IVAN SERGEEVICH TURGENEV

(1818–1883)

NOVEL "FATHERS AND CHILDREN"

IN TABLES

The history of the creation of the novel "Fathers and Sons"

The idea arises in the summer of 1860. In August 1861, the novel is over.

In 1862 it was published as a separate edition. Turgenev dedicates it

V. G. Belinsky. The dedication had a programmatic and polemical tone.

The release of the novel became a social event. Critics reacted vividly to the novel, many articles and reviews appeared, which were of a sharp polemical nature. The most famous reviews are articles

M. Antonovich "Asmodeus of our time", D. Pisarev "Bazarov",

N. Strakhov "Fathers and Sons" by Turgenev. Also wrote about the novel

F. M. Dostoevsky, A. I. Herzen, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, N. S. Leskov.

Romance conflicts

External

Interior

Confrontation of different generations.

It manifests itself in the relationship of Pavel Petrovich and Bazarov, Nikolai Petrovich and Arkady, Bazarov and his parents.

The struggle between the worldview and feelings of Bazarov, the inapplicability of his theory in practice.

The plot of the novel

Chapter 1.

Exposition of the Kirsanovs.

Life story of Nikolai Petrovich, awaiting the arrival of his son Arkady

Chapters 2–3.

Bazarov exposition

A portrait and the first description of the protagonist of the novel, Yevgeny Vasilievich Bazarov, a friend of Arkady, who came with him, are given."Wonderful fellow, so simple" (Arkady about Bazarov)

Chapters 4–11.

Outbreak of external conflict. Action development.

Bazarov meets Arkady's uncle, Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov.

An ideological polemic unfolds between the heroes, the intransigence of their views turns into contempt on the part of Bazarov and hatred on the part of Pavel Petrovich.

Chapters 12–13.

Development preparation

internal conflict.

The struggle of feelings and worldview of Bazarov, a parody image of "provincial nihilists".

Chapter 14

Tie inner

conflict.

At the governor's ball, Bazarov meets Anna Sergeevna Odintsova.

Chapters 15–17.

Development of action

The trip of Bazarov and Arkady to Nikolskoye, Bazarov's unexpected feelings.

Chapters 18–19.

climax

internal conflict.

Explanation of the hero with Odintsova, Bazarov's departure.

Chapters 20–21.

The aggravation of the internal

conflict.

A visit by friends to Bazarov's parental home, a trip to Nikolskoye, a return to Maryino.

Chapters 22–23.

Development of external

conflict.

Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich clash again in their interest in Fenechka, a girl from the people who gave birth to a child to Nikolai Petrovich. Fenechka reminds Pavel Petrovich of his former love - Nelly, Bazarov, through wooing Fenechka, is trying to assert himself after the failure with Odintsova.

Chapter 24

climax

and decoupling of the external

conflict.

A duel takes place between Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich, as a result of which Pavel Petrovich is slightly injured, and Bazarov leaves Maryin. The ideological struggle fades into the background, personal feelings dominate in the relationship between the characters.

Chapters 25–26.

Bazarov travels through the city *** to Nikolskoye.

He breaks off relations with the Kirsanovs, with Arkady, his only friend, with Odintsova.

Chapter 27

aggravation

and resolution of the internal

conflict

In the parental home, where memories of childhood are alive, natural, immediate feelings appear - what Bazarov tried to suppress in himself, armed with "the latest theories." During one of the operations, Bazarov becomes infected with typhus through a cut in his finger. With the death of the hero, an internal conflict is unresolved in life.

Chapter 28

Epilogue.

Six months after the death of Bazarov, the weddings of Arkady with his sister Odintsova, Katya Lokteva, and Nikolai Petrovich with Fenechka took place. Pavel Petrovich went abroad. Anna Sergeevna Odintsova married "not out of love, but out of conviction." Bazarov's grave is visited by his old parents.

Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov

Nihilism Bazarov

Bazarov calls himself a nihilist (from lat.nihil - nothing).

Bazarov's complex of beliefs is not an artistic exaggeration; his image reflects the characteristic features of representatives of the democratic youth of the 1860s.

Nihilists deny their contemporary social order, oppose worship of any authority, reject principles taken for granted, deny art and beauty, explain any feelings, including love, physiologically.

“We guessed that chatting, just chatting about our ulcers is not worth the trouble, that this only leads to vulgarity and doctrinairism; we saw that our wise men, the so-called progressive people and accusers, are no good, that we are engaged in nonsense, talking about some kind of art, unconscious creativity, about parliamentarism, about advocacy, and the devil knows what, when it comes to urgent bread, when the grossest superstition is choking us, when all our joint-stock companies are going bust solely because there is a shortage of honest people, when the very freedom that the government is busy with is hardly going to benefit us, because our peasant is happy to rob himself, just to get drunk dope in a tavern.

“Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it.”

"A decent chemist is twenty times more useful than any poet."

"The important thing is that two plus two makes four, and the rest is all nonsense."

"Every person must educate himself - well, at least like me, for example ...".

“We act by virtue of what we recognize as useful. At the present time, negation is most useful - we deny.

"We break because we are strong."

“Yes, it is necessary to build.

- It's none of our business... First we need to clear the place."

“So what? you act, don't you? Are you going to take action?

- Bazarov did not answer.

The dynamics of the image of Bazarov

At the beginning of the novel, Bazarov appears as a person confident in the correctness and indisputability of his view of life. However, gradually living life makes adjustments to his worldview.

Turgenev leads Bazarov through trials of love and death - two ontological situations through which, according to Turgenev, only true knowledge of life is possible. (Ontology (from the Greek.yn ( untos ) - existing andlogos - doctrine) - a branch of philosophy that studies the foundations of being, the world order, its structure).

Bazarov's initial self-confidence disappears, his inner life becomes more and more complex and contradictory.

The "blinders" of nihilism part, life in all its complexity appears before the hero.

