Russian classical literature of the 19th century is the literature of "eternal themes". Russian writers sought to answer the complex questions of life: about the meaning of life, about happiness, about the Motherland, about human nature, about the laws of life and the universe, about God ... But, as people with an active life and social position, Russian classics could not stand aside from the pressing issues of the day. In this regard, "eternal themes" in Russian literature were expressed, it seems to me, through the search for a "hero of time."

So, “Woe from Wit” by A.S. Griboyedov reflects the age-old problem of "fathers" and "children". Alexander Andreevich Chatsky protests against the old order, rooted in the Russian nobility. The hero of the comedy fights for "new" laws: freedom, mind, culture, patriotism.

Arriving at Famusov's house, Chatsky dreams of the daughter of this rich gentleman - Sophia. But here only disappointments and blows await the hero. First, it turns out that Famusov's daughter loves another. Secondly, that the people in this gentleman's house are strangers to the hero. He cannot agree with their views on life.

Chatsky's position in comedy is unenviable. His struggle is difficult and stubborn, but the victory of the new, according to Griboyedov, is inevitable. Chatsky's words will spread, will be repeated everywhere and produce their own storm. They are already of great importance among the "new", progressive people. Thus, the writer resolves the issue of "fathers" and "children" in favor of children.

Another Russian writer who worked in the second half of the 19th century is I.S. Turgenev - also touched on this eternal question. His novel "Fathers and Sons" solves the problem of relationships between generations in a slightly different way. From the point of view of Turgenev, only the continuity of generations, the continuity of culture, traditions and views, a reasonable combination of old and new, can lead to positive development.

On the example of the main character - Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov - the writer shows that mere denial, without the desire to build something new, leads only to destruction and death. This is an unproductive path. And the denial of one's human nature is generally absurd. Bazarov, who imagines himself a superman and despises "noble nonsense" about love, feelings, suddenly falls in love. For him, this becomes a real test, which the hero, alas, cannot stand; he dies at the end of the novel. Thus, Turgenev also shows the failure of Bazarov's nihilistic theory, and once again emphasizes the need for continuity of generations, the value of the culture of ancestors, the need for harmony and gradualness in everything.

Roman A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" also touches on many "eternal themes": love, happiness, freedom of choice, the meaning of life, the role of moral values ​​in human life.

Almost from the very beginning of the novel, Pushkin shows the "superficiality" of his hero. Onegin is a fan of fashion, he does and reads only what he can show off in high society. The hero early learned to be hypocritical, to pretend, to deceive in order to achieve his goal. But his soul always remained empty, because Onegin's nature is much deeper, more interesting, richer than the world required.

The search for the meaning of life begins, which yielded results only after a terrible tragedy - the murder of the young poet Lensky in a duel by Onegin. This event turned everything in the hero's soul, and his moral rebirth began. The fact that the hero has changed is evidenced by the eighth chapter of the novel. Onegin became independent of the opinion of the world, he turned into an independent strong personality, able to live the way he wants, and not the high society of St. Petersburg, able to love and suffer.

In the face of Tatyana Larina, Pushkin shows us a model moral purity, nobility, sincerity, spontaneity, independence, ability to strong feelings.

If in the finale of "Eugene Onegin" there is hope for the happiness of the hero, then the main character of the novel M.Yu. Lermontov's "Hero of Our Time" does not find its place, happiness in this life.

Pechorin is disappointed in the world of his day and in his generation: "We are no longer capable of great sacrifices, either for the good of mankind, or even for our own happiness." Such thoughts lead Grigory Alexandrovich to boredom, indifference and even despair. It is the state of apathy and blues that makes Pechorin lonely. From this feeling, he has nowhere to hide, it completely absorbs the hero.

Pechorin lost faith in man, in his significance in this world. Inevitable boredom gives rise to disbelief in love and friendship in the hero. These feelings may have appeared at a certain point in his life, but still did not bring happiness to Pechorin. This person feels “superfluous” in his society, in general, “superfluous” in life. As a result, Pechorin dies. Lermontov shows us that in the world of disharmony there is no place for a person who, with all his soul, albeit unconsciously, strives for harmony.

The desire for harmony with oneself and the world distinguishes another hero of Russian literature of the 19th century - Rodion Raskolnikov. In search of this harmony, he conducts an experiment on himself - he violates the moral law by killing an old pawnbroker and her sister.

The protagonist's mistake lies in the fact that he sees the cause of evil in the very nature of man, and considers the law that gives the right to the powerful of this world to do evil to be eternal. Instead of fighting against the immoral system and its laws, Raskolnikov follows them.

