them. There are situations when telling the bitter truth is the only right decision. But sometimes people need sweet lies, compassion for support, for raising their spirits.

(Argument 266) The literature convinces me of the correctness of this point of view. Let us turn to M. Gorky's play "At the Bottom". The action takes place in the Kostylevs' rooming house, in which completely different people have gathered. Together they were brought together by their difficult fate. And in the lives of people who have lost everything, Elder Luke appears. He tells them what wonderful Life they are waiting for how everything will change, you just have to want it. The inhabitants of this rooming house no longer hope to break out back into the people. They resigned themselves to the fact that their life is doomed, they cannot get out of poverty. But Luke by nature good person pitying them gives hope. His comforting speeches affected each person in different ways. The two most prominent examples are Anna and Actor. Anna was seriously ill, she was dying. Luke reassures her, tells her that only good things await her in the afterlife. The elder became the last birth in her life, she asked to sit next to her and talk to her. Luke, with his compassion, helped Anna, he eased her last days of life, brought joy and hope to them. And Anna went to the next world with a calm soul. But with the Actor, compassion played a cruel joke. Luca told him about a hospital where the body is relieved of the effects of alcohol. The actor was very worried about the fact that his body was poisoned and was happy with Luke's stories, which gave him hope for better life. But when the Actor found out that such a hospital did not exist, he broke down. A man believed in a better future, and then found out that his hopes were doomed. The actor could not cope with such a blow of fate and committed suicide. Chklovek is a friend of man. We must help each other, show sympathy, compassion, but we must not harm each other. Sweet lies can bring more trouble than bitter truth.

(Argument 86) The hero opposite to Luka is Satin. The stories of the old man annoyed him, because he is a realist. He's used to the harsh reality. Satin is very harsh, he thinks. What you need not to blindly hope, but to fight for your happiness. Did Satin somehow help his cohabitants with the truth? Did the inhabitants of the rooming house need another reminder that their life is at the bottom? I think not. Gorky posed a question to readers - who is right, Luka or Satin? I think that it is impossible to give an exact answer to this question, because it is not for nothing that the author left it open in his work.

(Conclusion 70) Each person must choose his own path. But we must help each other. To tell the truth or show compassion is the choice of everyone. You have to act according to the situation. The main thing is not to harm with your intervention. After all, not only our life depends on us, but also the life of our environment. With our words and actions, we influence our loved ones and acquaintances, so in every situation we should think about what is better - truth or compassion?

(Argument205) The crowning achievement of the famous Russian writer A. S. Griboyedov is the play “Woe from Wit”. It is in this work that the author touches on such important topics. As harm to servility and bureaucracy, the inhumanity of serfdom, issues of education and enlightenment, honesty in serving the fatherland and duty, originality, nationality of Russian culture. The writer also denounces the vices of people, which to this day are in each of us. On the example of the central characters of the play, Griboedov makes us think: is it always worth acting according to the will of the heart, or is cold calculation still better? The personification of commercialism, sycophancy, lies is Alexei Stepanovich Molchalin. This character is not harmless at all. With his obsequiousness, he successfully makes his way into high society. His "talents" - "moderation and accuracy" - provide him with a pass to "high society". Molchalin - staunch conservative, depending on the opinions of others and indulging "all people without exception." It would seem that this is the right choice, a cold mind and a hard calculation are better than the vague feelings of the heart, but the author ridicules Alexei Stepanovich, showing the reader all the insignificance of his existence. Mired in the world of hypocrisy and lies, Molchalin lost all bright and sincere feelings, which led to the complete collapse of his sinister plans. Therefore, we can say with confidence that the great Russian writer wanted to convey to the hearts of readers that the most important thing is to remain yourself, act according to your conscience and listen to your heart.

