The problem is the QUESTION.

The problem raises a question for resolving the essence of the subject, which has become the subject of research in a literary work. And the subject for research is offered by the theme of the work. The question grows out of the topic like a sprout out of the soil. So the problem is related to the topic.

If the topic is LIFE reflected in a literary work, then the problem is a QUESTION posed on the basis of this life reflected in a literary work.

The same topic can become the basis for raising different issues.

The problem is a complex question posed in the work, which is solved or remains unresolved, but the ways of searching for its solution are shown.

The question of the identity of the topic and the problem is debatable.

Issues: in one literary work there cannot be only one problem, it has many problems, the main and secondary, auxiliary ones.

Typology of problems in the literature:

Socio-political

Moral and ethical

National historical

Universal

philosophical

Social

Psychological

Eternal problems:

good and evil

Bodies and souls

Time and eternity

Love and hate

Life and death

Death and immortality

The meaning of life

Man and Society

Man and history, etc.

Question 4. The idea of ​​a literary work as a search for an answer to a problem. The ideological content of a literary work. Typology of Literary Ideas

The idea is the answer to the question posed by the problem on the basis of the part of life posed by the theme, reflected in the literary work.

The idea is an assessment of what is reflected in the theme of the work.

The idea is the main principle content of the work. Generalized thought. Which underlies the work and is expressed in its figurative form.

The idea is the author's subjective assessment, but besides this, an objective idea also appears in the work, which can be wider than the author's intention and open up in a new way in each new era, each new generation of critics and readers.

The idea of ​​a work and its intention are two different things.

The design may not include those ideas. Which contemporaries or descendants will find, and see, and open in a literary work.

The general idea of ​​the work = the main idea of ​​the work, always answers or seeks an answer to main problem society. time, era, person, as the author understands them.

An idea may not be expressed in a work directly and unambiguously, as an answer to a question, it may be a search for an answer, outlined ways of answering, answer options, directions for thinking about an answer ...

The idea is not limited to direct positive statements of the author.

Everyone has it actor, events, pictures in a literary work has its own ideological, meaningful function.

Each image of the work's poetics (NB! see Classification of images - remember and write in your lecture notebook here) has its own ideological = conceptual load.

The entire figurative system of the work is the bearer of the author's concept - the main author's idea of ​​life.

The ideological meaning of the novel is determined not only by the author's direct word and author's assessments, but above all by the ideological function of each element of the artistic form, the conceptual style.

Understanding the general idea of ​​the work comes from the analysis of everything ideological meaning all elements of the content and form of a literary work.

Goethe: "It would be a good joke if I tried this varied life Faust strung on a thin string of a single idea for the whole work "- !!!

Typology of ideas in literature.

The subjectivity of an artistic idea: it depends on the subjective opinion of the author.

The figurativeness of an artistic idea: it is expressed only in a figurative form.

Eternal ideas: coincide with the formulations of eternal themes and problems, but each author tries to find his own way of resolving them...

Give an example of a timeless idea from any of your favorite books - NB.

It includes the ability to correctly and competently write texts. Do you know the situation when you realize with horror that you cannot write anything? Or thoughts spin in the head, but do not pour out on paper? Sometimes writing an essay becomes a real nightmare. We will show you how to make life better and successfully pass the exam in literature.

To successfully complete the most insidious version of the exam in literature or write good essay, you need not only to know the standard set of definitions like “kinds, genres and types of literature” or “the image of the author”, “literary-historical process”, etc., but also to be able to navigate the themes of literary works.

The bulk of the texts from the school curriculum are works by Russians classics XIX century. We mean Pushkin, Lermontov, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky and other masters of the word. Speaking about their thematic originality, it should be noted that classical literature mainly affects the so-called " eternal themes". And if you learn to understand this and think properly, then, consider, you have passed the half-examination.

Most of the works touch upon traditional problems, stable eternal themes that have interested a person from the very moment of his appearance. And new generations of writers endow reasoning with their own meaning.

So, for centuries, people have been worried about the topics of life, death, love, hatred, humility, pride, etc. For example, Dostoevsky in "Crime and Punishment" shows the restless Rodion Raskolnikov, who cannot find harmony with the outside world and commits a crime. His “I am a trembling creature or I have a right” touches on the eternal theme of morality, the problem of a person’s choice of one path or another.

Another question of interest to the classics is the search for a "hero of time", an image of a person who reflects spiritual quests in the 19th century. In this context, writers are concerned about the problem of a special person, a lone hero who is not accepted by society. It is affected, for example, by Lermontov's novels A Hero of Our Time, Turgenev's Fathers and Sons, and Pushkin's Eugene Onegin.

