What is creativity? A landscape painted on canvas, or a poem filled with emotional experiences, a new architectural masterpiece or a delicious dish prepared by a chef? Creativity inspired by the impulse of the soul is expressed in different things, it is unique and priceless not only for the author, but sometimes for all mankind.

Creativity - what is it?

Uniqueness is the main criterion of this concept. The very concept of "creativity" implies the process of human activity, which creates certain values, both material and spiritual. Such a result can only be achieved by the author of this work. This fact adds value to the final result. At the same time, in the process of producing creativity, the author expresses his personal aspects.

Psychology of creativity

Science, technology, arts, a typical day in Everyday life- all these can be areas in which a person shows his uniqueness. A whole branch of psychology studies the creative activity of a person. Psychology actively studies creativity and inspiration, imagination, individuality and intuition. Long years studies of these areas have not given clear answers to the questions of what creativity is and how to implement it in life ordinary people. The psychology of creativity is based on the relationship that develops between the author and the product.

Philosophy of creativity

A person has no limit in the world of desires and fantasies. An egoist desires everything that other people do not have, a person who is obsessed with a dream desires that which does not exist in nature, reasonable person the thirst for creativity pours into. The whole philosophy of creativity is aimed at the fact that harmony and beauty were created, and the created masterpieces served for the benefit of civilization.

Types of creativity

Creative person can seek the realization of his ideas, plans, flights of fancy in different types activities:

Scientific creativity- various kinds of discoveries, the end product is knowledge.
Technical creativity- practical or technological development, the final product is a mechanism or design.
Artistic creativity - the aesthetic basis of the world, the desire for beauty. Final product - artistic image(poem, painting, sculpture).
co-creation is the perception of works of art, their interpretation.
Children's creativity- the process of the child's imagination, his fantasy.
Pedagogical creativity- a special approach to teaching knowledge, its goal is to teach something new.

What develops creativity in a person?

No one can give a clear, definite answer to the question posed. In order to discover and develop a person must answer for himself the question, what is creativity specifically for him? Harmony can contribute to the development of human abilities in creativity, it is worth trying to look at the familiar world with different eyes, from a new angle. Having cleared your consciousness, it is much easier to scoop up something new that the world will offer. The real creator lives in every person.

What encourages creativity?

Tolerance for the outside world and inner peace is the basis of the creative process. It is easier for a person open to the world, devoid of stereotypes and prejudices, to feel the subtlest matter of creativity, to feel easy breath Muses at your back:

It is worth finding a melody that has a positive impact on the creative process.
Writing by hand rather than using a computer encourages creativity.
Meditation is the best way to relax and put your thoughts in order.
Practicing free association will awaken the imagination.
Do not get hung up, it is sometimes worth thinking about something far away. For example, how to meet New Year in 2030.
Blues and greens influence creativity.
A change of scenery can encourage creativity.
Laugh, even through force. This will have a positive effect on the brain.
Do something with your hands.
Train. During sports, not only the body is strengthened, but also the brain is largely liberated.
Try something new. Life and creativity are closely connected, new emotions can bring, for example, a trip abroad, conquering mountains, diving to the depths of the sea.
Sleep, that very “morning is wiser than the evening” really works.

Where does any creativity begin?

An idea or an idea is the beginning of any work of an artist, composer, writer, inventor, fashion designer. The creative process begins with a figurative sketch, the concept of the whole work. For each individual, this process takes place in its own way, but is always divided into three stages. Without compliance with such a plan of action, the idea will be born spontaneously and not always implemented.

cognition and creative processing of impressions;
the emergence of an artistic concept;
implementation of the idea.

Creativity and imagination

New images are created on the basis of the reality of the surrounding world. But seasoned with imagination, they make creativity truly unique. allows you to get an idea about something at the same time without coming into contact with it. Creativity in human life is always associated with the imagination, examples of which can be seen when studying the process of creation. For example, when creating fabulous creatures and various items, special techniques are used.

displacement - the subjective transfer of an object to new, unusual situations;
typification - assignment of an object to a specific type;
analogy - creating an image by analogy with another;
exaggeration or understatement;
giving - new functions and properties are attributed to the object;
agglutination is the creation of an image from two different ideas.

Creativity and creativity

Often, most people perceive these concepts as one whole. But such a comparison is wrong. The word "creativity" in the late 80s came to the business community, and after that it began to be used in wide circles. Creativity is the ability that a person can show in non-standard, creative thinking, his ability to put forward unique ideas. Creativity implies the activity of creating, the ability to overcome stereotypes, this is the motivation for the new. Creativity and creativity are closely related, it is becoming increasingly difficult to separate them from each other.

How to develop creative abilities?

Striving for more is a normal human development in any field. a person is unlimited, and with proper training, he can surprise the owner, who doubted the presence of at least some creative rudiments in his personality:

Morning ritual. Waking up, immediately take a pen, notebook and write. About what? About everything! The main thing is to write, you don’t have to think too much. You should write at least 750 words.
We ask a question to any object or action: “What if?”. For example, what if dogs could talk? What if everyone in the world were silent? This method is called .
Fragmentation and connection of different words. This method will surely force the brain to turn off habitual thinking and turn on fantasy. You need to take two different words break them up and put them together. For example, pillow + blanket = blown, curtains + tulle = curtains.
The Torrens method is based on the same type of doodles, which are also called doodles. On a sheet of paper it is worth drawing the same symbols (several circles or squares, crosses, rhombuses, and so on). We turn on the fantasy and draw using the drawn figures.
Method of focal objects. We "take" a random object, for example, a pencil, a comb, the sky and open a book (newspaper, magazine) on any page. We “grab” random 5 words, associate them with the subject in the story.

Creative crisis

Fantasy does not turn on, inspiration does not come, everything around is gray and gloomy and clearly does not contribute to the birth of a new idea or masterpiece. can affect any person whose activity or life is somehow connected with creativity. What is the problem with creativity? You should not look for answers in the world around you, without understanding yourself. Finding answers to the questions “What is creativity? How to start creating again? Where can you find creative inspiration? will be fruitless if a person does not find the strength in himself to find peace.

It is necessary to create (write, draw, design, and so on) in the same place.
It is worth taking the same time for creative activity.
Before starting work, it is worth listening to the same song.
Use the same things for work, for example, the same text editor for writing, familiar brushes and an easel for drawing.
You should work every day, the weekend destroys the order most of all.

Books about creativity

Drawing inspiration from books, many are inspired by the life of heroes, examples of their lives. The world of creativity is unusual, bright and passionate, presented in many works of famous authors:

"Steal Like an Artist" Austin Kleon. The author tells readers about how to discover creativity in yourself.
"Muse, where are your wings?" Yana Frank filled with inspiration and written for people who have decided to devote their entire lives to creativity.
"The Embodiment of Ideas" by Scott Belksy will tell you how to overcome doubts, prioritize and achieve results.
"Genius Made to Order" by Mark Levy offers an unusual way to find a solution to a problem - freewriting.
"Create and sell" S. Voinskaya. The book tells how to sell your creation.

Scientific and artistic creativity

Introduction

Chapter 1 Creativity as a form of human activity

1.1 Definition of creative activity

1.2 Socio-historical foundations of the creative process

1.3 Concepts of artistic creation

Chapter 2 Psychological features of the creative process

2.1 The artist's world of feelings

2.2 Children's creativity and development of artistic abilities

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

In creative activity great artist, as well as a scientist who makes genuine discoveries, the highest possibilities of human nature are manifested. It is necessary to consider in detail, comprehend, understand the manifestations of such intense creative activity, to see the features of its course in order to understand the essence of man.