For breaking the moral law within himself, the hero bears an inevitable punishment. It lies, first of all, in the torments of his own conscience. Gradually, Rodion comes to an understanding of his terrible mistake, to awareness and repentance. But the final transformation of the hero also takes place outside the framework of the novel.

The heroes of Tolstoy's epic "War and Peace" are also in search of themselves, their way, harmony. So, Pierre Bezukhov, having overcome the process of painful disappointments and mistakes, eventually finds the meaning of life.

The hero strives with all his might for the light, for the truth. This is what accidentally leads him to the Masonic lodge. In addition, Pierre's activities appeal to the peasants: he proposes to open hospitals and schools for them. But the most important stage in the hero's life begins with the invasion of Napoleon's troops. Pierre could not stand aside when such a terrible danger threatened his fatherland. It is here, in the war, that Pierre comes close to the common people, realizes their wisdom, the value of their way of life, their philosophy.

Acquaintance with Platon Karataev in French captivity helped him to penetrate deeper into the worldview of the patriarchal peasantry. Pierre realized the main thing: a person does not need so much for happiness. The reason for the suffering and torment of the human spirit most often lies in money-grubbing, exorbitant self-interest.

Thus, all Russian literature of the 19th century can be called the literature of the search for a Hero. The writers sought to see in him a person capable of serving the motherland, benefiting her with his deeds and thoughts, and also simply able to be happy and harmonious, develop and move forward.

In the process of searching for the “hero of time”, Russian writers sought to solve the “eternal questions” of being: the meaning of life, the nature of man, the laws of the universe, the existence of God, and so on. Each of the classics solves these problems in its own way. But unchanged in general for the Russian classical literature there remains a constant desire to find answers to fundamental questions, without the solution of which it is impossible for a single person to exist.

Composition

Russian classical literature of the 19th century is the literature of "eternal themes". Russian writers sought to answer the complex questions of life: about the meaning of life, about happiness, about the Motherland, about human nature, about the laws of life and the universe, about God ... But, as people with an active life and social position, Russian classics could not stand aside from the pressing issues of the day. In this regard, "eternal themes" in Russian literature were expressed, it seems to me, through the search for a "hero of time."

So, “Woe from Wit” by A. S. Griboyedov reflects the eternal problem of “fathers” and “children”. Alexander Andreevich Chatsky protests against the old order, rooted in the Russian nobility. The hero of the comedy fights for "new" laws: freedom, mind, culture, patriotism.

Arriving at Famusov's house, Chatsky dreams of the daughter of this rich gentleman - Sophia. But here only disappointments and blows await the hero. First, it turns out that Famusov's daughter loves another. Secondly, that the people in this gentleman's house are strangers to the hero. He cannot agree with their views on life.

Chatsky's position in comedy is unenviable. His struggle is difficult and stubborn, but the victory of the new, according to Griboyedov, is inevitable. Chatsky's words will spread, will be repeated everywhere and produce their own storm. They are already of great importance among the "new", progressive people. Thus, the writer resolves the issue of "fathers" and "children" in favor of children.

Another Russian writer who worked in the second half of the 19th century - I. S. Turgenev - also touched on this eternal question. His novel "Fathers and Sons" solves the problem of relationships between generations in a slightly different way. From the point of view of Turgenev, only the continuity of generations, the continuity of culture, traditions and views, a reasonable combination of old and new, can lead to positive development.

On the example of the protagonist - Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov - the writer shows that mere denial, without the desire to build something new, leads only to destruction and death. This is an unproductive path. And the denial of one's human nature is generally absurd. Bazarov, who imagines himself a superman and despises "noble nonsense" about love, feelings, suddenly falls in love. For him, this becomes a real test, which the hero, alas, cannot stand; he dies at the end of the novel. Thus, Turgenev also shows the failure of Bazarov's nihilistic theory, and once again emphasizes the need for continuity of generations, the value of the culture of ancestors, the need for harmony and gradualness in everything.

A. S. Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin" also touches on many "eternal themes": love, happiness, freedom of choice, the meaning of life, the role of moral values ​​in human life.

Almost from the very beginning of the novel, Pushkin shows the "superficiality" of his hero. Onegin is a fan of fashion, he does and reads only what he can show off in high society. The hero early learned to be hypocritical, to pretend, to deceive in order to achieve his goal. But his soul always remained empty, because Onegin's nature is much deeper, more interesting, richer than the world required.