A. S. Griboedov play "Woe from Wit" "Reason and Feeling"

(Argument345) Let us turn to the play by A. S. Griboyedov “Woe from Wit”. In the mansion of the Moscow nobleman Famusov, a young Alexander Andreyevich Chatsky, brilliant with intelligence and wit, arrives. His heart burns with love for Sofya Famusova, it is for her sake that he returns to Moscow. In the recent past, Chatsky managed to recognize in Sophia a smart, outstanding, determined girl and fell in love with her for these qualities. When he, matured, wiser, returns to his homeland, we understand that his feelings have not cooled. He is happy to see Sophia, who has become prettier during the separation, and sincerely rejoices at the meeting. When the hero finds out that Sophia's chosen one is Molchalin, her father's secretary, he is unable to believe it. The hero perfectly sees what Molchalin really is, he does not love Sophia. Molchalin wants to move up the career ladder using a girl. For the sake of this, he does not shun hypocrisy or meanness. Chatsky's mind refuses to believe in Sophia's love for Molchalin, because he remembers her as a teenager, when love broke out between them, he thinks that Sophia could not change over the years. Chatsky cannot understand in any way that in the three years that he was gone, the Famus society left its ugly imprint on the girl. Sophia really went to a good school in her father's house, she learned to pretend, lie, dodge, but she does it not out of selfish interests, but trying to protect her love. We see that Sophia rejects Chatsky not only out of female vanity, but also for the same reasons that Famus Moscow does not accept him: his independent and mocking mind frightens Sophia, he is from a different circle. Sophia is even ready to take revenge on her old close friend, who is madly in love with her: she spreads a rumor about Chatsky's madness. The hero tears not only the threads connecting him with the Famus society, he breaks his relationship with Sophia, insulted and humiliated by her choice to the core. Sophia blames herself for everything that happened. Her situation seems hopeless, because, having rejected Molchalin, having lost a devoted friend Chatsky and left with an angry father, she is again alone. Sophia tried to live with a mind perverted in the concept Famus Society, but she was never able to give up her feelings, this led to the fact that the heroine became confused, Sophia missed her love, but not only the heroine suffered from this, Chatsky's heart was broken.

N. V. Gogol story "Taras Bulba"

After graduating from the Kiev Academy, two of his sons, Ostap and Andriy, come to the old Cossack colonel Taras Bulba. Two hefty

After a long journey, the Sich meets Taras with his sons with his wild life - a sign of the Zaporizhian will. Cossacks do not like to waste time on military exercises, collecting abusive experience only in the heat of battle. Ostap and Andriy rush with all the ardor of youths into this rampant sea. But old Taras does not like an idle life - he does not want to prepare his sons for such an activity. Having met with all his companions, he thinks out how to raise the Cossacks on a campaign, so as not to waste the Cossack prowess on an uninterrupted feast and drunken fun. He persuades the Cossacks to re-elect the Koschevoi, who keeps peace with the enemies of the Cossacks. The new Koschevoi, under the pressure of the most militant Cossacks, and above all Taras, decides to go to Poland in order to mark all the evil and shame of faith and Cossack glory.

Andriy realized that he was betraying his father, went on about his feelings. Feelings are stronger than reason

And soon the entire Polish south-west becomes the prey of fear, the rumor running ahead: “Cossacks! The Cossacks showed up! In one month, young Cossacks matured in battles, and old Taras is pleased to see that both of his sons are among the first. The Cossack army is trying to take the city of Dubna, where there is a lot of treasury and rich inhabitants, but they meet desperate resistance from the garrison and residents. The Cossacks besiege the city and wait for the famine to begin in it. Having nothing to do, the Cossacks devastate the surroundings, burn out defenseless villages and unharvested grain. The young, especially the sons of Taras, do not like this kind of life. Old Bulba reassures them, promising hot fights soon. In one of dark nights Andria is awakened from her sleep by a strange creature that looks like a ghost. This is a Tatar, a servant of the very Polish woman with whom Andriy is in love. The Tatar woman whispers that the pannochka is in the city, she saw Andriy from the city rampart and asks him to come to her or at least give a piece of bread for her dying mother. Andriy loads the sacks with bread as much as he can carry, and the Tatar woman leads him through the underground passage to the city. Having met his beloved, he renounces his father and brother, comrades and homeland: “The homeland is what our soul is looking for, which is dearest to her. My fatherland is you." Andriy stays with the lady to protect her to the last breath from her former comrades.