When referring to the scientific analysis of the artist's work, one has to take into account certain difficulties in interpreting the nature of the course of mental processes that we encounter. They are associated with the specific features of the artist's work, which are associated with its complexity and the fact that the creative process has a pronounced personal meaning for the artist.

So, for example, we can talk about that peculiar state and well-being that often arises in an artist, which they themselves call inspiration, creative delight, sudden insight, etc. This state has very peculiar features.

This work does not pretend to be a comprehensive study of the psychology of artistic creativity. Its task is to trace in general terms stages of creating a work of art, talk about the main patterns of this process, which form the concept of the psychology of artistic creativity.

CHAPTER 1 Creativity as a form of human activity

1.1 Definition of creative activity

Creative activity is a form of human activity aimed at creating qualitatively new social values. The impetus for social activity is a problematic situation that cannot be resolved on the basis of available data in traditional ways. The original product of activity is obtained as a result of an unconventional interconnection of elements of a problem situation, the involvement of implicitly related elements, the establishment of new types of interdependence between them.

The prerequisites for creative activity are the flexibility of thinking (the ability to vary solutions), criticality (the ability to abandon unproductive strategies), the ability to converge and link concepts, the integrity of perception, and more.

Creativity is the result of activity. However, within the activity itself one can see acts of extraordinary ingenuity, radical novelty. Although there are such moments, acts of activity, in which the creative principle is not so clearly expressed.

Thanks to many momentary, instantaneous impulses, an idea is born, carrying with it a certain creative potential, the embodiment of which can be admired after many, many years. So, for example, A. S. Pushkin, seeing Anna Kern, wrote the famous poem “I remember a wonderful moment” and there are many such examples in any kind of art.

Human creativity is multifaceted. It shows up everywhere. There are many inventors and innovators among us. The Russian philosopher V. I. Vernadsky reflected on how a Martian sees our planet, if, of course, there is life on Mars. And an idea was born in the scientist's head: probably, aliens contemplate not the blue of the seas, not the greenery of the forests, but some kind of glow of thought.

In fact, over the dead matter in the life following it, another layer arose - the sphere of thought. Enormous spiritual riches, which are created by man, seemed to encircle the entire globe. The flame of thought hotly envelops our planet, spreading outside the biosphere, that is, the sphere active life above it... Vernadsky called it a "thinking layer" - this is the sphere of spiritualized thought, the majestic manifestation of the human mind.

It is not easy to distinguish between creative and non-creative human activity. Berdyaev emphasized: creativity is inseparable from freedom, and this should be, first of all. Freedom of the spirit. The secret of creativity is the secret of freedom. The riddles of creative abilities are inherent in every person, in any normally developing personality.

The manifestation of creative abilities range from large and obvious to modest and subtle. But the essence of the creative process is the same for everyone. The difference is in the specific material of creativity, the scale of achievements and their social significance. Elements of creativity are manifested in solving everyday creative problems (they can be observed in the usual thought process).

1.2 Socio-historical foundations of the creative process

An artist, as a person who devotes himself to activities in the field of art, could appear only under certain conditions for the development of society and human culture. It was formed not earlier than there was a clear need of society for a work of art, and consequently for people who could create such works.

In the life of human society, at a certain level of historical development, such specific values as works of art appeared. And this social value had to become sufficiently general and significant to take a certain place in people's minds.

The emergence of professional artists in society is associated with the division of labor, which created certain material and spiritual conditions for this. At a certain, at a fairly early historical stage in the development of mankind, a social need arises - in understanding the surrounding life and the existence of people.

There is also a need for a stable capture of any events, of what is significant for the people of their time, for the era as a whole. And now cultural monuments appear, oral and written works are born.

The emergence of the artist is closely linked with the social development of society. That is why the work of the artist reveals what lives his time, his era. This is reflected both in the selection of subjects by him, and in the nature of the illumination of the phenomena of life shown by him. At the same time, in a society divided into classes, the artist, along with the fact that he embodies in his works that general thing that characterizes the era as a whole. It also expresses in them, in a more or less distinct form, how that class lives, that social group to which it belongs, whose views and attitudes towards life it shares.

1.3 Concepts of artistic creation

In this sense, the artist is always tendentious. The idealistic concept that the creative process of the artist takes place in a dream state. He is, as it were, in a state of sleep when the stanzas of a poem or a literary novel appear in his head. The romantic poet Novalis spoke about this.

Hegel wrote in his “Aesthetics”: “It is absurd to think that a true artist is not aware of what he is doing ... A person does not achieve consciousness of what lives in him without reflection, and therefore, on any great work of art, one can see that its material was weighed for a long time and deeply and thought out in all directions ... "

But despite Hegel's critical remarks, there are a lot of idealistic and anti-scientific concepts about the psychology of the artist's creativity in philosophical, aesthetic and other literature.

E. Hartmann, the author of the "Philosophy of the Unconscious", speaks in the second half of the 19th century with a statement about the impossibility of supposedly the science of creativity, since "the unconscious process underlying (creativity) is by no means accessible to self-observation."

However, if we turn to the objective data of the creative process - plans, sketches, sketches, draft versions of works of art, as well as to the testimonies of the artists themselves, it becomes obvious that this process is conscious, and therefore amenable to scientific study.

Outwardly, Hartmann's other statement may seem more justified, which is expressed in the following form: “The concept of genius is a passive perception independent of the will; least of all is it the fruit of the most intense search; on the contrary, it arises completely unexpectedly, as if falling from the sky - while traveling, in the theater, in conversation, wherever it can be least expected and always suddenly and instantly. However, in this case, Hartmann confuses the psychological conditions under which an idea can arise, the idea of a work (unexpectedly, at some point) with the reasons for its appearance, which consist precisely in the long and intense preparation of the artist for future creative acts, as we will see. further.

In the 20th century, the concept of the role of the unconscious in the work of the artist appears in different forms. Thus, Freud's theory turned out to be fashionable and spread among critics and artists. This is a theory that raises the beginning of the unconscious in the life and activities of people, claims that the force that drives the actions and behavior of people is sex; (libido), acting in various, sometimes veiled forms. And the creativity of the artist, determined by irrational impulses, is nothing more than a kind of manifestation of libido. These sexual aspirations find their expression in the chosen theme and the nature of the very content of the works of art.

Based on the Freudian concept, the bourgeois psychoanalyst Otto Rank interpreted the creative activity of the actor and the playwright accordingly. The "Oedipus complex", which consists in the son's erotic desire for his mother and in the latent hatred for his father, is put at the forefront in the approach to a number of works of dramatic literature. Suffice it to say that Hamlet's behavior is explained by the Freudians mainly with erotic motives. It was as if he experienced an unconscious, unnatural passion for the Queen Mother, and this determined his actions.

It is absurd to think that the principle of pan-sexualism, asserted by Freud, and reducing artistic creativity to subconscious, predominantly sexual instincts, even in a sublimated, i. live in human society. Such a principle represents in a distorted form the whole system of human motivation. He strikes out huge role consciousness in determining the actions of a person, which is well known to everyone from direct experience.

In fact, (precisely the conscious aspirations of the artist to fulfill creative work associated with a deep understanding of their activities in the field of art as a creative reflection of reality, and lead to the activation of all the forces of the will and mind of the artist for the implementation of creative acts. And only with such an approach to the psychology of creativity can one explain the complex structure and variety of creative operations that an artist performs during a long work on a work of art.