The search for the meaning of life begins, which yielded results only after a terrible tragedy - the murder of the young poet Lensky in a duel by Onegin. This event turned everything in the hero's soul, and his moral rebirth began. The fact that the hero has changed is evidenced by the eighth chapter of the novel. Onegin became independent of the opinion of the world, he turned into an independent strong personality, able to live the way he wants, and not the high society of St. Petersburg, able to love and suffer.

In the person of Tatyana Larina, Pushkin shows us an example of moral purity, nobility, sincerity, spontaneity, independence, and the ability to have strong feelings.

If in the finale of "Eugene Onegin" there is hope for the happiness of the hero, then the main character of the novel by M. Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time" does not find his place, happiness in this life.

Pechorin is disappointed in the world of his day and in his generation: "We are no longer capable of great sacrifices, either for the good of mankind, or even for our own happiness." Such thoughts lead Grigory Alexandrovich to boredom, indifference and even despair. It is the state of apathy and blues that makes Pechorin lonely. From this feeling, he has nowhere to hide, it completely absorbs the hero.

Pechorin lost faith in man, in his significance in this world. Inevitable boredom gives rise to disbelief in love and friendship in the hero. These feelings may have appeared at a certain point in his life, but still did not bring happiness to Pechorin. This person feels “superfluous” in his society, in general, “superfluous” in life. As a result, Pechorin dies. Lermontov shows us that in the world of disharmony there is no place for a person who, with all his soul, albeit unconsciously, strives for harmony.

The desire for harmony with oneself and the world distinguishes another hero of Russian literature of the 19th century - Rodion Raskolnikov. In search of this harmony, he conducts an experiment on himself - he violates the moral law by killing an old pawnbroker and her sister.

The protagonist's mistake lies in the fact that he sees the cause of evil in the very nature of man, and considers the law that gives the right to the powerful of this world to do evil to be eternal. Instead of fighting against the immoral system and its laws, Raskolnikov follows them.

For breaking the moral law within himself, the hero bears an inevitable punishment. It lies, first of all, in the torments of his own conscience. Gradually, Rodion comes to an understanding of his terrible mistake, to awareness and repentance. But the final transformation of the hero also takes place outside the framework of the novel.

The heroes of Tolstoy's epic "War and Peace" are also in search of themselves, their way, harmony. So, Pierre Bezukhov, having overcome the process of painful disappointments and mistakes, eventually finds the meaning of life.

The hero strives with all his might for the light, for the truth. This is what accidentally leads him to the Masonic lodge. In addition, Pierre's activities appeal to the peasants: he proposes to open hospitals and schools for them. But the most important stage in the hero's life begins with the invasion of Napoleon's troops. Pierre could not stand aside when such a terrible danger threatened his fatherland. It is here, in the war, that Pierre comes close to the common people, realizes their wisdom, the value of their way of life, their philosophy.

Acquaintance with Platon Karataev in French captivity helped him to penetrate deeper into the worldview of the patriarchal peasantry. Pierre realized the main thing: a person does not need so much for happiness. The reason for the suffering and torment of the human spirit most often lies in money-grubbing, exorbitant self-interest.

Thus, all Russian literature of the 19th century can be called the literature of the search for a Hero. The writers sought to see in him a person capable of serving the motherland, benefiting her with his deeds and thoughts, and also simply able to be happy and harmonious, develop and move forward.

In the process of searching for the “hero of time”, Russian writers sought to solve the “eternal questions” of being: the meaning of life, the nature of man, the laws of the universe, the existence of God, and so on. Each of the classics solves these problems in its own way. But what remains unchanged in general for Russian classical literature is the constant desire to find answers to fundamental questions, without the solution of which the existence of a single person is impossible.

The problem is the QUESTION.

The problem raises a question for resolving the essence of the subject, which has become the subject of research in a literary work. And the subject for research is offered by the theme of the work. The question grows out of the topic like a sprout out of the soil. So the problem is related to the topic.

If the topic is LIFE reflected in a literary work, then the problem is a QUESTION posed on the basis of this life reflected in a literary work.

The same topic can become the basis for raising different issues.

A problem is a complex question posed in a work, which is solved or remains unresolved, but the ways of searching for its solution are shown.

The question of the identity of the topic and the problem is debatable.

Issues: in one literary work there cannot be only one problem, it has many problems, the main and secondary, auxiliary ones.

Typology of problems in the literature:

Socio-political

Moral and ethical

National historical

Universal

philosophical

Social

Psychological

Eternal problems:

good and evil

Bodies and souls

Time and eternity

Love and hate

Life and death

Death and immortality

The meaning of life

Man and society

Man and history, etc.