Before his death, Bazarov becomes simpler and softer: he does not resist when his father insists on confession before his death, asks Odintsova to “caress” his parents. In the mind of the hero there is a complete reassessment of values:

“And I also thought: I’ll break off a lot of things, I won’t die, where! There is a task, because I am a giant! And now the whole task of the giant is how to die decently.

Critical perception of the image of Bazarov

Two points of view

M. Antonovich (Sovremennik magazine). Articles "Asmodeus of our time", "Mistakes", "Modern novels"

Interpreted the image of Bazarov as a caricature of modern youth in the form of "glutton, talker and cynic"

D. Pisarev "Bazarov"

Reveals the historical significance of the type depicted by Turgenev. He believed that Russia at the present stage of its development needs people like Bazarov: they are critical of everything that has not been verified by their personal experience, they are used to relying only on themselves, they have reason and will

The novel's character system

two camps

"Fathers"

The older generation

"Children"

younger generation

    Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov;

    Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov;

    Bazarov's parents

(Vasily Ivanovich and Arina Vlasyevna)

    Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov;

    Arkady Nikolaevich Kirsanov;

    Kukshina Avdotya Nikitishna;

    Victor Sitnikov

Doubles of Bazarov

Sitnikov

Kukshina

He calls himself an "old acquaintance" of Bazarov and his student.

Sitnikov's commitment to new ideas is ostentatious: he is dressed in a Slavophile Hungarian robe, on his business cards, in addition to French, there is also a Russian text in Slavic script.

Sitnikov repeats Bazarov's thoughts, vulgarizing and distorting them.

In the epilogue of Sitnikov“He hustles in St. Petersburg and, according to his assurances, continues Bazarov’s“ cause ”.<…>His father still pushes him around, and his wife considers him a fool .. and a writer.

Lists herself as an "emancipated lady". She is "concerned" with the "women's issue", physiology, embryology, chemistry, education, etc. Cheeky, vulgar, stupid.

In the epilogue:“She is now in Heidelberg and is no longer studying the natural sciences, but architecture, in which, according to her, she has discovered new laws.

She still hangs out with students, especially young Russian physicists and chemists,<…>who, surprising at first the naive German professors with their sober view of things, subsequently

surprise the same professors with their complete inaction and absolute laziness.

Doubles are parodies of Bazarov, reveal the weaknesses of his maximalist worldview.

For Sitnikov and Kukshina, fashion ideas are just a way to stand out.

They contrast with Bazarov, for whom nihilism is a consciously chosen position.

Women's images

Anna

Sergeevna

Odintsova

A young beautiful woman, a wealthy widow.

Odintsova's father was a famous card sharper. She received an excellent upbringing in St. Petersburg, she is raising her younger sister, Katya, whom she sincerely loves, but hides her feelings.

Odintsova is smart, reasonable, self-confident. She exudes calmness, aristocracy.

Most of all, she appreciates peace, stability and comfort. Bazarov arouses interest in her, gives food to her inquisitive mind, but feelings for him do not take her out of her usual balance.

She is incapable of strong passion.

bauble

A young woman of "non-noble origin", whom Nikolai Petrovich loves. Fenechka is kind, disinterested, simple-hearted, honest, open, she sincerely and deeply loves Nikolai Petrovich and her son Mitya. The main thing in her life is her family, so the persecution of Bazarov and the suspicions of Nikolai Petrovich offend her.

Katia

Lokteva

Younger sister of Anna Sergeevna Odintsova.

Sensitive nature - loves nature, music, but at the same time shows firmness of character.

Katya does not understand Bazarov, she is even afraid of him, Arkady is much closer to her. She tells Arkady about Bazarov:"He is predatory, and you and I are tame."

Katya is the embodiment of the ideal of family life, which Arkady secretly aspired to, thanks to her Arkady returns to the camp of his fathers.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was a nobleman whose condition did not cause regret. He had a stable, steady income and was engaged in writing activities for his own realization.

For a long time, the author was limited to writing stories and short stories. He seemed to be saving up strength and life experience for his novels, which brought him worldwide fame. Even his first novel "Rudin", the writer initially defined as a story. Later, the author began to develop everything with novels, and he wrote six works one after another, in ten years.

The history of the creation of the novel "Fathers and Sons"

Turgenev began to publish his novels starting in 1856, and all his works became an integral and important part of Russian literature.

Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" became the fourth novel in the literary activity of the writer. The years of its creation are 1860-1861, when the writer began to feel more confident. By right, this novel is considered the pinnacle of his work, where all the writer's manners are perfectly visible. And today this novel is the most famous work of Ivan Turgenev, and its popularity is still growing, as the plot raises very important issues that are relevant today.

The author tried to convey a lot to the reader. He perfectly depicted how relations develop between people belonging to different social strata. I tried to reflect modern reality, and touched on those topics that people are still interested in. But right there, Ivan Sergeevich himself emphasized more than once that it was very important for him to show his writing skills in the book, and not just gain fame and popularity in the discussion of pressing problems.

A striking example of this is his novel "Fathers and Sons", which was already published in 1862. At this time, the political situation in the country was tense. Finally, serfdom was abolished, Russia and Europe began to draw closer. Hence the various philosophical currents that began to emerge in Russia.

However, the main action of the novel dates back to the time when reforms did not take place in Russia. Approximately the actions of Turgenev's novel can be attributed to 1859. It was Ivan Turgenev who first introduced such a concept as "nihilism", which becomes a new direction in the country's public life and gains popularity.

The protagonist of Turgenev's novel is Evgeny Bazarov. He is just a nihilist. Young people of that time accepted him as an example to follow, highlighting in him such moral qualities as

uncompromising, lack of any respect or admiration for what older or authoritative people say.

Turgenev's hero puts his views above all else. Everything that can be useful or beautiful, but does not coincide with his worldview, everything recedes into the background. This was unusual for the literature of that time, and therefore the phenomenon depicted by the author found such a lively response among readers.