Literature in the 19th century was generally fixated on the search, the desire to find not only the hero of the generation, but also moral ideals, to understand the meaning of life, to get closer to the foundations of the existence of the universe, etc. Thus, the classics tried to answer the fundamental questions of human existence.

Therefore, we recommend that you first immerse yourself in these problems, and then learn to think. Then the speedy memorization of the plots of school classics may disappear altogether, because in any exam in literature, the Unified State Examination or an essay, the main thing after all is knowledge not of the content, but of the problems of the texts. In other words, their essence.

The term "literary tradition" is used in literature when it comes to a succession that unites successive literary phenomena.

The concept of literary tradition

In its meaning, the concept of literary tradition is identical to the concept of borrowing, influence and imitation. The following components of poetics can serve as the constituent elements of the literary tradition: style, composition, rhythm and subject matter. These components are often transmitted by the literary tradition not separately, but in combination with each other.

The area of ​​literary tradition is also quite wide: it can be both international creativity and creativity of one people. For example, Gogol created a literary tradition in Russia, which eventually spread far beyond its chapels. The literary tradition does not differ in intensity, so we see that Pushkin's traditions at different times are either strengthened in literature or disappear almost completely.

At first glance, an extinct tradition can not only be revived, but also take the place of the dominant one in literary process due to the influence of suitable historical conditions.

In the literary process, there is the concept of parody of the literary tradition. A striking example of this is Dostoevsky's work "The Village of Stepanchikovo", in which the author parades Gogol's style and ideology.

Eternal themes in literature

traditional problems. Literary works, in their absolute majority, have stable eternal themes, the peculiarity of which is that they are practically inexhaustible, as they will always be relevant in any society. No matter how many options for their disclosure would be, anyway, each time something remains unsaid, as well as something that lends itself to a completely different interpretation in the new historical conditions.

Getting acquainted with various literary works, we are amazed at how the same theme is seen by different writers. By and large, many literary works that have come down to us describe the same plot, but divided and corrected over the centuries.

The eternal themes of literature can be divided into the following categories:

1. ontological- themes of unidentified eternal phenomena: space, light, darkness.

2. Anthropological themes:
- the concept of being - sin, involvement, pride, human life, death.
- epochal events - wars, revolutions, peace, civil activity.
- the sphere of social instincts - love, friendship, family, zeal for power, social transformations of a person.

Reasoning about eternal problems is also very characteristic of the literary process. Basic eternal problem, which is discussed in literary works are questions and problems of the morality of man and society. Along with the description of this problem, the literature also indicates ways to solve it - for society this is a revolution or reform, for a person - moral improvement.

Another traditional eternal problem is the question of society's rejection of an individual, the so-called lone hero. A special place in the literary process is occupied by the clarification of universal human problems - the search for the meaning of life, the understanding of good and evil, internal torment, etc.

Russian classical literature of the 19th century is the literature of "eternal themes". Russian writers sought to answer the complex questions of life: about the meaning of life, about happiness, about the Motherland, about human nature, about the laws of life and the universe, about God ... But, as people with an active life and social position, Russian classics could not stand aside from the pressing issues of the day. In this regard, "eternal themes" in Russian literature were expressed, it seems to me, through the search for a "hero of time."

So, “Woe from Wit” by A.S. Griboyedov reflects the age-old problem of "fathers" and "children". Alexander Andreevich Chatsky protests against the old order, rooted in the Russian nobility. The hero of the comedy fights for "new" laws: freedom, mind, culture, patriotism.

Arriving at Famusov's house, Chatsky dreams of the daughter of this rich gentleman - Sophia. But here only disappointments and blows await the hero. First, it turns out that Famusov's daughter loves another. Secondly, that the people in this gentleman's house are strangers to the hero. He cannot agree with their views on life.

Chatsky's position in comedy is unenviable. His struggle is difficult and stubborn, but the victory of the new, according to Griboyedov, is inevitable. Chatsky's words will spread, will be repeated everywhere and produce their own storm. They are already of great importance among the "new", progressive people. Thus, the writer resolves the issue of "fathers" and "children" in favor of children.

Another Russian writer who worked in the second half of the 19th century is I.S. Turgenev - also touched on this eternal question. His novel "Fathers and Sons" solves the problem of relationships between generations in a slightly different way. From the point of view of Turgenev, only the continuity of generations, the continuity of culture, traditions and views, a reasonable combination of old and new, can lead to positive development.