More recently, Erich Neumann, author of Depth Psychology and Ethics, stated the following: “We know that the creative power of the unconscious seizes the individual with the autonomous power of instinctive drive and takes possession of him without the slightest regard for the life of the individual, his happiness, his health. The creative impulse is generated by the collective: like any instinct, it serves the will of the people, but not the individual. The understanding of creativity as following a certain fate is today quite typical for a number of foreign thinkers.

These are the most common idealistic concepts about the essence of the artist's creative process. All of them distort the real process of the artist's activity, the conditions for its occurrence and flow, primitiveize the complex and multifaceted nature of human mental processes and reduce them to one or another manifestation of unconscious instincts. Instead of studying the creative work of the artist in its diversity, they arbitrarily snatch out individual statements of artists about the process of creative activity in favor of a certain concept and interpret them. Thus, under the guise of an "in-depth" approach to the phenomena of creativity, in fact, an anti-scientific approach to them is being asserted.

But if we reject such theories as incorrect and unscientific, then it does not follow from this that we discard those real facts in the creative activity of the artist, which served as an impetus for the emergence of such concepts.

The task of scientific psychology is to explain all the variety of mental processes and states that take place during the creative activity of the artist, which proceeds in different ways and is characterized by various features depending on the field of art and on the individual qualities of the artist.

When we analyze the creative process of an artist using their individual statements, letters, notes, diaries, as well as observations of their work by close people, (then we face a very complex and psychologically complex process.

Chapter 2 Psychological features of the creative process

2.1 The artist's world of feelings

In creative activity, if it becomes a life vocation, the whole person is involved, with his inherent attitude to reality, with his beliefs and views, with the main circle of his requests and interests, with the world of his feelings and motives for his behavior. During the creative process, all the spiritual forces of the artist are mobilized, not all the past experience of impressions, various kinds of experiences, etc. And this complexity of psychological activity explains some specific features of the process of the artist's creative work.

So, in certain periods of the artist's life, when he is all directed with his thoughts, desires, hopes in the field of creativity, despite the generally conscious direction of creative activity, many of his unconscious aspirations can manifest themselves, can suddenly emerge about consciousness of the event of his past experience, some images unexpectedly appear in the imagination, as well as creative solutions, new combinations of images, etc. At such moments, individual elements of the work can be experienced as a sudden insight, intuitive comprehension of some new aspects human life in a familiar story, etc.

Scientific consideration of the psychology of artistic creativity is associated with the study of many problems. Here is the question of the stages of the artist's creative process, the role of individual components of his mental life in this process - thinking and fantasy, memory and feelings, etc. Here is the question of the nature of inspiration and the psychological conditions that contribute to its emergence, the relationship and unconscious elements in the artist's work, etc.

All these complex and sometimes contradictory phenomena of mental activity during the artist's creative process, contrary to the views of idealists, are certainly accessible for scientific consideration, especially since there is not a single area of mental activity that would fundamentally not lend itself to scientific psychological study.

The responsiveness of the artist to the phenomena of reality, psychologically manifested in various forms, is a responsiveness of a special kind. The artist not only responds with an experience to this or that phenomenon, incident, event, but also rethinks it, sees in it something that can become a stronghold for creative reincarnation and be captured in various images of art.

The craving for the creative capture of what the artist was affected by the influences of life and the search for those expressive forms and means in which artistic content can be embodied has a different level and different motivating force.

Of course, the activity of any person is always determined not by one, but by a whole group of motives. This also applies to the work of the artist. However, in this group of motives there are always those that have a dominant character. And now, when art - whether it be the work of a composer, novelist, director, painter - has become a vocation, turned into a great, and sometimes all-consuming passion, then it changes the psychology of a person, direction of his personality. And this is reflected in his "greed" for his favorite work.

So, the ninety-year-old Titian continued to engage in creative work until his last breath. His tireless, creative work is convincingly evidenced by the impressive painting “Saint Sebastian”, painted to the fullest extent of the master, located in the State Hermitage Museum in Leningrad, which he painted at the age of 90, shortly before his death from the plague.

When, in old age, I. E. Repin's right hand began to dry, he began to learn to paint with his left hand, if only to work. O. L. Knipper-Chekhova, already in her declining years, spoke about what a never-ending “hunger” she had for acting roles that she would like to play. “So I’ll die forever hungry!”

All this leads to a different, higher level of mobilization of creative potentials.

So, such an organization of a person’s personality has taken place, which indicates that a person-artist has really formed. , which allow him to convincingly capture what he would like to embody in a work of art.

2.2 Children's creativity and development of artistic abilities

With traditional forms of education, the child, acquiring and assimilating some information, becomes able to reproduce the methods indicated to him for solving problems, proving theorems, etc. However, he does not take part in the creative search for a way to solve the problem, therefore, he does not gain experience in such a search. The more different the problem to be solved from the familiar, the more difficult the search process itself for the student, if he does not have specific experience.

Therefore, it is not uncommon for a high school graduate who has successfully mastered the material of the school curriculum to fail to cope with competitive examination problems at a university (based on the same material), since they require a non-standard approach to their solution. Putting forward a new hypothesis in connection with a new problem requires special activities, which depend decisively on the abilities of the researcher.

These abilities are formed in the activities of the students themselves. No story about the role of hypotheses can replace in the development of a person's ability to investigate even a small, but independently put forward hypothesis. It is also known that in order to solve a number of problems, one has to discard all traditional ways and consider them from a completely new, unexpected angle of view.

However, knowing this does not ensure finding a new angle of view in the course of a particular study. Only practical experience develops this ability. In order to convey creative experience, it is necessary to design special situations that require a creative solution and create conditions for it.

The possibility of constructing such situations is due to the fact that teaching creativity is mainly carried out on problems that have already been solved by society and the methods for solving which are already known. Therefore, for the learning process, the definition of creative activity requires adjustment. Children in the overwhelming majority do not create new values for society. They reproduce the values already known to society and in some cases, at a certain level of their development and depending on the organizing activity of their elders, they can create new values for society as well.

The absence of social novelty in the results of creativity does not lead to a fundamental change in the structure of their creative process. The stages of the creative process, its inherent regularities are manifested equally in the activities of scientists and schoolchildren. At the early stages of education, the manifestation of a common creative path is only complicated by the lack of the necessary culture among students.

The sooner children acquire the skill of correct proof, the ability for consistent reasoning, for the ratio of the solution obtained to the problem with the desired one, the more the commonality of the creative process of scientists and children is revealed. Therefore, in relation to the learning process, creativity should be defined as a form of human activity aimed at creating qualitatively new values for him that have public importance, that is, important for the formation of personality as a social subject.

Creativity exists in the life activity of every child. This is already evident in preschool age when almost every child is engaged in word creation. The beginning of creativity appears both in the games of the child and in his drawing. It is enough to recall bright, memorable, unusual and color scheme, and in the form of objects drawings of children. But children's creativity, that is, the creation by a child of something new in his life, does not always acquire socially significant forms. And as he begins to assimilate the socially accepted forms of perception of things and events, his creative activity is significantly reduced. At the same time, in some children, the craving for art, for creativity becomes not a passing episode, but a significant fact of life. At the same time, it is characteristic, as observations of gifted children show, that the child's craving for art has a different character.

In this regard, it is extremely interesting to trace the path to the musical creativity of P. I. Tchaikovsky and N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov during their childhood.

So, Tchaikovsky as a child perceived music in primarily as a source of strong emotional impact, and such were his first childhood impressions associated with music.