The plot of Turgenev's work "Fathers and Sons"

The action takes place in 1859. Two friends - nihilists come to the Kirsanovs' estate, which is located in Maryino. Arkady met his new friend Yevgeny Bazarov at the institute, where he studied as a doctor. This visit was impatiently awaited by Nikolai Petrovich, who greatly missed his son. But unfortunately, Eugene's relationship with the elder Kirsanovs does not go well, and Eugene decides to leave their hospitable home and moved to a small town in the province.

Arkady leaves with him. Together they have a great time in the company of young people and beautiful girls. But one day at the ball they meet Odintsova, both fall in love with her and go to her estate, accepting the invitation. For some time they live in Nikolskoye, but Evgeny's explanation is not reciprocated, so he leaves. This time he goes to his parents, Arkady goes with him. But the love of the old Bazarovs soon begins to irritate Yevgeny, so they again return to Maryino to the Kirsanov family. Bazarov, who is trying to find an outlet for the love he has for Anna Sergeevna, kisses Fenechka. Pavel Petrovich sees this and challenges him to a duel. All this led to a scandal, and friends part.

But Arkady, who has been visiting Nikolskoye for a long time and is infatuated with Katenka, one day meets Bazarov there as well. After Arkady's explanation and his declaration of love in Katenka, Bazarov returns to his parents. He decides to forget Odintsova, so he begins to act decisively and helps his father treat patients with typhus. Once he became infected when he opened a dead peasant from typhus. He tried to invent a drug that could cure everyone. He gets sick for a long time, and then he dies. Just before his death, he asks Odintsova to come and she fulfills his request. Arkady marries his sister Odintsova, and Nikolai Kirsanov finally decides to legalize relations with Fenechka. His elder brother leaves the country forever and settles abroad.

Heroes of Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons"


In Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" there are a large number of heroes. Among them are the main characters who influence the entire plot of the novel. There are episodic ones that add color and allow the author to express his thoughts even brighter and more accessible.

The main characters of the work "Fathers and Sons" include the following persons:

★ Bazarov.
★ Brothers Kirsanov: Nikolai Petrovich and Pavel Petrovich.
★ Arkady Kirsanov.


Bazarov is a student, a nihilist. He plans to become a doctor in the future. Yevgeny Vasilyevich has practically no friends. But now he meets the Kirsanov family. So, he first meets Arkady, who is easily influenced, which is why he tries to impose his nihilist views on him. He does not understand and does not at all want to accept people of the older generation, does not take into account the opinion of his parents. Bazarov is a raznochinets, that is, a person who has broken away from his previously familiar environment. But falling in love with Odintsova, he suddenly changes his views, and it soon turns out that a real romantic lives in his soul. After his death, a religious rite is performed over his body, as a simple and ordinary person.

Nikolai Petrovich is one of the main characters of Turgenev's novel. Kirsanov is a landowner and father of Arkady. He adheres to conservative views, and therefore does not accept Bazarov's nihilism. His wife died a long time ago, but there is another love in his life - for Fenechka, a peasant woman. At the end of the novel, despite all the conventions of society, he marries her. He is romantic, loves music and is good with poetry. His older brother, Pavel Petrovich, is very different in character. Pavel Petrovich was once an officer, but is now retired. He is aristocratic, self-confident, proud. He loves to talk about art and science. Once he was in love, but love ended in tragedy. He has a different attitude towards other heroes: he loves his nephew and brother. He also treats Fenechka well, because she resembles that woman, the princess, with whom he was once in love. But he openly hates Bazarov both for his views and for his behavior, he even challenges him to a duel. In this battle, Pavel Petrovich was slightly wounded.

Arkasha Kirsanov is a friend of Bazarov and the son of Kirsanov's younger brother. He, too, will become a doctor in the future, but for now he is only a student. The nihilist Bazarov has a great influence on him and for some time he adheres to his views and ideas, but, once in his parental home, he refuses them.

There are other characters in Turgenev's novel that cannot be classified as episodic, but they do not have the main role to reveal the plot:

⇒ Bazarov, father of the nihilist Eugene. Vasily Ivanovich was once a surgeon in the army, and is currently retired. He is educated and intelligent, but not rich. He loves his son, but does not share his views, still adhering to conservative ideas.

⇒ Arina Vlasyevna is a pious woman mother of Bazarov. She has a small estate run by her husband and 10-15 serfs. Superstitious and suspicious, she is very worried about her son.

⇒ Odintsov. Anna Sergeevna prefers a calm and measured life. When she listens to a declaration of love from Bazarov, she refuses him, although he was still nice to her. She is rich, and this wealth she inherited from her husband.

⇒ Katenka Lokteva is a quiet and almost invisible girl who is always in the shadow of her sister Odintsova. Arkady is in love with her, who was not immediately able to sort out his feelings, because of the passion for Anna Odintsova. Katenka will marry Arkady.

There are many episodic persons in Turgenev's novel:

Viktor Sitnikov is an adherent of nihilism.
Kukshina is a nihilist, but Eudoxia adheres to these ideas only for her own good.
Fenechka. She gave birth to her master's child, and then became his wife. Because of her, the eldest of the Kirsanovs and Bazarov fights.
Dunya, Fenechka's maid.
Peter, a servant in the Kirsanovs' house.
Princess Nelly R, with whom the elder Kirsanov was once in love.
Kolyazin is a city official.
Loktev is the father of two young and beautiful heroines of Turgenev's novel.
Avdotya Stepanovna is the aunt of young heroines, a princess, but an evil and very harmful old woman.
Timofeevich, clerk.

Critical reviews and ratings

Turgenev's work was perceived differently. For example, readers did not approve of the protagonist of Turgenev's novel, who overstepped many values. But young people, on the contrary, tried their best to support him, believing that the main character of the work is a vivid reflection of the world in which they live.

The opinions of the censors were also divided. An unusual and stormy dispute flared up on the pages of the Sovremennik magazine and the well-known Russian Word. At this time, riots broke out in the city on the Neva, when unknown aggressive young people staged a pogrom. People died as a result of the riots. Many felt that Ivan Turgenev, who wrote the novel Fathers and Sons, was also to blame for this, because only his new phenomenon, like nihilism, could lead to such a result. Some even believed that Turgenev's novel could not be called a work of art.