There are questions that mankind cannot answer for many centuries. Philosophical disputes about what should be in priority: thought or feeling - do not subside even today.

At first glance, the answer is simple. If the presence of consciousness and the ability to think is the main difference between man and animals, then the rational principle should be a priority. But even plants are endowed with the ability to feel.

On the other hand, opponents of this opinion will rightly point out that human feelings are much more complex than the feelings of other living beings. It is impossible to imagine an animal experiencing pangs of conscience or burning envy. No one but a person can feel the thrill of contemplating the beauty of nature or a work of art.

So maybe there is no priority? Perhaps both thought and feeling are equally important? To try to answer this question, let us turn to Russian literature, especially since this topic repeatedly raised by the classics.

Getting acquainted with the first pages of A.S. Griboyedov, the reader immediately draws attention to the blindness of Sophia's mind, who completely surrendered to her feelings for the unprincipled careerist Molchalin. "Blinded" by falling in love with the scoundrel Anatole Kuragin and Natasha Rostov from the epic L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". Both heroines could not see unworthy young people, because they temporarily lost the ability to think clearly.

And in Pushkin's novel in verse, the ardent Lensky, stung by the fact that Onegin has been dancing with Olga all evening, recklessly challenges his yesterday's friend to a duel and dies as a result.

But relying only on reason also leads to tragic consequences. We see an example of total denial of feelings in the protagonist of the novel I.S. Turgenev. Bazarov believes that love does not exist, so he finds himself trapped in his own nihilistic ideas when he falls passionately in love with Olga Odintsova. The writer shows that such a contradiction is insoluble, so Eugene dies. You can not give up feelings, because it is tantamount to death.

In Masha Mironova from "The Captain's Daughter" by A.S. Pushkin, on the contrary, we see an example of a happy combination of reason and feeling. The girl loves Grinev, but refuses to become his wife without the blessing of Peter's parents. Masha understands that their marriage will not be happy against the will of the groom's father and mother. As we remember from further development events in the novel, the decision of the girl turned out to be correct.

In my opinion, thought and feeling should be harmoniously combined in a person. The more accurate the balance between the rational and the sensual in a person, the happier and fuller his life. It is to the harmony of mind and heart that each of us should strive.

The material was prepared by Natalya Alexandrovna Zubova, creator online schools"SAMARUS".

Final essay- this is an exam format that allows you to evaluate several aspects of a student's knowledge at once. Among them: vocabulary, knowledge of literature, the ability to express one's point of view in writing. In a word, this format makes it possible to assess the student's general knowledge of both the language and subject knowledge.

1. 3 hours 55 minutes are allotted for the final essay, the recommended length is 350 words.
2. Date of the final essay 2016-2017. In the 2015-2016 academic year, it was held on December 2, 2015, February 3, 2016, May 4, 2016. In 2016-2017 - December 7, February 1, May 17.
3. The final essay (statement) is held on the first Wednesday of December, the first Wednesday of February and the first working Wednesday of May.

The purpose of the essay is reasoning, a competently and clearly built point of view of the student using examples from the literature within the framework of a given topic. It is important to note that the topics do not indicate a specific work for analysis, it is of an oversubject nature.


Topics of the final essay on literature 2016-2017

Topics are formed from two lists: open and closed. The first is known in advance, reflects approximate common topics, they are formulated as concepts that contradict each other.
A closed list of topics is announced 15 minutes before the start of the composition - these are more specific topics.
An open list of topics for the final essay 2016-2017:
1. "Mind and Feeling",
2. "Honor and dishonor",
3. "Victory and defeat",
4. "Experience and mistakes",
5. "Friendship and enmity".
The topics are presented in a problematic way, the names of the topics are antonyms.