Fanny Durbach, who lived in the Tchaikovsky family as a governess, tells about little Tchaikovsky: “After lessons or long fantasies on the piano, he always came to her, always nervous and upset.” Once the Tchaikovskys had guests and the whole evening was spent in musical entertainment. When Fanny Durbach came to the boy in the nursery, he was still awake, and with shining eyes, luridly excited, he was crying. When asked what was the matter with him, he answered: “Oh, this music, music! Get me out of her! I have it here, here,” the boy said, sobbing, pointing to his head, “she haunts me.”

As for Rimsky-Korsakov, the emotional side of music played almost no role for him in his childhood. He went to music both from imagination and from his rare ability to own musical material. In his memoirs of childhood, Rimsky-Korsakov wrote: “For the sake of playing, for the sake of monkeying, in exactly the same way as I put and take apart watches, I sometimes tried to compose music and write notes.”

Thus, we may encounter a different approach to art in a person who is starting to become an artist.

Subsequently, all aspects of his mental life are included in the process of creative activity. During the period of age development in the future artist, on the basis of his natural predisposition, the formation of talent takes place in the process of musical activity, that is, a person who has natural inclinations to work in one or another field of art turns his inclinations into real creative abilities.

So, for example, in the process of “effectively operating with sounds,” writes S. L. Rubinshtein, “under the influence of various conditions, including the sensitively perceived intonation structure of the native language, the musical structure of folk tunes, and classical samples of musical creativity, a selection of a small the number of core musical "moves", to which great musicians are joined by a small number of not selected, but happily re-found... musical works and is the basic act of the formation of musical abilities.

Thus, it is not the instincts supposedly inherent in a person that make him an artist, but a complex process of development of his natural inclinations, accompanied by a transformation of the mental structure of the personality. Depending on the characteristics of the development process of a growing individual, the nature of stimulation of his creative abilities and aspirations, environmental conditions, we can talk about an earlier or later maturation of the artist's talent and its embodiment in real works of art.

We are well aware from the biographies of many outstanding artists that the desire for creative activity may arise in some at an earlier stage of development, in others somewhat later. So, for example, if Mozart, Tchaikovsky, Lermontov began to engage in creative activity at a very early age, then Tyutchev, Aksakov became artists much later, already in their mature years.

The process of forming a person as an artist occurs simultaneously with the formation of him as a human individuality, with his own attitude to the values of culture and human relationships, with his own approach to the surrounding phenomena of life. This is how that individual vision of the world is created, which is reflected in the work of each talented artist. It manifests itself in the topics he loves, in the character of the interpretation of life events, natural phenomena, and behavior that is specific to him.

2.3 Stages of creating a work of art

The identification of the psychological stages of creating a work of art is, in fact, a kind of reconstruction of this process, which acts as a certain typical and generalized model. We know very well that not a single artist is engaged in specifically fixing the stages of his creative work. Therefore, it is quite difficult to recreate the stages of psychological processes that ultimately lead to a completed work of art.

The artistic creativity of various artists is characterized by great diversity. This diversity is generated not only by the properties and features of the area of art in which the artist works, but also by the peculiarities of his personality, as well as the nature of the work being created.

It is one thing to create a song or a multi-part sonata, a short story or a long novel; a small landscape or a large multi-figured composition. In the mental processes that characterize the creative activity of the artist, we can also meet with the interweaving of several stages of work, which appear in a certain simultaneity.

In addition, as a result of the accumulation of creative experience, the artist often "winds down" individual acts of creative activity. They become more concise and short, and therefore are less comprehended in their constituent links by the artist. These features of changes in the flow of complex thought processes contribute to the fact that the artist can, in a state of great activity and emotional upsurge, as if instantly, intuitively come to an important creative decision.

However, we also know something else. In the course of the accumulation of creative experience, the artist begins to better realize which methods of work, which ways of approaching creative tasks are more fruitful and successful for him, and accordingly.

The identification of the psychological stages of creating a work of art is, in fact, a reconstruction of this process, which acts as a certain typical and generalized model. The artist does not fix the stages of his creative work.

Conclusion

When we watch an artist work on a painting. Before our eyes, the path to the solution of the problem set by him is often open for study. However, as soon as we expand the field of observation to the entire work of a given artist throughout his life, our idea of the level of creative maturity and competence changes and goes into perspective and goal, forming a single style with a very complex structure.

When we consider a whole period, for example, the whole history of art in general, our desire to keep the structure of models as simple as possible will encounter an extremely powerful obstacle in the form of a huge number of forces that stand in the way of our desire for understanding.

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Creativity is a process of human activity, the result of which is the creation of material and spiritual values that are new in quality, distinguished by uniqueness, originality and originality. It originated in ancient times. Since then, there has been an inextricable link between it and the development of society. The creative process involves imagination and skill, which a person acquires by gaining knowledge and putting it into practice.

Creativity is an active state and a manifestation of human freedom, the result of creative activity, it is a gift given to a person from above. It is not necessary to be great and talented in order to create, create beauty and give people love and kindness to everything around. Today, creative activities are available to everyone, as there are various types of arts, and everyone can choose an activity to their liking.

Who is considered a creative person?

These are not only artists, sculptors, actors, singers and musicians. Any person who uses non-standard approaches in his work is creative. It can even be a housewife. The main thing is to love your work and put your soul into it. Be sure: the result will exceed all your expectations!

decorative art

This is a type of plastic art, which includes interior decoration (decorating a room using easel painting) and exterior (using stained-glass windows and mosaics), design art (using industrial graphics and posters), and applied art.

These types of creativity provide a unique opportunity to get acquainted with cultural traditions of their people, instill a sense of patriotism and great respect for human work. Creating a creative product instills a love of beauty and forms technical abilities and skills.

Applied art

It's folk decorative arts designed to decorate the life and life of people in everyday life, depending on their requirements. Creating things of a certain form and purpose, a person always finds a use for them and tries to preserve the attractiveness and beauty seen in them. Art objects are inherited, from ancestors to descendants. They traced folk wisdom, way of life, character. In the process of creativity, a person puts his soul, feelings, his ideas about life into works of art. Perhaps that is why their educational value is so great.

Conducting archaeological excavations, scientists find various things, household items. According to them, the historical era, relations in the society of that distant time, conditions in the social and natural environments, the possibilities of technology, financial situation, traditions and beliefs of the people are determined. Types of creativity can tell about the lifestyle people led, what they did and were interested in, how they treated everything around them. The artistic features of works of applied art instill in a person respect for the culture and heritage of the nation.

Decorative and applied art. Types of techniques

What are the types of applied art? There are a great many of them! Depending on the method of manufacturing a particular item and the material used, the following needlework techniques are distinguished:

Associated with the use of paper: iris folding, or rainbow folding of paper, paper plastic, corrugated tubes, quilling, origami, papier-mâché, scrapbooking, embossing, trimming.
Weaving techniques: ganutel, beading, macrame, bobbin weaving, tatting or knot weaving.
Painting: Zhostovo, Khokhloma, Gorodets, etc.
Types of painting: batik - drawing on fabric; stained-glass window - painting on glass; stamp and sponge printing; drawing with palms and prints of leaves; ornament - repetition and alternation of pattern elements.
Creation of drawings and images: blowing paint through a tube; guilloche - burning a pattern on a fabric; mosaic - creating an image from elements of small sizes; thread graphics - making an image with threads on a solid surface.
Fabric embroidery techniques: simple and Bulgarian cross stitch, straight and oblique stitch, tapestry, carpet and ribbon embroidery, gold embroidery, cutwork, hemstitch and many others.
Sewing on fabric: patchwork, quilting, quilting or patchwork; artichoke, kanzashi and others.
Knitting techniques: on a fork; on knitting needles (simple European); crochet Tunisian; jacquard, sirloin, guipure.
Types of creativity associated with wood processing: burning, sawing, carving.