But there were also those who defended the writer and his novel, believing that these riots would have taken place without Turgenev's work.

Critics agreed on one thing - the novel was written very worthily, from the point of view of artistic literary language. That is why the novel written by Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev a century and a half ago for his contemporaries remains relevant today.

In 1862, Turgenev wrote the novel Fathers and Sons. During this period, a final break is outlined between the two social camps: the liberal and the revolutionary-democratic. In his work, Turgenev showed a man of a new era. This is a democrat-raznochinets Bazarov. Throughout almost the entire novel, Bazarov is accompanied by his friend Arkady. By origin, and by social status, they belong to different social classes. According to his convictions, Bazarov is "a democrat to the end of his nails." Friends study together at the university, and they are connected by several years of friendship.

At first, Arkady falls under the influence of Bazarov, he wants to be like Yevgeny, and at the same time he sincerely shares the views of an older and more authoritative comrade. Arkady is forced to join the nihilists by "young courage and youthful enthusiasm." But he is not guided by the ideas of Bazarov in life. They do not become an organic part of him, so he will so easily refuse them later. In the future, Bazarov says to Arkady: "Our dust will eat your eyes out, our dirt will stain you." That is, Arkady is not ready for the "tart, bitter bean life" of a revolutionary.

Bazarov, giving an assessment of the life of a revolutionary, is both right and wrong. Breaking the established foundations, traditions, views always provokes the fierce resistance of the old world, and the advanced fighters have a hard time. The revolutionary-democratic ideal of happiness is revolutionary activity for the benefit of the people, despite personal hardships.

Arkady, of course, is not ready for this, since he is, in the words of Yevgeny, "a soft liberal barich." In the "young fervor" the liberals do not go beyond a noble effervescence, and for Bazarov this is "trifles." The liberals do not "fight", but "think they are good fellows; the revolutionaries want to fight." Giving an assessment of Arkady, Bazarov identifies him with the entire liberal camp. Spoiled by life in a noble estate, Arkady "involuntarily admires himself", he is pleased to "scold himself." Bazarov is bored, he "needs to break others." Arkady only wanted to seem like a revolutionary, there was a lot of youthful posturing in him, but in his heart he always remained a "liberal nobleman."

But Arkady still does not understand this. For the time being, he considers himself a "fighter" and appreciates Bazarov for his willpower, energy, and ability to work. At the Kirsanovs' estate, Bazarov is initially welcomed cordially. Arkady asks his relatives to take care of Bazarov. But the revolutionary democratism of Bazarov absolutely does not fit with the liberal aristocracy of the Kirsanovs' house. He does not fit into their life of idleness. And here, on a visit, Bazarov continues to work. The way of life of friends on the estate is expressed by the author's phrase: "Arkady was a sybarite, Bazarov worked." Bazarov conducts experiments, reads special books, collects collections, treats village peasants. According to Bazarov, labor is a necessary condition for life. Arkady is never shown at work. Here, in the estate, Bazarov's attitude to both nature and the people is also revealed.

Bazarov considers nature not a temple, but a workshop, and the person in it is a worker. For Arkady, as well as for the rest of the Kirsanovs, nature is an object of admiration, contemplation. For Bazarov, this attitude means nobility. He objects to the prayerful contemplation of nature, meaningless from his point of view, enjoying its beauty. It requires an active relationship to nature, to the world around us. He himself. treats nature like a caring owner. Nature pleases him when he sees the fruits of active intervention in it. And here, too, the points of view of Arkady and Bazarov diverge, although Arkady has not yet spoken about this.

The attitude of Bazarov and Arkady is different both to love and to a woman. Bazarov is skeptical about love. He says that only a fool can feel free with a woman. But acquaintance with Odintsova changes his views on love. She impresses Bazarov with her beauty, charm, ability to behave with dignity and tact. A feeling for her arises when spiritual communication begins between them.

Odintsova is smart, able to understand Bazarov's originality. Eugene, despite outward cynicism, discovers in love both an aesthetic feeling, and high spiritual demands, and respect for the woman he loves. But Odintsova is essentially an epicurean lady. Peace is above all for her. Therefore, she extinguishes in herself the emerging feeling for Bazarov. And in this situation, Bazarov behaves with dignity, does not become limp and continues to work.

Arkady's acquaintance with Katya, Odintsova's younger sister, reveals that his ideal is "closer", that is, he is in the family, on the estate. Arkady realized that he was "no longer that arrogant boy", that he still "asked himself tasks that were beyond his power", that is, Arkady admits that the life of a revolutionary is not for him. Yes, and Katya herself says that Bazarov is "predatory", and Arkady is "tame".

Bazarov is close to serfs. For them, he is "his brother, not a gentleman." This is confirmed by Bazarov's speech, in which there are many folk proverbs and sayings, and his simplicity in communicating with ordinary people. Although the peasants on his father's estate treat Bazarov like a gentleman, in all other episodes of the novel for the people he is more "their own" than any of the Kirsanovs. Arkady to a greater extent remains for people a gentleman, a master. True, it also happens that some unfamiliar peasant mistook Bazarov for an eccentric when he wanted to "talk to the people." But this happened infrequently.

In addition, Bazarov is demanding, one might even say, too demanding of himself. He tells Arkady that "each person must educate himself." His commitment to nihilism leads to the fact that he begins to be ashamed of natural human feelings. He seeks to suppress their manifestations in himself. Hence some dryness of Bazarov, even in relation to the closest people. But to the question of Arkady, does Bazarov love his parents, he answers simply and sincerely: "I love you, Arkady!",

However, it should be noted that Bazarov's parents hopelessly "lagged behind" their son. They cannot go not only on a par, but also after him. True, this "backwardness" of the old Bazarovs does not deserve Enyushka's not entirely respectful, and sometimes - and simply indifferent - attitude towards them. Can old people be required to think and act like young people? Isn't it thanks to the efforts of his parents that Bazarov gets an education? In this case, Bazarov's maximalism looks very unattractive, Arkady loves his loved ones, but seems to be embarrassed by this love. Bazarov gives a well-aimed, exhaustive, but at the same time rather evil characterization of Arkady's father and uncle, to which Arkady objects, but somehow sluggishly. By this, he seems to support the point of view of Bazarov, who believes that a nihilist should not express his feelings. Arkady flared up only when Bazarov called his uncle an "idiot" behind his back. Perhaps it was at this moment that the first serious crack appeared in the relationship of friends.