An approximate list of references for all those who will write the final essay (2016-2017):
1. A.M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil"
2. A.P. Chekhov "Ionych"
3. A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter", "Eugene Onegin", "The Stationmaster"
4. B.L. Vasiliev "I was not on the lists",
5. V.A. Kaverin "Two Captains"
6. V.V. Bykov "Sotnikov"
7. V.P. Astafiev "Tsar-fish"
8. Henry Marsh "Do No Harm"
9. Daniel Defoe "Robinson Crusoe",

10. Jack London "White Fang",
11. Jack London "Martin Eden",
12. I.A. Bunin "Clean Monday"
13. I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
14. L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
15. M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don"
16. M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
17. F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", "The Idiot"
18. E. Hemingway "The Old Man and the Sea",
19. E.M. Remarque "All Quiet on the Western Front",
20. E.M. Remarque "Three Comrades".

Argumenyou to the topic "Mind and feeling"

The point of view should be argued, in order to properly formulate it, one should involve literary material corresponding to the topic. The argument is the main component of the essay, is one of the evaluation criteria. It has the following requirements:
1. Relevant to the theme
2. Include literary material
3. Be inscribed in the text logically, in accordance with the overall composition
4. Be communicated through quality writing
5. Be well-designed.
To the topic "Reason and Feeling" one can take arguments from the works of I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons", A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit", N.M. Karamzin "Poor Lisa", Jane Austen "Sense and Sensibility".


Examples of final essays

There are a number of essay templates. They are evaluated according to five criteria, here is an example of an essay that scored the highest score:
An example of an essay on the topic: "Should reason prevail over feelings?"
What to listen to, to reason or feelings - every person asks such a question. It is especially acute when the mind dictates one thing, and feelings contradict it. What is the voice of reason, when a person should listen more precisely to his advice, a person decides for himself, the same with feelings. Without a doubt, the choice in one or another favor depends on the specific situation. For example, even a child knows that in a stressful situation one should not panic, it is better to listen to reason. It is important not only to listen to both reason and feelings, but also to really learn to distinguish situations when it is necessary to listen to the first or to the second to a greater extent.

Since the question was always relevant, it was widely used both in Russian and in foreign literature. Jane Austen in the novel "Sense and Sensibility" on the example of two sisters reflected this eternal contradiction. Elinor, the eldest of the sisters, is sensible, but not devoid of feelings, she just knows how to manage them. Mariana is in no way inferior to her older sister, but prudence is not inherent in her in anything. The author showed how their characters affected in the test of love. In the case of her older sister, her prudence almost played a cruel joke on her, thanks to her reserved nature, she did not immediately let her lover know what she felt. Mariana, on the other hand, became a victim of feelings, so she was deceived by a young man who took advantage of her gullibility and married a wealthy lady. As a result, the older sister was ready to put up with loneliness, but the man of her heart, Edward Ferras, makes a choice in her favor, refusing not only the inheritance, but also his word: engagement with an unloved woman. Marianna, after a serious illness and deceit, grows up and agrees to an engagement with a 37-year-old captain, for whom she does not have romantic feelings, but deeply respects.

A similar choice is made by the characters in A.P. Chekhov "About Love". However, Alekhin and Anna Luganovich, succumbing to the call of reason, give up their happiness, which makes their act right in the eyes of society, but deep down in their souls, both heroes are unhappy.

So what is the mind: logic, common sense, or just boring reason? Can feelings interfere with a person's life or, on the contrary, provide an invaluable service? There is no unequivocal answer in this dispute, whom to listen to: reason or feeling. Both are equally important for a person, so you just need to learn how to use them correctly.

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The explanatory dictionary gives two main meanings of the word "mind". First, the mind is the highest level cognitive activity human, the ability to think, to generalize the results of knowledge. As Immanuel Kant, a representative of the school of German classical philosophy, wrote, "all our knowledge begins with the senses, then passes to the mind and ends in the mind."

The second meaning of the word "reason" is mind, intellect. According to dictionaries, antonyms for the word mind in its second meaning are: madness, stupidity, instinct, heart, feeling. To act reasonably means to exercise sufficient discretion, to be guided by the requirements of common sense, prudently, sensibly, intelligently.

In works of fiction, as well as in Everyday life, human mind often conflicts with feelings. The heroes of the novel in verse "Eugene Onegin" and the story "The Captain's Daughter" by A.S. Pushkin make their choice: to act as they should, or to succumb to feelings, the dictates of the heart, instinct. There are three types of behavior: 1) under the influence of feelings, neglecting common sense; 2) guided by reason, but in conflict with feelings; 3) reasonably and consciously, in accordance with feelings and emotions.