As you can see for yourself, there are many various types arts and crafts technician. Only a few of them are listed here.

Folk art

In the works of art created by the people, the main thing is selected and carefully preserved, there is no place for superfluous. Objects of folk art are endowed with the most expressive properties. This art embodies simplicity and taste. Therefore, it has become understandable, loved and accessible to people.

Since ancient times, man has sought to decorate his home with objects of folk art. After all, they retain the warmth of the hands of a craftsman who understands nature, skillfully selects only the most beautiful for his objects. Unsuccessful creations are eliminated, only valuable and great ones remain alive.

Each era has its own fashion for the interior of a person's home, which is constantly changing. Over time, strict lines and rectangular shapes become more and more preferable. But even today people draw ideas from an invaluable pantry - folk talents.

Folklore

This is folklore, which is reflected in the artistic collective creative activity of the common man. His works reflect the life, ideals and worldviews created by the people. They then exist in the masses.

Types of folk art:

Proverbs are poetic mini-works in the form of a short rhythmic saying. It is based on conclusion, teaching and generalized morality.
Sayings are turns of speech or phrases that reflect vital phenomena. Humorous notes are often present.
Folk songs - they do not have an author or he is unknown. The words and the music selected for them have developed in the course of the historical development of the culture of a particular ethnic group.
Chastushki are Russian folk songs in miniature, usually in the form of a quatrain, with humorous content.
Riddles - they are found at any stage of the development of society among all peoples. In ancient times, they were considered a means of testing wisdom.
Pestushki - short tunes of mothers and nannies in poetic form.
Nursery rhymes are sentence songs that accompany the game with the child's arms and legs.
Jokes are funny short stories in poetic form.
It is impossible to imagine the types of folk art without invocations, with the help of which people during the spread of paganism turned to various natural phenomena, asking them for protection, or to animals and birds.
Rhyming rhymes are small rhythmic rhymes. With their help, the leader in the game is determined.
Tongue twisters are phrases built on a combination of sounds that make it difficult to pronounce them quickly.

Creativity related to literature

Literary creativity is represented by three kinds: epic, lyrical and dramatic. They were created in ancient times, but they still exist, as they determine the ways of solving the problems set for literature by human society.

The epic is based on the artistic reproduction of the outside world, when the speaker (the author himself or the narrator) reports the events and their details as something that has passed and is remembered, along the way resorting to descriptions of the situation of the action and the appearance of the characters, and sometimes to reasoning. Lyrics are a direct expression of the writer's feelings and thoughts. The dramatic method combines the first two, when actors with very different characters are presented in one play with direct lyrical self-identification.

Literary creativity, represented by epic, lyrics and drama, fully opens up endless possibilities for a deep reflection of people's lives, their consciousness. Every literary gender has its own forms:

Epic - fable, poem, ballad, story, story, novel, essay, artistic memoir.
Lyrical - ode, elegy, satire, epigram.
Dramatic - tragedy, comedy, drama, vaudeville, joke, stage.

In addition, individual forms of any kind of poetry are divided into groups or types. For example, the genre of a literary work is epic. The form is a novel. Types: socio-psychological, philosophical, family, adventure, satirical, historical, science fiction.

Folk art

This is a capacious concept that includes various genres and types of artistic creativity. They are based on original traditions and original ways and forms of creative activity, which is associated with human labor and develops collectively, based on the continuity of traditions.

Folk art reflects inner world man, his spiritual appearance, the living memory of the people. There are several periods in its development:

Pagan (until the 10th century).
Christian (X-XVII centuries).
Domestic history (XVII-XIX centuries).
XX century.

Folk art undergoes a long path of development, as a result of which the following types of artistic creativity were determined:

Folklore is the worldview and moral convictions of the people, their views on man, nature and society, which are expressed in verbal-poetic, musical-choreographic, dramatic forms.
Decorative and applied art is designed to satisfy the aesthetic needs and everyday needs of a person.
Household amateur creativity is an artistic phenomenon in the festive and everyday life of a person.
Amateur visual arts is organized creativity. It is focused on teaching people artistic skills and abilities.

Creativity related to technology

The labor activity of a person is constantly improving, acquiring a creative character. Many people manage to rise to the highest level in their creations and inventions. So what is technical creativity? This is an activity, the main task of which is to create such technical solutions that will be new and have social significance not only in their own country, but also outside it, that is, the world. Otherwise, it is called invention, which is equivalent to the concept of technical creativity. And it is interconnected with scientific, artistic and other types.

For our contemporaries, great opportunities are open and all conditions have been created for doing what they love. There is a huge number of specialized clubs, palaces, circles, scientific societies. In these institutions, adults and children are engaged in aircraft and ship modeling, motorcycle sports, karting, auto design, programming, computer science, and computer technology. Such types of creativity as the development of designs for sports vehicles are very popular: mini-cars, autocars, equipment for fishermen, tourists and climbers.

Creativity is an integral part of a person. Someone chooses creative work as the basis of their life, others use it from time to time. What is creativity? How to discover and develop creative abilities in yourself? What is the difference between a creative person and an ordinary person? Is it possible to say that there is a psychology of creativity that goes beyond the usual perception? Let's try to understand these issues together.

What is creativity?

Creativity is the process of creating something new, not previously seen in the world. It is not only about works of art or architectural masterpieces. This is definitely creativity, but the definition of this concept is much broader. After all, even a couple of written lines in the schoolgirl's blog is already something new for this world.

Creativity can be viewed both globally and at the everyday level.

There are the following types of creativity:

Artistic - visualizes the inner experiences of a person;
Decorative and applied - transforms the world around;
Musical - allows you to feel the rhythm and reproduce beautiful sounds;
Scientific and technical - makes scientific discoveries and unexpected inventions;
Philosophical - accompanies the search for thinkers and sages;
Social - improves legal, cultural and other relationships in society;
Entrepreneurial - helps in the successful development of a business;
Spiritual - gives the ideological foundations of society;
Everyday life - increases a person's ability to adapt to emerging circumstances;
Sports and gaming - associated with the non-standard implementation of the necessary tactical and technical elements.

There is a similar concept of creativity. Many consider it and creativity synonymous. Since these two words exist in the Russian language, it would be more correct to allocate their own ecological niche to each of them. Trying to separate creativity and creativity, the definition of the latter sounds like the process of creating something new. Creativity is the ability of a person to create something new. In the first case, we are talking about the action, in the second - about the property.

You can also find such a classification, where creativity is more broad concept, and creativity is seen as directed creativity, that is, in response to a specific need.

For example, if a girl is abandoned by a young man, and she, sobbing into a pillow, writes poetry, this will be an act of creativity. If an advertising agency creative is asked to come up with a new toothbrush, then tears and poetry will not be useful to him. It should be a finished product, and creativity will help in this.

Who is a creative person?

A creative person is a creator who creates something new. Moreover, “new” means not only creation, but also destruction, because creative work is sometimes associated with the destruction of existing forms.

For example, a game of bowling, when an athlete with the help of a ball must destroy lined pins, but the approach to the game itself can be very creative.

The inclinations for certain types of activity arise even at the stage of human embryonic development, but directly creative abilities appear after birth. It is desirable to ensure the child's harmonious development, including creative work. Drawing, dancing, arts and crafts, etc. The more multifaceted a person develops, the easier it will be for him to adapt in adulthood.