It should be noted that Bazarov's nihilism, unfortunately, leads to the denial of old and new art. For him, "Raphael is not worth a penny, and they (that is, new artists) are no better than him." He declares that "it's stupid to play the cello at forty-four," and to read Pushkin in general "is no good at all." Art Bazarov considers a form of profit. For him, "a decent chemist is more useful than any poet," and art is not capable of changing anything in life. This is the extreme of Bazar's nihilism. Bazarov emphasizes the importance of scientists for Russia, since in science Russia at that time lagged behind the West. But Arkady really loves poetry, and he would read Pushkin if Bazarov was not around.

Arkady and Bazarov seem to oppose each other; at first this confrontation is completely imperceptible, but gradually, in the course of the development of the action, it intensifies and reaches an open conflict and a break in friendly relations. This is one of the aspects of the conflict nature of the novel, expressed by the method of contrast. Note that in this case it is no longer "fathers" and "children" that are in conflict, but, so to speak, "children" with "children". Thus, the break between Bazarov and Arkady is inevitable.

Arkady is not ready for the "tart, bitter bean life" of a revolutionary. Bazarov and Arkady say goodbye forever. Eugene parted with Arkady without saying a single friendly word to him, and to express them for Bazarov is "romanticism",

Arkady finds the ideal of life in the family. Bazarov dies, remaining true to his views. It is before death that the strength of his convictions is tested. Arkady did not instill nihilistic convictions. He understands that the life of a revolutionary democrat is not for him. Bazarov dies a nihilist, and Arkady remains a "liberal nobleman." And at the end of the novel, Arkady refuses to commemorate his former friend at the common table.

The problem of the relationship between fathers and children is eternal. Its reason lies in differences in life views. Each generation has its own truth, and it is extremely difficult to understand each other, and sometimes there is no desire. Contrasting worldviews- this is the basis of the work Fathers and Sons, a summary, which we will consider.

In contact with

About the work

Creation

The idea of ​​​​creating the work "Fathers and Sons" arose from the writer Ivan Turgenev in August 1860. The author writes to Countess Lambert about his intention to write a new big story. In the autumn he goes to Paris, and in September he writes to Annenkov about the final plan and serious intentions in the creation of the novel. But Turgenev works rather slowly and doubts a good result. However, having received an approving opinion from the literary critic Botkin, he plans to complete the creation in the spring.

Early winter - period of active work writer, within three weeks the third part of the work was written. Turgenev asked in letters to describe in detail how things are in the life of Russia. This happened before, and in order to be initiated into the events of the country, Ivan Sergeevich decides to return.

Attention! The history of writing ended on July 20, 1861, when the author was Spassky. In autumn, Turgenev again goes to France. There, during the meeting, he shows his creation to Botkin and Sluchevsky and receives a lot of comments that push him to make changes to the text.

In the spring of next year, the novel is published in magazine "Russian Bulletin" and it immediately became the object of polemical discussion. The controversy did not subside even after Turgenev's death.

Genre and number of chapters

If you characterize the genre of the work, then "Fathers and Sons" is 28 chapter novel showing the socio-political situation in the country before the abolition of serfdom.

Main idea

What is it about? In his creation "fathers and sons" Turgenev describes contradiction and misunderstanding of different generations, and also wants to find a way out of the current situation, ways to get rid of the problem.

The struggle of the two camps is the confrontation of everything established and radically new, era of democrats and aristocrats, or helplessness and purposefulness.

Turgenev tries to show what has come time for a change and instead of people of an outdated system, nobles, active, energetic and young people come. The old system is outdated, and new one has not yet been created. The novel "Fathers and Sons" shows us the turn of the epochs, when society is in turmoil and is unable to live either according to the old canons or the new ones.

The new generation in the novel is represented by Bazarov, around whom the confrontation of "fathers and children" takes place. He is a representative of a whole galaxy of the younger generation, for whom the complete denial of everything has become the norm. Everything old is unacceptable for them, but they can't bring something new.

Between him and the elder Kirsanov, the conflict of worldviews is clearly shown: the rude and straightforward Bazarov and the mannered and refined Kirsanov. The images described by Turgenev are many-sided and ambiguous. Attitude towards the world does not bring happiness to Bazarov at all. Before society, he was designated his purpose - fight against the old ways, but the introduction of new ideas and views in their place does not bother him.

Turgenev did this for a reason, thus showing that before the collapse of something established, it is necessary to find a worthy replacement for it. If there is no alternative, then even what was intended to solve the problem in a positive way will only make it worse.

The conflict of generations in the novel "Fathers and Sons".

Heroes of the novel

The main characters of "Fathers and Sons" are:

  • Bazarov Evgeny Vasilievich. young student, comprehending the profession of a doctor. Adheres to the ideology of nihilism, casts doubt on the liberal views of the Kirsanovs and the traditional views of his own parents. At the end of the work, he falls in love with Anna, and his views of denying everything in the world are changed by love. He will become a rural doctor, due to his own inattention, he will get infected with typhus and die.
  • Kirsanov Nikolay Petrovich. He is the father of Arkady, widower. Landowner. He lives on the estate with Fenechka, a commoner woman, to whom he feels and is ashamed of this, but then takes her as his wife.
  • Kirsanov Pavel Petrovich. He is the older brother of Nicholas. He retired officer, a representative of the privileged stratum, proud and self-confident, shares the ideas of liberalism. Often participates in disputes with Bazarov on a variety of topics: art, science, love, nature, and so on. Hatred for Bazarov develops into a duel, which he himself initiated. In a duel, he will be wounded, fortunately the wound will be light.
  • Kirsanov Arkady Nikolaevich Is the son of Nicholas. PhD at the University. Like his friend Bazarov, he is a nihilist. At the end of the book, he will give up his worldview.
  • Bazarov Vasily Ivanovich He is the father of the main character was a surgeon in the army. He did not leave medical practice. Lives on his wife's estate. Educated, he understands that living in the village, he was cut off from modern ideas. Conservative, religious.
  • Bazarova Arina Vlasevna She is the mother of the protagonist. She owns the estate of the Bazarovs and fifteen serfs. Superstitious, pious, suspicious, sensitive woman. Infinitely loves his son, and worries about the fact that he renounced the faith. She is a follower of the Orthodox faith.
  • Odintsova Anna Sergeevna Is a widow, rich. In his estate he accepts friends who hold nihilistic views. She likes Bazarov, but after his declaration of love, reciprocity is not observed. Puts a calm life in which there are no unrest in the foreground.
  • Katerina. Sister of Anna Sergeevna, but unlike her, quiet and inconspicuous. He plays the clavichord. Arkady Kirsanov spends a lot of time with her, while he is passionately in love with Anna. Then he realizes that he loves Katerina and marries her.

Other heroes:

  • Fenechka. The daughter of the housekeeper of Kirsanov's younger brother. After her mother died, she became his mistress and gave birth to a son from him.
  • Sitnikov Victor. He is a nihilist and an acquaintance of Bazarov.
  • Kukshina Evdokia. An acquaintance of Victor, a nihilist.
  • Kolyazin Matvey Ilyich. He is a city official.

The main characters of the novel "Fathers and Sons".

Plot

Fathers and sons summary is presented below. 1859 - year when the novel begins.

Young people arrived in Maryino and live in the house of brothers Nikolai and Pavel Kirsanov. The elder Kirsanov and Bazarov do not find a common language, and frequent conflict situations force Evgeny to leave for another city N. Arkady also goes there. There they communicate with urban youth (Sitnikova and Kukshina), who adhere to nihilistic views.

At the governor's ball they spend acquaintance with Odintsova, and then go to her estate, Kukshina is destined to stay in the city. Odintsova rejects a declaration of love, and Bazarov has to leave Nikolskoye. He and Arkady go to their parents' house and stay there. Evgeny does not like the excessive care of his parents, he decides to leave Vasily Ivanovich and Arina Vlasyevna, and

Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov- the central character of the novel; commoner, staunch democrat and nihilist. As a medical student, he has a skeptical attitude towards the world. Confessing nihilism, he is the ideological mentor of Arkady Kirsanov and the main opponent in disputes with Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov. He used to hide his real feelings under the guise of an indifferent pragmatist. Having met Anna Sergeevna Odintsova, she is subjected to a test of love, which in the end does not stand up.

Arkady Nikolaevich Kirsanov- hereditary nobleman; friend of E. V. Bazarov, son of N. P. Kirsanov from his first marriage. At the beginning of the novel, he shares the nihilistic views of E. V. Bazarov and is his student, but subsequently refuses his ideas. By nature, he has a soft sentimental character. In love with a girl Katya, whom he later marries.

Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov- landowner; father of A.N. Kirsanov and brother of P.P. Kirsanov. Like his son, he is endowed with a calm and subtle nature. He loves a young peasant woman, Fenechka, from whom he will have a son, Mitya. Passionate about poetry and art in general, in one of the episodes he reads Arkady Pushkin. Upon the arrival of Bazarov, he cordially receives him; unlike his brother, he does not take part in disputes about nihilism.

Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov- retired guards officer, brother of N.P. Kirsanov, an aristocrat, strictly committed to the principles of liberalism. In disputes with Bazarov, Pavel Petrovich is his main ideological opponent, who vehemently defends his point of view. The themes of love, nature, art, and science often become the source of disputes between the two heroes.

Anna Sergeevna Odintsova is a landowner who became a widow in her young years. Upon receiving Arkady and Bazarov, he becomes the subject of the latter's interest. Cold and reasonable, she prefers a quiet, calm life to violent unrest, which is why she refuses Bazarov in love.

Ekaterina Sergeevna Lokteva- landowner, younger sister of A. S. Odintsova. A quiet, kind and modest girl, brought up under the strict guidance of her sister. She loves nature and loves music. At the end of the novel, he marries Arkady.

bauble- a young peasant woman in the Kirsanovs' house, beloved of Nikolai Petrovich. Despite her lack of education, she is endowed with all the virtues of a meek and sympathetic girl. From Nikolai Petrovich, he has a little son, Mitya. In the last chapter, it is shown that she becomes Kirsanov's wife.

Option 2

In 1862 I.S. Turgenev created the novel "Fathers and Sons", in which he reveals the important problem of conflict between generations. This problem helps to reveal a whole system of heroes, different in character.

The first in the book before the reader appears Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov. He is an aristocrat, a landowner, but he is completely incapable of handling the economy and the estate. He is a person who respects the traditions of his parents and follows them. Nikolai Petrovich received a full education, loves art, plays the cello himself and reads Pushkin. Despite the divergence of views with his son, Kirsanov does not conflict and tries to understand and accept his worldview. At the moment when Arkady takes Pushkin's collection from him and puts a book by some German writer, Nikolai Petrovich does not get angry with him, but only smiles.

At the beginning of the work, the son of Nikolai Arkady and his friend Yevgeny Bazarov come to the Kirsanov estate. Both of them are people of the 60s. He has different views on life from his father, but in general they are similar in nature. He has a rather gentle character, he is also educated and easily understands his father. After communicating with Bazarov, Arkady falls under his influence and tries to be a nihilist, but in fact he is a sentimental romantic like Nikolai Petrovich. Soon the young man realizes this and falls in love with Katya.