Not always actions under the influence of prevailing emotions deserve condemnation. On the contrary, we admire the depth of feeling, purity and frankness of the hero of the work. As a rule, in these cases we are talking about love or falling in love. best example is a letter from Tatyana Larina to Eugene Onegin, written despite the fact that she was afraid and ashamed to be the first to confess her love. Without hope for a new meeting alone, Tatyana felt that Eugene was sent to her by fate, she was waiting for him, not having met him yet.

My mind is failing

And I must die silently.

I'm waiting for you: with a single look

Revive the hope of your heart

Or break a heavy dream,

Alas, a well-deserved reproach!

Where there is love, there is jealousy, and where there is jealousy, there are duels. No rational argument can justify killing a person out of jealousy. From the hands of Eugene Onegin, his friend, the young enamored poet Vladimir Lensky, perishes. Reasonably speaking, the tragedy could have been prevented.

… Eugene,

Loving the young man with all my heart,

Was supposed to render myself

Not a ball of prejudice,

Not an ardent boy, a fighter,

But a husband with honor and intelligence.

Lensky, before the duel, made sure that his bride Olga Larina was not in the least carried away by Onegin, she always remained faithful to Vladimir. What made the former friends carry out their cruel intentions? Fear of human rumor, the opinion of the world, ideas of honor.

But the whisper, the laughter of fools...

And here is the public opinion!

Spring of honor, our idol!

And this is where the world revolves!

On the night before the fight, Lensky was busy reading Schiller, composing and reading romantic poems aloud, imagining how Olga would grieve for him, that is, he plunged into dreams and emotions, instead of reconciling with Evgeny, convinced of Olga's innocence.

Even more dangerous than jealousy is the feeling of fear that leads to betrayal. The character of the story "The Captain's Daughter" Shvabrin violated the military oath during the siege of the fortress and began to serve Emelyan Pugachev to save his life, although the ideas of the rebellious Pugachevites were alien to him. Shvabrin's low deed is not dictated by the dictates of his heart, not by madness or stupidity, but by the survival instinct.

The heroes of works of art evoke respect and sympathy, who, in the name of duty, guided by moral standards, act according to their conscience, even if for this it is necessary to overcome their passions. And again we turn to Tatyana Larina, but already a matured married woman. First, she reproaches Eugene Onegin for the fact that he once rejected the “humble girl’s love”, and now, out of a strange whim, he became infatuated with her.

How is it with your heart and mind

To be the feelings of a petty slave?

Then, not knowing how to be hypocritical, Tatyana admits that her new position in the world, “all this rags of a masquerade”, she does not appreciate and still loves Eugene, but intends to be faithful to her husband, to preserve honor, even remaining forever unhappy.

I love you (why lie?),

But I am given to another;

I will be faithful to him forever.

Only those heroes of works who consciously act in accordance with their feelings are truly happy. They are not tormented by internal contradictions. They don't have to regret their actions. IN fiction they are always examples of courage, heroism, loyalty, selflessness, strong personality.

Masha's parents accept their fate with honor in The Captain's Daughter. For the commandant Ivan Kuzmich and his wife Vasilisa Egorovna there is no other sovereign, and they did not swear and obey the impostor.

Masha, a worthy daughter of her parents, went to Tsarskoye Selo to ask the empress for her fiancé Grinev, who was accused of treason. The story ends with the words that the descendants of Masha and Pyotr Grinev kept as a family heirloom in a frame under glass a handwritten letter from Catherine II containing Grinev's excuse and "praise to the mind and heart of Captain Mironov's daughter."

A.S. Pushkin created immortal images that are close and understandable to every person. Literature teaches us to be better, educates us morally. Thinking about the fate of the characters, the reader imagines how he would act in a given situation, what he would be guided by, reason or feelings. In the presence of a contradiction, it is very difficult to make a choice. Still, you must try to let the mind prevail. And if reasonable actions are supported by an appropriate internal attitude, the results can exceed expectations.