Creativity in psychology occupies a special place, because thanks to it you can correct a number of psychosomatic disorders. There is even such a direction as art therapy - the use of elements of creativity for medicinal purposes. This once again emphasizes the importance of this topic.

But how to understand that a person has creative abilities? Are there signs by which a creative person can be identified?

Signs of a creative person.

You can recognize that we have a creative person in front of us by at least seven distinguishing features:

The ability to see more than others;
striving for beauty;
Free expression of their emotions and feelings;
The ability to fantasize;
Propensity to take risks and rash actions;
Reverent attitude to their works;
Following your dream.

A creative person will not put material wealth above his fantasies and goals. Many authors spend years of their lives creating their works without even realizing in the long run whether they will be able to make money on them. The psychology of creativity is more based on satisfaction with the result or the creative process itself than on the opportunity to get rich.

Although, you should not think that a creative person will go penniless for his soul. Talented people can achieve recognition among their contemporaries. And by doing what you love, you can make money.

An important property that defines creativity is the ability to see what is hidden from other people. After all, in order to create something new, you need to imagine it, see it in your fantasies. Some look at the sky and see clouds, while others see white-maned horses. Everyone hears the noise of the engine, and someone recognizes in it the beginning of their new musical composition.

The ability and desire to fantasize determines creativity in all its forms and manifestations. Before the master creates another sculpture, it must appear in his head. And even a new original wrestling technique is often carried out mentally, and only then it is performed on the carpet.

How to develop creative abilities?

Like any other skill, creativity can also be strengthened and developed. First, you need to understand your skills and interests. Secondly, practice more in this activity. For example, it's stupid to go to a dance if you want to learn how to draw, or vice versa. Thirdly, never stop there and improve all the time. Fourth, surround yourself with the same enthusiastic people. Fifth, believe in yourself and your talent.

Creativity helps people to fulfill themselves better, to cope with daily tasks more effectively and to be different from others. A creative person will always succeed, no matter what kind of activity she chooses. That is why it is always worth developing your creative abilities, not neglecting them in favor of other life priorities. A person must develop harmoniously and creativity is an important part of this process.

Creativity: impact on human health and development

Creativity is the work of people, as a result of which new spiritual values are born, works of art are created, scientific discoveries occur, and scientific progress moves forward. In a word, this is what drives civilization forward.

At the same time, the main feature of creativity, its difference from any other activity is the uniqueness, exclusivity, uniqueness of the fruits of labor of a particular person. They are a new milestone, the highest stage of development, a role model. Something that matters to society as a whole.

Their significance is highly subjective. Works created as a result of various types of creativity cannot simply be weighed like a bar of gold. But they enrich humanity spiritually, and also expand the horizons of people's possibilities, inventing something qualitatively new in science and technology, and often gradually acquiring quite tangible material value.

The great Russian philosopher, Nikolai Alexandrovich Berdyaev, author of the famous book The Meaning of Creativity, published in 1916, believed that every person is a creator by nature. Each has a grain of genius. And it can give fertile shoots under special conditions, the main of which is the freedom of the individual. It is freedom, according to the philosopher, that is the inexhaustible source that nourishes creativity. Thanks to him, progress in the development of civilization occurs.

The divine, incomprehensible nature of people is such that even in conditions of outwardly limited freedom, under the pressure of censorship, in poverty, in prison, despite illnesses, thanks to inner freedom, a flight of thought, brilliant philosophical theories, scientific formulas, poetry and prose were born. Folk art, within the framework of which folklore monuments, rock paintings arose, wheels and wings were invented, has always developed not thanks to, but in spite of external conditions.

Creativity, like human life, was and remains a kind of overcoming. Their meaning is in solving certain problems aimed at transforming oneself and the world around.

Another well-known scientist who left a huge contribution to the development of psychology at the end of the last millennium, Lev Semenovich Vygotsky, believed that the theme of creativity “sounds” wherever people imagine, change, combine, create something new, no matter how small it may seem, in compared with the brilliant works of great personalities in the history of mankind.

The founder of humanistic psychology, an American of Jewish nationality, whose parents emigrated from Russia at the beginning of the last century, Abraham Harold Maslow believed that life and creativity (as a certain quality) are given to each person at the same time, at the moment of birth. Each of the people is able to create, just like birds - to fly or trees to be covered with foliage. However, many are losing this valuable gift.

Great male creators have left their mark on the development of human civilization. These are thinkers, philosophers, engineers, artists, poets, musicians and other great personalities whose names are forever imprinted in history. And also those unknown authors, whose life and work were woven into the general progress like a stream, made up the cultural heritage of mankind. Nameless creators of monuments of folk art and quite ordinary household items, tools that each of us uses every day, without thinking about its origin.

The desire for creative work, primarily for mental work, is the “spark” that is bestowed on every member of the stronger sex. In addition, it is reinforced by the eternal desire to find meaning, to get to the bottom of the essence, characteristic of most men.

This combination gives rise to the need for development and creativity that many experience. And by realizing, they acquire the meaning of existence, the joy of being, inner harmony.

The fair sex is endowed with the same gift and need to create. Although science recognizes some differences in the mental abilities of people of different sexes, due to the fact that the same cognitive abilities are realized in them by different parts of the cerebral cortex and are even unevenly distributed between its hemispheres. The representatives of the stronger sex are predominantly developed visual-spatial abilities. In women - verbal and perceptual.

But if we talk, in general, about life, creativity and the possibility of its implementation, then ladies have some advantage in comparison with the representatives of the stronger sex. After all, nature has decreed that it is a woman who is able to give birth to offspring, to give birth to a new person, partially realizing her creative abilities, needs and ambitions. Her powerful creative energy finds an outlet in children, in the educational process, which is also creative.

As a rule, having realized themselves in motherhood, taking place in their main role, women do not give up their attempts to transform the world. Some make scientific careers, some promote culture, while others find themselves in arts and crafts or turn ordinary family dinners into works of art. Representatives of the beautiful half of humanity are occupied by the most polar genres of creativity:

from cross stitch to aircraft design;
from versification to the invention of new mathematical formulas.

All people, their creative impulses and achievements come from childhood. At an early age it is easier to reveal the potential inherent in each, but having the imprint of the personality of a particular child. Any creativity lessons contribute to the development of boys and girls at any age. Thanks to the help of parents, teachers, mentors, children can get acquainted with various types and master various genres of creativity in order to choose an activity to their liking, in accordance with their abilities and preferences. little man. For some, it will become a favorite that the child will carry into adulthood. For others, it can turn into a consciously chosen, interesting profession.

The main thing is that the development of creativity, desire and ability to change the world for the better will help to form a harmonious spiritual world any child.

Cognition and creativity are two levers that allow you to accelerate the development of babies. It is known that cognitive abilities are formed in the process of mastering new skills, learning various activities.

Creativity lessons at a very early age are a kind of training for imagination, fantasy, and the search for an original solution to certain problems. They nurture purposefulness and diligence.

Applied art develops fine motor skills, prepares the baby's hand for mastering writing, stimulates speech development. At a very young age, boys and girls can engage in crafts from natural materials, making appliqués, mosaics, etc. Preschoolers love to express themselves using crayons, paints, clay, scissors, glue and paper.

Taking the first timid steps in artistic creativity, drawing with finger paints or watercolors, creating “sculptural” compositions from plasticine, etc., preschoolers get acquainted with the variety of forms, the richness of the color palette.