On the example of the main character - Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov - the writer shows that mere denial, without the desire to build something new, leads only to destruction and death. This is an unproductive path. And the denial of one's human nature is generally absurd. Bazarov, who imagines himself a superman and despises "noble nonsense" about love, feelings, suddenly falls in love. For him, this becomes a real test, which the hero, alas, cannot stand; he dies at the end of the novel. Thus, Turgenev also shows the failure of Bazarov's nihilistic theory, and once again emphasizes the need for continuity of generations, the value of the culture of ancestors, the need for harmony and gradualness in everything.

Roman A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" also touches on many "eternal themes": love, happiness, freedom of choice, the meaning of life, the role of moral values ​​in human life.

Almost from the very beginning of the novel, Pushkin shows the "superficiality" of his hero. Onegin is a fan of fashion, he does and reads only what he can show off in high society. The hero early learned to be hypocritical, to pretend, to deceive in order to achieve his goal. But his soul always remained empty, because Onegin's nature is much deeper, more interesting, richer than the world required.

The search for the meaning of life begins, which yielded results only after a terrible tragedy - the murder of the young poet Lensky in a duel by Onegin. This event turned everything in the hero's soul, and his moral rebirth began. The fact that the hero has changed is evidenced by the eighth chapter of the novel. Onegin became independent of the opinion of the world, he turned into an independent strong personality, able to live the way he wants, and not the high society of St. Petersburg, able to love and suffer.

In the face of Tatyana Larina, Pushkin shows us a model moral purity, nobility, sincerity, spontaneity, independence, ability to strong feelings.

If in the finale of "Eugene Onegin" there is hope for the happiness of the hero, then the main character of the novel M.Yu. Lermontov's "Hero of Our Time" does not find its place, happiness in this life.

Pechorin is disappointed in the world of his day and in his generation: "We are no longer capable of great sacrifices, either for the good of mankind, or even for our own happiness." Such thoughts lead Grigory Alexandrovich to boredom, indifference and even despair. It is the state of apathy and blues that makes Pechorin lonely. From this feeling, he has nowhere to hide, it completely absorbs the hero.

Pechorin lost faith in man, in his significance in this world. Inevitable boredom gives rise to disbelief in love and friendship in the hero. These feelings may have appeared at a certain point in his life, but still did not bring happiness to Pechorin. This person feels “superfluous” in his society, in general, “superfluous” in life. As a result, Pechorin dies. Lermontov shows us that in the world of disharmony there is no place for a person who, with all his soul, albeit unconsciously, strives for harmony.

The desire for harmony with oneself and the world distinguishes another hero of Russian literature of the 19th century - Rodion Raskolnikov. In search of this harmony, he conducts an experiment on himself - he violates the moral law by killing an old pawnbroker and her sister.

The protagonist's mistake lies in the fact that he sees the cause of evil in the very nature of man, and considers the law that gives the right to the powerful of this world to do evil to be eternal. Instead of fighting against the immoral system and its laws, Raskolnikov follows them.

For breaking the moral law within himself, the hero bears an inevitable punishment. It lies, first of all, in the torments of his own conscience. Gradually, Rodion comes to an understanding of his terrible mistake, to awareness and repentance. But the final transformation of the hero also takes place outside the framework of the novel.

The heroes of Tolstoy's epic "War and Peace" are also in search of themselves, their way, harmony. So, Pierre Bezukhov, having overcome the process of painful disappointments and mistakes, eventually finds the meaning of life.

The hero strives with all his might for the light, for the truth. This is what accidentally leads him to the Masonic lodge. In addition, Pierre's activities appeal to the peasants: he proposes to open hospitals and schools for them. But the most important stage in the hero's life begins with the invasion of Napoleon's troops. Pierre could not stand aside when such a terrible danger threatened his fatherland. It is here, in the war, that Pierre comes close to the common people, realizes their wisdom, the value of their way of life, their philosophy.

Acquaintance with Platon Karataev in French captivity helped him to penetrate deeper into the worldview of the patriarchal peasantry. Pierre realized the main thing: a person does not need so much for happiness. The reason for the suffering and torment of the human spirit most often lies in money-grubbing, exorbitant self-interest.

Thus, all Russian literature of the 19th century can be called the literature of the search for a Hero. The writers sought to see in him a person capable of serving the motherland, benefiting her with his deeds and thoughts, and also simply able to be happy and harmonious, develop and move forward.

In the process of searching for the "hero of time", Russian writers sought to solve " eternal questions» being: the meaning of life, the nature of man, the laws of the universe, the existence of God, and so on. Each of the classics solves these problems in its own way. But unchanged in general for the Russian classical literature there remains a constant striving to find answers to the fundamental questions, without the solution of which it is impossible for a single person to exist.