Bazarov Evgeny- the son of a simple doctor, raznochinets. He did not receive a proper education and could not hold high positions. He covers up his insignificance with the denial of everything - nihilism. He can treat people perfectly, but Russia does not need him. "First you need to clear the place," says Bazarov to Nikolai Petrovich. He destroys all the foundations, customs, and he no longer cares who will build a new one. Bazarov is presented in the form of an "extra person". And such his beliefs influenced his fate. He would never become a musician, an artist, because he does not recognize art in all its manifestations. It is important for him that a person be useful to society. Because of nihilism, he considered his falling in love with a mistake and began to fight these feelings, crush romance in himself. He began to experience depression amid the fact that he internally betrayed his beliefs. At the same moment, he decides to go to treat a typhoid man. Employment of thoughts, reflections led to injury and infection through the blood. On the basis of different views on life, Evgeny and Pavel Kirsanov begin to clash. The second one is trying to kindle all disputes, since he cannot tolerate such a person nearby, in whom he sees a competitor to himself.

Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov- brother of the previously mentioned Nicholas. Despite their relationship, their characters are completely different. Like his brother, he is educated, an aristocrat. He always holds himself high, does not allow weakness, swagger in himself and does not tolerate it from others, strictly observing the principles. He loves everything in the English manner. He is a smart man, but bilious, who does not tolerate rivals, for example, Bazarov. "He was not born a romantic, and his smartly dry and passionate, French-style misanthropic soul did not know how to dream..." - this is how the author characterizes it. The character of Nikolai Petrovich is revealed in the story about him by Arkady. In his youth, the hero experienced a personal drama: he went up the career ladder, but unhappy love destroyed everything. Beloved Princess R. dies and Pavel Petrovich gives up hope for a happy life.

At one of the evenings, young people meet Anna Sergeevna Odintsova. This is a strong, calm woman, a widowed countess with a rather vivid life story, during which she experienced a lot of things and now her desire for peace is due to this. By the age of 20, her father had lost all his means and was forced to go to the village, where he soon died, leaving his daughters practically nothing. Anna did not give up and discharged the old princess Avdotya Stepanovna Kh., but the upbringing of her twelve-year-old sister was not easy. By a lucky chance, the heroine marries a certain Odintsov, a wealthy sedate man who dies after 6 years, leaving her a huge fortune. “She went through fire and water ... and copper pipes,” people said about Anna. She always remained calm and friendly, her eyes expressed serene attention to the interlocutor.

Sister Katherine 8 years younger than Anna, she was a calm and intelligent girl, with a meek and gentle look. Arkady listened to her playing the piano and fell in love. At the end of the work, young people play a wedding.

On the same evening is Evdoxia Nikitishna Kukshina. This is an ugly, unkempt woman with a new and progressive outlook on life, fighting for women's rights. "Emancipe" calls her Bazarov.

Also at the end of the work, Nikolai Petrovich marries bauble- a peasant woman serving in the Kirsanovs' house. They have a son, Mitya, after learning about whom Arkady partially condemns his father because they are not yet married.

Bazarov's parents- impoverished people. His father was a doctor, and his mother was a noblewoman by birth. Both love their only son.

The main characters of the work Fathers and Sons (Description of characters)

The composition of the novel by I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" is monocentric, which means that all the characters are subordinated to one goal: to reveal the image of the protagonist.

Evgeny Bazarov is a 30-year-old medical student. By social status, Bazarov is a commoner, and by origin he is the son of a simple doctor who says about his grandfather that he plowed the land. Bazarov is proud of his roots and feels close to the people.

Bazarov is a rather cold person. He cannot find a common language even with his own parents. Bazarov can be called "an extra person." This is closely related to his beliefs. Evgeny Bazarov is a nihilist who is critical of all generally accepted values.
This theory of nihilism influences the fate of the hero. He denies love, but falls in love himself, he wants to be closer to the people, but there is a wall of misunderstanding between them. But Bazarov does not give up his convictions, he tries to suppress them. The theory, faced with real life, does not stand up and breaks the hero. Against the background of these internal fractures, he decides to treat the typhoid peasant, which leads him to infection and death.

To show all the convictions of Bazarov the nihilist, Turgenev confronts the hero with the older generation, a prominent representative of which is Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov. This is an aristocrat. Unlike Bazarov, he is far from the people and will never be able to understand him. Kirsanov takes an example from English culture: clothes, books, manners.

Throughout the novel, the author pushes the views of Kirsanov and Bazarov on various issues. Pavel Petrovich cannot understand how one can live and not believe in anything. He believes that only people without moral values ​​can do without principles. The points of view of the characters constantly clash. And then we see that Kirsanov is a man of a bygone era. This is also indicated by the history of his life.

Pavel Petrovich, the son of a military general, who dreams of becoming a military man, thanks to his determination, by the age of 28 he really achieved a lot. However, an unsuccessful love for the mysterious Princess R turned his whole life upside down: he quits his service and does nothing else. In the image of Pavel Petrovich, a whole generation is represented, which can only live out its life.

Another image necessary to reveal the main character is the image of Anna Odintsova. The author tests Bazarov with love. Odintsova is a young rich widow of twenty-eight. She is smart, beautiful and, most importantly, independent of anyone. Odintsova loves comfort and peace of life very much. It is the fear of destroying a quiet life that breaks off all the love relationships of the heroine with Bazarov. However, Bazarov, going against his theory, irrevocably falls in love with Odintsov and does not pass the love test.

Another representative of the "fathers" is Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov. However, he doesn't look like his brother at all. He is kind, gentle and romantic. Nikolai Petrovich prefers a quiet, calm life in ancient times. He is madly in love with his son Arkasha.

Arkady Kirsanov is a young educated nobleman. Having fallen under the spell of Bazarov, he also tries to be a nihilist. But soon the soft and sentimental hero realizes that he was not created to be a nihilist.

The images of Arkady and two "pseudo-nihilists" - Kukshina and Sitnikov - emphasize the theory of nihilism. They try to imitate Bazarov, but it looks quite funny. Both Kukshina and Sitnikov do not have their own views. These images are given as a parody of nihilism. They are described by Turgenev satirically.