They selflessly reproduce the basic forms, enjoy experimenting with texture, space and color in decorative works. For example, kids often depict houses with a shining sun, making up the plots of paintings from basic shapes: a square house with a triangular roof and a round sun above it.

As the child grows up, paintings more and more details appear. He is learning to draw people. Realistic shapes, scale, and so on, children master later.

Oral creativity, artistic reading, rhetoric, in combination with the game, impersonation, theater, contribute to the formation of correct speech, the elimination of speech therapy problems. Helps to get rid of self-doubt and many behavioral problems.

By trying on different roles and looking at the world from someone else's point of view, the child explores the world and expresses his feelings. Telling stories, reciting poems, enrich vocabulary, broaden their horizons. Some kids like to tell the story on their own, others willingly talk about something in the form of a dialogue or conversation.

Preschoolers are often completely immersed in stories. Sometimes, when someone reads a fairy tale aloud or talks about something, boys and girls are so carried away that they react to the narration with gestures, facial expressions, “illustrating” the plot.

Singing, learning to play musical instruments and other varieties of performing children's creativity contribute to the formation of a sense of rhythm, develop an ear for music and artistic taste. Preschoolers, using musical instruments, including their own voices, learn to express their feelings and thoughts.

Kids with rapture are immersed in music, enjoy singing. They love songs with repetitive, simple melodies. Often come up with their own words, talking about events from own life and the people who surround them.

Preschoolers learn to recognize and name their favorite songs, perform them quite accurately. And at the same time learn the verses by heart. Choral singing, as a genre of creativity, helps children understand the difference between fast and slow, long and short, loud and quiet sounds.

Dance is not just an art form. Children's dance creativity can play a decisive role in the development of children's motor skills. And like other types of creative play, it helps to develop other skills and feelings.

Spontaneously moving to the music, the baby gradually improves control over own body. He can express sadness, joy and other feelings through movement, freeing himself from psycho-emotional stress.

The smallest, mastering dance types of creativity, develop the ability to imitate. At dance lessons, mastering the movements of animals (butterfly flight, frog jumping, etc.), the child learns more about the world around him.

And during school years, music, arts and crafts, dancing, fine arts, technical creativity, theater, etc. help the child:

express your feelings;
improve communication skills;
develop coordination;
practice fine motor skills;
independently solve various problems;
learn to think;
find original views on things.

The peculiarities of the creativity of schoolchildren of primary and secondary age are that children identify it with the game. But at the same time, children's creativity plays an important role in the overall process of learning and development. It facilitates cognition, creativity helps the student to explore the world through art materials, the richness of language and movement, and to express their own ideas and emotions.

Creativity lessons are an effective way to accelerate the development and personal growth of a child.

Teenagers who are experiencing emotional, psychological problems, have difficulty mastering the school curriculum or communicating with peers, can find self-expression in singing, dancing, technical creativity, etc. Any art is a means of conveying ideas, feelings, helps to reveal talent.

A study by a group of scientists from Stanford University found that teenagers who engage in artistic expression are four times more likely to win academic awards than those who do not have the opportunity to express themselves artistically.

Applied art and other creative activities are an effective way to eliminate the effects of chronic stress. They help teenagers get rid of complexes, psycho-emotional disorders and behavioral problems during the hormonal storms that accompany puberty.

Human creativity is the perpetual motion machine that allows culture and science to reach new heights. Any activity of people that serves to transform the world, gives rise to something unique, worthy of interest, admiration, that benefits others - this is creativity. It is not only about artistic values, technical inventions. The mental activity of people, which gives rise to spiritual values, is also a separate type of creativity and at the same time is a tool of genius that creates all unique products in the process of any creative activity.

Imagination creates new ideas literary works, scientific inventions, scores of musical masterpieces, plots of ingenious paintings. Any philosophical hypothesis, technical novelty, piece of art is always a product of active knowledge and creativity. The selfless work of a baker or a cook, a florist - all this can be a manifestation of human creativity.

There are many classifications of creative activity. But in accordance with the main types of spiritual and practical activities, the following types of creativity are distinguished:

social;
artistic;
scientific;
technical.

Each of them has its own subspecies.

Artistic creativity

Its meaning is in the synthesis of fantasy and reality, fiction and reality, the unity of which, being refracted through the prism of the creator's personality, turns into a work of art. Artistic creativity is designed to evoke vivid emotions, awaken feelings, receive a lively response from the human soul:

laugh;
tears;
anger;
interest;
love;
catharsis.

Within the framework of this type, subspecies and genres of creativity are distinguished:

temporary - music, literature (including oral creativity peoples);
spatial - applied art, fine arts;
spatio-temporal - circus, choreography, stage, cinema.

Fine art consists of:

sculptures;
charts;
painting.

Applied art is divided into:

architecture;
decorative art, which includes decorative folk, including Russian art, or folk crafts.

The development of creativity in the fields of various knowledge is the main engine of scientific progress in mathematics, physics, chemistry, medicine, philosophy, pedagogy, etc. The tireless research and creative discoveries of scientists allow science to rise to new levels, dragging along the development of civilization as a whole.

Creativity in science is a kind of pyramid.

It is based on accidental discoveries and numerous experiments in the process of educational activities and training.
The middle is made up of experimental and theoretical searches conducted by whole armies of researchers.
The top is formed by the brilliant discoveries of outstanding minds.

Improvement of devices, mechanisms, etc., design and modeling - all these are subspecies of technical creativity. Thanks to creative thinking, since ancient times, people have been inventing tools, inventing various gadgets that make life easier for people and help solve various problems: from a “digging stick”, a stone ax, the first flint and wheel, to cars, robots and rockets. Social experience, the urgent needs of people stimulated creativity, encouraged the development of creativity of designers and inventors.

This species is close to scientific. Therefore, more often they mean not technical creativity, in its pure form, but scientific and technical.

The theme of creativity runs like a “red thread” through the entire existence of society. The desire to transform the world, improve the social structure has always been characteristic of people.

Human social creativity is Practical activities which leads to the growth of material production and improves legal, economic, religious, psychological and other relations in society.

Folk art

The artistic creativity of the people includes many types and genres that arose as a result of individual and collective creativity, and against the background of the continuity of generations, turned into original traditions. It is the cultural heritage of the people, its living memory, spiritual image. It unites moral values and reveals the inner world of people.

There are several main stages in the development of folk art:

paganism (before the tenth century AD);
Christianity;
XX century.

Speaking about Russian folk art, there is also a period of national history that covers the time period from the 17th century to the 17th century. until the 19th century

Folk art has its subspecies:

everyday amateur creativity of a person is a variety of artistic phenomena in his daily life and on holidays;
arts and crafts - creative design solutions;
folklore - an expression of worldviews and spiritual values of the people in literary, musical, dramatic, choreographic and other forms, including oral art;
amateur art activities of the people - organized human creativity, as part of the collective.

Folklore is organically woven into our lives. And without noticing it themselves, modern Russians are the "guides" of folk traditions, including oral Russian creativity, daily using its main product - the great and powerful Russian language. Transforming, including under the influence of general changes in culture and language, folklore works remain an expression of the national spirit, contribute to the preservation of the moral principles and customs of the people. As many centuries ago, born of the collective mind, folklore is used to instruct and educate the youth.

Genres of oral art

In everyday life, people often use sayings, proverbs, tell jokes to each other, make fun with nursery rhymes and ditties, sing lullabies to children, offer riddles, teach the younger generation on the “traditions of the deep antiquity”, epics and fairy tales. All these genres together make up Russian oral art or folklore.