Question 4. The idea of ​​a literary work as a search for an answer to a problem. The ideological content of a literary work. Typology of Literary Ideas

The idea is the answer to the question posed by the problem on the basis of the part of life posed by the theme, reflected in the literary work.

The idea is an assessment of what is reflected in the theme of the work.

The idea is the main principle content of the work. Generalized thought. Which underlies the work and is expressed in its figurative form.

The idea is the author's subjective assessment, but besides this, an objective idea also appears in the work, which can be wider than the author's intention and open up in a new way in each new era, each new generation of critics and readers.

The idea of ​​a work and its intention are two different things.

The design may not include those ideas. Which contemporaries or descendants will find, and see, and open in a literary work.

The general idea of ​​the work = the main idea of ​​the work, always answers or seeks an answer to main problem society. time, era, person, as the author understands them.

An idea may not be expressed in a work directly and unambiguously, as an answer to a question, it may be a search for an answer, outlined ways of answering, answer options, directions for thinking about an answer ...

The idea is not limited to direct positive statements of the author.

Everyone has it actor, events, pictures in a literary work has its own ideological, meaningful function.

Each image of the work's poetics (NB! see Classification of images - remember and write in your lecture notebook here) has its own ideological = conceptual load.

The entire figurative system of the work is the bearer of the author's concept - the main author's idea of ​​life.

The ideological meaning of the novel is determined not only by the author's direct word and author's assessments, but above all by the ideological function of each element of the artistic form, the conceptual style.

Understanding the general idea of ​​the work comes from the analysis of everything ideological meaning all elements of the content and form of a literary work.

Goethe: "It would be a good joke if I tried this varied life Faust strung on a thin string of a single idea for the whole work "- !!!

Typology of ideas in literature.

The subjectivity of an artistic idea: it depends on the subjective opinion of the author.

The figurativeness of an artistic idea: it is expressed only in a figurative form.

Eternal ideas: coincide with the formulations of eternal themes and problems, but each author tries to find his own way of resolving them...

Give an example of a timeless idea from any of your favorite books - NB.

We live, our life never stands still, time passes irrevocably. Throughout life, people have many questions and sometimes we find the answers to these questions in books. A book that was written many centuries ago remains relevant today. Many topics and issues that were raised then are of concern to us now.

The eternal question in Russian literature is love. All writers describe love in different ways. For some, love is a bright feeling, such as A.S. Pushkin. With his poems, Pushkin brings love to the skies, but for some, love is just a moment that was, and now it is gone. We can see such instant love in the stories of I.A.

Bunin. In all his works, in my opinion, not love is shown at all, but falling in love. Indeed, only falling in love can not last forever, just a moment, such falling in love can be called erroneous in our life, which, probably, each of us has experienced. Such "love" is given to us for experience. And if we talk about love, about true love, then such love will last forever, it is this kind of love that we carry through our whole life. She may be unhappy, undivided, but she is, was and will be. Returning to the work of A.S. Pushkin, most famous work about love, is a novel in verse "Eugene Onegin". This work beautifully describes the feelings, emotions, experiences and worries of the characters. A.S. Pushkin managed to convey to us main point novel. “What we have we do not keep, but weep when we lose it.” Onegin was late, he revealed in himself this great feeling of love too late. And for this he punished himself with loneliness. And Tatyana loves and will love Onegin, while remaining faithful to her husband. Here they are, the heroes of the novel, loving friend friend, but not having a single chance to be together. Tatyana will be unhappy until the end of her life, because her love is not at all her husband, who will also remain unhappy, because he feels that Tatyana loves a completely different person. Also unhappy is Onegin, who at first did not accept love, and then began to demand it, already from a married woman. This is life, this is love.

Of course, it is very difficult to understand love from novels, poems, even well-written ones, but you can learn a useful lesson for yourself. "It's probably the right thing to do that they put love in books, that's where it belongs." Reading the works of writers, such as Kuprin, (" Garnet bracelet”), Tolstoy (“War and Peace”), Sholokhov (“ Quiet Don”), we understand what love is, and at what cost it is given. Thanks to the writers of those times, we realize that nothing has changed. Love exists even now, love is bright and kind, bitter and unhappy. And great happiness if you managed to feel this bright feeling, to feel as Tatiana felt for Onegin, as Natasha felt for Bolkonsky.

Questions about love in Russian literature will remain relevant at all times. People will come back again and again, and raise this topic constantly. And everyone will find in works about love something personal, painfully familiar and understandable.

Composition on the topic: Eternal motives in world literature


Each nation has its own books, originating from distant and ancient folklore. National literatures reflect the specifics of life - the way people think different countries, their culture, way of life and traditions. The art of the word of each nation is original and original.