If Anna Odintsova is a love test for Bazarov, and Princess R is for Pavel Petrovich, then there are also female images that perform the same function. The image of Katya, with whom Arkady falls in love, is needed in order for him to get rid of the ideas of nihilism. Fenechka, she is closest to the ideal type of Turgenev's girl. She is simple and natural.

Bazarov's parents, Vasily Ivanovich and Arina Vlasyevna, are simple and kind people who love their son very much. Outwardly, Bazarov treats his parents dryly, but still he loves them. Here Bazarov the theoretician and Bazarov the man collide.

Important in the work are the images of ordinary men. Bazarov indicates his closeness to the people, understands all their problems, but there is no mutual understanding between them. The common people are alien to Bazarov.

I. S. Turgenev showed great skill, describing various types of heroes, thereby revealing the image of the main character - Bazarov.

Sample 4

Evgeny Bazarov

Evgeny Vasilievich Bazarov is about 30 years old, he is fond of natural sciences, he is studying to be a doctor. Bazarov considers himself a nihilist, he rejects art and love, he recognizes only facts proven by science. Evgeny Bazarov is sharp in his judgments, a hard and cold person.

Bazarov falls in love with Odintsova. The feeling that the characters have for Anna Sergeevna destroys the nihilistic theories and ideals of Yevgeny. Bazarov can hardly cope with the collapse of his ideals.

Eugene becomes infected with typhoid when a person suffering from this disease is autopsied. A brief illness kills the hero.

Arkady Kirsanov

Arkady Nikolaevich Kirsanov - Bazarov's junior comrade. Arkady is 23 years old. The hero considers himself a student of Bazarov, but he does not delve into nihilistic ideas. After graduating from the university, he returned home to Maryino. Arkady is a kind and unsophisticated hero. He respects the noble way of life, loves art and nature, believes in real feelings. Arkady marries Katerina Lokteva. In family life, the young man finds his happiness.

Nikolay Kirsanov

Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov is the father of Arkady Kirsanov. Nikolai Petrovich is a nobleman and landowner. In his youth, he wanted to become a military man, but could not do it because of his lameness. Kirsanov is a smart and kind person. His first wife was the daughter of an official. The hero loved his wife. Nikolai Petrovich was widowed early. From his first marriage he had a son, Arkady, whom he loves very much. Bazarov calls Nikolai Kirsanov a "golden man" for his kindness, hospitality, and warmth in communication.

Nikolai Kirsanov has a romantic temperament, he is a calm, gentle person. Kirsanov marries a peasant girl, Fenechka, and they have a son, Mitya.

Pavel Kirsanov

Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov - the elder brother of Nikolai Kirsanov, uncle of Arkady. Pavel Petrovich is a proud, narcissistic, arrogant person. He considers himself an aristocrat with refined manners. Unrequited love happened in the life of Pavel Petrovich, the hero is internally unhappy. The elder Kirsanov goes abroad, practically does not keep in touch with his relatives.

Minor characters

Vasily Ivanovich Bazarov and Arina Vasilievna Bazarova

Parents of Evgeny Bazarov. Vasily Bazarov is engaged in medical practice, helping the peasants. Good talkative person. Arina Bazarova is a sweet elderly woman belonging to a noble family. She is pious and superstitious. Arina Vasilievna loves her son, it is very difficult for him to experience his death.

Odintsova

Anna Sergeevna Odintsova is a young landowner, 28 years old. After the death of her parents, the younger sister Katerina remained in the care of the girl. Anna Sergeevna married Odintsov, a middle-aged nobleman. Some time later she became a widow. Odintsova and her sister live in Nikolskoye, on the estate of Anna Sergeevna.

Odintsova has a beautiful appearance. Anna Sergeevna has an independent, resolute character, a well-read and cold mind. A woman is accustomed to luxury and comfort, leads a secluded lifestyle from secular society.

Ekaterina Sergeevna Lokteva

The younger sister of Anna Odintsova, she is 20 years old. A modest and intelligent girl who loves music and nature. Katerina is afraid of her sister's tough temper, the girl was brought up in strictness. Katerina is practically overwhelmed by her sister's authority. However, unlike Odintsova, the girl found her happiness: the mutual love of Arkady and Katerina grew into a strong union.

Victor Sitnikov

Considers himself a student of Evgeny Bazarov. Sitnikov is a timid, weak-willed person who follows fashion trends. The hero is ashamed of his noble origin. Victor's main dream is public recognition, fame. After marriage, a weak character also manifests itself in family relationships. The hero obeys his wife in everything.

Avdotya Kukshina

Avdotya is an acquaintance of Bazarov and Sitnikov. Avdotya lives separately from her husband, which was a rarity in those days. Kukshina has no children. Avdotya manages the estate herself. Kukshina is untidy, according to the author, she is not a beautiful woman. Avdotya likes to spend her free time reading and is fond of chemistry. At the end of the story, the reader learns that she went abroad to study architecture.

bauble

A peasant girl, simple and kind. She most of all fits the description of the ideal of the Turgenev girl. The author admires the sincerity and openness of the heroine. At the end of the story, Fenechka becomes the wife of Nikolai Kirsanov.

Peter

Servant of Pavel Kirsanov. Peter, like the elder Kirsanov, is a narcissistic, arrogant person.

Princess R.

Nelly is the enigmatic heroine of the novel. She became the love of Pavel Petrovich's life, had a significant impact on his fate.

  • Simeonov-Pishchik in the play Chekhov's Cherry Orchard image and characterization essay

    Simeonov-Pishchik is one of the minor characters in Chekhov's play The Cherry Orchard.

  • Characteristics and image of Gurov in the story The Lady with the Dog Chekhov essay

    Gurov is an image of a person who is unhappy and in some way makes others unhappy. First of all, we are talking about his family, which is probably far from happiness, at least due to the lack of mutual love.

  • Characteristics and image of Tom Sawyer essay

    The main character of the work is a boy named Tom Sawyer. He is about eleven or twelve years old. Tom is an orphan and therefore lives with Aunt Polly. He also has a brother who knows how to pretend to be good and is liked by adults.