Folk life and creativity have always been closely intertwined. Thanks to unknown authors, sometimes real "diamonds" of literature were born, which were further cut in the works of great poets and writers. This happened with folk tales collected and processed by Charles Perrault, Pushkin, Gogol and many world-famous authors. Often, entertaining stories written down by the people turned into poems, novels and novels.

The living language that Russians use today owes much of its brightness, figurativeness, liveliness, richness of vocabulary, and oral folk art. Folklore is the key to preserving the linguistic identity of the people. It is a kind of code that is used for self-identification. A special language layer, which is very difficult, almost impossible, to master for someone who has not absorbed it drop by drop from birth.

Today, it is closer to residents of villages and small towns in the Russian hinterland than to residents of megacities, whose language is replete with slang, Americanisms and other borrowings, and special vocabulary. For Muscovite schoolchildren, “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” sounds today like a foreign speech, many words require translation and interpretation, just like Voronezh ditties or folk songs that are still sung during feasts somewhere in the Vologda or Novgorod region.

So that the Russian language does not one day turn into an absolute copy of English and others, it is important to take care of the folk literary heritage, to collect pearls of folklore and pass them on to children, reading Russian folk tales, learning songs with the kids, keeping the theme of the creativity of the Russian people in the school curriculum.

Favorite topics for oral creativity

The most ordinary everyday situations, relationships between people, love and other feelings are popular topics folklore. Folk tales, legends have always endowed the main characters with the best features and taught loyalty, generosity, devotion, kindness, honesty. Overcoming obstacles, fighting evil and dark forces, in the final they certainly won and lived happily ever after.

Another common theme of creativity is heroism. Courage, love for the motherland, the ability to self-sacrifice are most clearly displayed in epics, the genre heroic epic that arose in Russia in the 9th century. Fascinating stories, with an optimistic ending, told about the patriots:

Ilya Muromets,
Alyosha Popovich,
Dobrynya Nikitich,
Sadko and other heroes and heroes.

This type of folk art arose due to the desire of people to decorate their own homes, change the space around them, household items, for the better. Thanks to the creative thinking and skill of folk craftsmen, the simplest things acquired aesthetic value, delighted the eye, touched the secrets of the strings of the soul and turned into works of art.

Decorative creativity has three main branches:

monumental and decorative;
decoration;
decorative and applied art.

Monumental and decorative art includes architecture, decoration of residential and public spaces, using sculpture, painting, etc. Decorative folk art is most vividly represented in religious rites, icon painting, and holiday traditions, for example, in wedding ceremonies.

Decorative and applied art combines various forms, using a variety of materials and techniques. Among its genres:

embroidery;
decorative painting;
woodcarving;
ceramics;
lacquer miniature;
bone carving;
metal jewelry, etc.

Among the Slavs, as well as among other peoples, applied art drew subjects from the surrounding world and used natural materials. The fantasy of the masters was intertwined with everyday life, everyday scenes. Embroidery, wood painting, carving told about different seasons, harvest festivals, etc. The works included traditional floral ornaments and special signs, a rune, ascending to paganism. Gradually, folk, Russian art, original and unique, was born from handicraft.

At the end of the century before last, an attempt was made in Russia to preserve the cultural heritage of the people. The Handicraft Museum was opened. Within its walls, a collection of outstanding works created by folk craftsmen has been collected. After the revolution, it ceased to exist. But at the end of the last century, it again opened its doors to visitors. True, now it is called the Museum of Decorative, Applied and Folk Art. Today, its exposition and storage houses about 120,000 masterpieces. Among them:

furniture;
kitchenware;
toys;
carved platbands and "skates" from the roofs;
old chests, etc.

The oldest of them date back to the 16th century.

Folk art in Russia gave life to traditional crafts. Among the most famous:

Khokhloma painting;
gzhel;
Dymkovo toy;
Pavlovo shawls;
Filimonov toy;
Gorodets painting;
Rostov enamel;
Zhostovo painting;
Fedoskino lacquer miniature;
palekh;
Yaroslavl majolica, etc.

The art of folk craftsmen was not lost. It was carefully kept and passed on to the students. And today it does not stand still, but develops, acquiring new facets, using modern subjects.

Creative healing is one of the methods of psychotherapy. It is used in the complex treatment of many pathologies, including psycho-emotional, as it allows you to influence the physical, mental and emotional state, changing for the better.

Art therapy is a relatively new method of treatment. For the first time it began to be used in the middle of the twentieth century, first in the USA, England and other countries. European countries. The originator of the method was Adrian Hill, an artist who discovered the therapeutic benefits of various art forms for the rehabilitation of patients after suffering from tuberculosis. He first introduced this term into use.

Art therapy combines treatment, knowledge and creativity. During the creative process, through self-expression, people succeed in:

solve personal problems;
eliminate behavioral disorders;
learn to manage feelings;
reduce stress;
increase self-esteem;
learn something new.

Psychotherapy uses creativity as a way to communicate. Art therapy helps to build relationships in society for people after injuries, patients with various diseases, including mental ones, those adults and children who have learning problems, physical disorders, and disabilities.

You don't have to be a genius poet, sculptor, or artist to benefit from being creative. Anyone can immerse themselves in the creative process, get carried away by art and optimize treatment through art therapy.

The main feature of creativity is that it helps a person to express their own feelings, improving the psycho-emotional state and general health. Art therapy most often uses traditional art forms such as:

painting;
graphics;
the photo;
sculpture and other types of visual expression.

Performing arts (singing, dancing, playing musical instruments, etc.) is also a popular form of art therapy.

It is not so important which way of self-expression a person chooses. The main thing is that he gives him positive and health.

The arts are a marvelous medium that can help many people express themselves, explore their own feelings, manage their habits, and raise their self-esteem. Art therapy is an amazing medicine that can help anyone!

For example, children with developmental disabilities, adults with psycho-emotional disorders, because through creative activity people can effectively express hidden emotions, helping to reduce stress, feelings of anxiety or fear.
It effectively helps people with psycho-emotional disorders such as depression, anxiety disorders, panic attacks.
Classes in various types of creativity have become a part of rehabilitation for children with cerebral palsy, autism, cancer and many other pathologies.
Art therapy can be a valuable part of the recovery process for those suffering from eating disorders. Allows patients to realize themselves, to receive positive emotions. Gradually turns into the best alternative to overeating, passion for sweets and other eating disorders.
Choreography and other types of creativity help women and men with physical disabilities to accept their own body.
In addition to the treatment of eating disorders, art therapy can be a useful tool for the complex treatment of patients with alcohol dependence, drug addiction or substance abuse.

Surely, everyone noticed that singing, drawing help to get distracted, relax, improve mood. Features of creativity are in the psychotherapeutic effect. Unfortunately, not all adults draw, sing, sculpt, design and “create” in other ways. If you find something to your liking, plunge into the creative flow, you can see a lot of positive changes that will happen to the body.

Many Scientific research proved that choreography, singing, arts and crafts and other arts, even in adulthood, provide enormous benefits to human health.
Art therapy contributes to the development of personality, motivates to overcome difficulties, improves cognitive functions.
When a person is enthusiastically engaged in any (technical, musical, decorative, etc.) creativity, the level of endorphins in his body increases, so he gets positive emotions, excellent relaxation, and his general well-being improves.
Art therapy is used not only as a method of treatment for chronic pathologies and systemic disorders. It can help anyone improve their emotional state and mental well-being, relieve stress or tension. Creativity can be used as a way of self-knowledge and self-expression.