But there are problems that concern all people at all times, regardless of their nationality, living conditions, social status. Each generation again and again raises deep philosophical questions: what is life and death, what is love, how the world and man work, what is the meaning of life, what values ​​are above everything that God is ... These questions are reflected, including , and in the literature and are called "eternal motives".

One of the universally recognized geniuses of world literature, who revealed the depths of the human soul, is the Englishman W. Shakespeare, who lived in the 16th century. His plays are deeply philosophical works touching on important issues of life. Thus, Shakespeare's tragedy "Hamlet" depicts an eternal conflict, a confrontation between man and the surrounding world.

The hero of the tragedy, the young prince Hamlet, discovers a terrible thing: he learns that his father, in the struggle for the throne, was poisoned by his own brother. Hamlet's mother, Queen Gertrude, also participated in this crime.

The young hero is terrified and completely at a loss. He is disappointed in the whole world and all people - what can be expected from them if the closest ones turned out to be insidious and cynical traitors?

Thus, Hamlet finds himself face to face with an unjust world, or rather, with his own illusions about this world. He begins to doubt the value and expediency of life in general - if evil is so strong and irresistible, is there any point in living?

But gradually Hamlet understands and accepts his mission - to "set" the dislocated joints of "Time". He enters the fight against Evil, wishing to restore justice, the "course of Time" and the ratio of Light and Darkness. As a result of this confrontation, the hero solves many questions for himself, the main of which is the question of the essence of death. As a result, he comes to the realization that death turns a person into nothing, and life is an eternal contradiction between reality and ideals.

The hero of another classic of world literature - I.V. Goethe - the scientist Faust - also sought to know the essence of life and death, as well as to learn all the secrets of the universe. What's the point human life? What is the purpose of beauty and what is beauty? What is creativity and inspiration? What is love? Where does good end and evil begin? What is human soul And is there any value more valuable than it?

All these questions arise before Faust in the process of his research. The hero experiences everything on himself: he sinks to the very bottom, communicating with the devil, and rises to the very heights, experiencing love for Margarita. In the course of its life path he makes many mistakes, but in the end he comes to realize the meaning of his life - creative work for the benefit of people.

In another tragedy by Shakespeare - "Romeo and Juliet" - the author decides what love is, what is its strength and significance in life. Using the example of his heroes, the great Englishman shows that this feeling is wonderful in all its manifestations.

All people can experience love, regardless of age and social status, it has different incarnations and guises (the love of the Nurse for Juliet, the love of parents for their children, the love of a man and woman, the love of friends, the love of a duke for his people, the love of a priest for his flock, Finally, God's love for people). Moreover, this feeling is vital for everyone, because the whole world is based on it.

Shakespeare, in the spirit of the traditions of the Renaissance, says that all manifestations of love, both spiritual and bodily, are beautiful. By denying any of these components, people deliberately impoverish themselves.

Using the example of the feelings of Romeo and Juliet, we understand that love is the most powerful force that can reconcile irreconcilable enemies (the Montague and Capulet families) and overcome any intrigues, even death itself.

Another classic of world literature - the Frenchman J. B. Moliere (18th century) - in his comedy "Tartuffe" deeply revealed another "eternal" theme - the theme of Hypocrisy and its destructive power.

The writer shows that lies are an integral part of human nature and human society. But if there is an innocent lie or a lie for the good (Elmira's tricks, Dorina's speeches), then there is also a destructive lie, crippling destinies, encroaching on the most sacred. The bearer of just such a lie and its other manifestations (hypocrisy, hypocrisy) is the holy man Tartuffe in the comedy.

This person, skillfully deceiving and hypocrisy, achieves his own, purely selfish, goals - to get the wealth of Orgon, have fun with his wife Elmira, and so on. For Tartuffe, there is nothing sacred or inviolable - he is ready to slander, humiliate, destroy everything in his path, ruthlessly and methodically. Thus, this hero is the embodiment of absolute Evil. But the characters of Molière, unlike Shakespeare's Hamlet, defeat Tartuffe, and therefore, albeit temporarily, defeat Evil itself. In this they are helped, of course, by the Good, which is interpreted by the playwright in the spirit of the Enlightenment - in the person of the state and the enlightened monarch.

Thus, eternal motifs in world literature help to illuminate important aspects of human existence associated with deep philosophical problems. It has always been important for a person to understand who he is, where he is and where he is going. World classics answer these questions, helping the reader find their place in life, understand and assimilate enduring values, and set their priorities.


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