Style in music. Classification of musical genres

Topic 1.3. Genres of musical art

Target: familiarization with the style in music, the classification of musical genres.

1. STYLE IN MUSIC

The word "style" of Latin origin and in translation means a way of presentation, a way of speech. Style in music, the sum of all the elements and techniques used in it, its “final” form, is called. Styles are usually classified by composer and by era.

Style means:

Stable unity of figurative principles of artistic trends of various historical eras;

Characteristic features of both a separate work and the genre as a whole;

Creative manner of individual composers.

Style in music presupposes the commonality of works of musical art with characteristic features works of other types of art of a particular historical period: baroque, classicism, romanticism, impressionism, expressionism, etc.

Baroque(Italian barocco - whimsical, artsy, strange) - a style that dominated art from the end of the 16th to the first half of the 18th century. Baroque reflected the internal contradictions of the era in connection with the feudal Catholic reaction and the active rise of advanced forces. The leading position of the genres - fugues, cantatas, oratorios, operas, the emergence of the instrumental genres of the sonata, concerto. The brightest representatives of the Baroque era were A. Vivaldi, J. S. Bach and G. F. Handel.

Classicism(from lat. classicus - exemplary) – style in art of the 17th - 18th centuries. The ideals of classicism were the ideas of the philosophy of rationalism - the belief in the reasonableness of being, the presence of a universal order, the harmony of human nature.

The highest stage of classicism was Viennese classical school artistic direction in European music culture XVIII- the beginning of the 19th century, to which J. Haydn, W.A. Mozart and L. van Beethoven belong. Each of them was a bright individuality: Haydn's style is a bright worldview, the leading role is played by genre and household elements; Mozart has a lyrical-dramatic beginning; Beethoven - the embodiment of the heroic pathos of struggle.

Romanticism(from French romanticisme) - artistic direction late XVI II - early XIX century. Features of the direction to musical art- a bright individual, personal beginning, a reflection of the emotional life of a person, spiritual loftiness, interest in folk art, denial of soullessness, relief imagery, a fantastic vision of the world. The lyrical beginning determined the desire of the romantics for the infinity of musical development, as well as the interest of composers in chamber forms (poems, ballads, fantasies).


Outstanding representatives of romanticism in music: F. Schubert, F. Mendelssohn, R. Schumann, R. Wagner, I. Brahms, F. Liszt, F. Chopin, N. Paganini and others.

Impressionism(from French impression - impression) arose in Western Europe in the last quarter of the 19th - early 20th centuries. Characteristic features are the desire to embody fleeting impressions, spiritual landscapes, psychological nuances, to create colorful genre sketches and musical portraits.

The classical expression of impressionism in music is the work of the French composers C. Debussy and M. Ravel.

Realism(from late Latin realis - real, real) - a creative method in art, implying a truthful and multilateral reflection of reality in conjunction with the obvious author's position, typification of characters and circumstances, interest in the problem of the value of the individual in society.

In the work of Western European composers, the second half of XIX century, realism was reflected in the works of J. Bizet, G. Verdi, I. Brahms, F. Liszt and others.

The founder of the realistic school in Russian music was M.I. Glinka, whose traditions were developed in the works of A.S. Dargomyzhsky, A.P. Borodin, M.P. Mussorgsky, N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov, P.I. Tchaikovsky, SV. Rachmaninov and others.

In the music of the 20th century, realism received further development in the works of S.S. Prokofiev, D.D. Shostakovich, A.I. Khachaturian, G.V. Sviridov, R.K. Shchedrin and others.

Expressionism(from lat. expressionis - expression) - a trend in European art of the first quarter of the 20th century, which is based on the tragic worldview of mankind on the eve and during the First World War and in the post-war years. Expressionism is a protest against the absurdity of the world and the humiliation of man.

Representatives of the expressionist trend in music - A. Schoenberg, A. Berg, B. Bartok and others.

2. CLASSIFICATION OF MUSICAL GENRES

Music genre (from lat. genus - genus, species) - one of the most important means of artistic generalization. Being an ambiguous concept, musical genres characterize historically established genera and species. musical works in connection with their origin, purpose, method, conditions of execution and perception, as well as with the peculiarities of content and form.

By origin and purpose genres are divided into everyday genres and genres that do not have certain vital functions. The everyday (primary) genres, depending on the functions performed by music in various everyday, labor, ritual situations, include song, dance, march . Secondary genres ( opera, symphony, ballet etc.), in contrast to the primary ones, are due to the autonomy of creativity. At the same time, the secondary genres of music are genetically related to the primary ones as to content-associative models.

By way and conditions of life musical genres are divided into chamber And concert . Chamber genres (quartets, trios, sonatas, romances, plays) due to the practice of playing music in the home environment; concert genres (concerts for solo instruments with an orchestra) with their virtuosity are intended for concert performance.

By composition of performers and method of performance musical genres are divided into vocal And instrumental . Vocal genres, in turn, are conditionally divided into solo ( song, romance, aria) ensemble and choral. Depending on the participants in the performance, there are purely vocal and vocal-instrumental genres. Vocal-instrumental are divided into chamber (vocal piece accompanied by one or more instruments) and orchestral. The orchestral ones are oratorios, masses, requiems.

Instrumental genres include solo (ballad, poem, lyrical miniature), ensemble (quartet, sonata for solo instrument with accompaniment) and orchestral (symphonies, concertos, overtures).

Song(from lat. cantus) is the most common genre of vocal folk and professional music, based on the relationship between music and poetic images. As a rule, the song has a couplet form. There are a number of classifications of works of the song genre - according to content (lullabies, lyrical, dance, historical, etc.), origin and sphere of existence (urban, peasant), style (one-voiced and polyphonic), forms of performance (solo and choral, with accompaniment and without).

Dance(from German Tanz) is an art form, the main means of creating artistic image which is the movement.

The history of dance goes back thousands of years. At the initial stage of its formation, the dance existed in a syncretic form - as a unity of singing, dancing and sound accompaniment. IN ancient india dance was understood as the disclosure of the essence of things. IN Ancient Greece dance was revered as a means of ennobling a person. In the countries of medieval Europe and in Russia, dance was not recognized as Christian morality, although it continued to exist among the people.

Gavotte(from French gavotte) is a moderate dance of French origin; dance of the gavottes, inhabitants of the region of France.

Minuet(from French menu pas - a small step) - a dance of French origin.

Mazurka(more precisely - Mazur from the name of the inhabitants of Mazovia - Mazurov) - a fast three-beat dance with a characteristic shift in emphasis to the second, sometimes third beat.

Polonaise(from French polonaise - "walking dance", dance-show) - a Polish dance of a solemn nature, originally a village folk dance, then court balls were opened to them.

Krakowiak- a two-part Polish dance that originated in the Krakow Voivodeship.

Waltz(from German Walzen - whirl in dance) - a smooth dance based on smooth whirling combined with forward movement; arose on the basis of the dances of Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany.

Polka(from Czech polka - half step, half) is a lively and simple Czech dance.

Halling(from the name of a valley in southwestern Norway) is a Norwegian moderate solo male dance.

Kamarinskaya- Russian folk dance song and dance (mainly male), dance, mostly of a comic nature. time signature 2/4, sometimes 3/4.

Trepak- Russian folk dance, fast, perky, rhythmically clear, with dashing footsteps. The main figures are improvised by the dancers, showing their dexterity and ingenuity; size 2/4.

Hopak(from Ukrainian gop - an exclamation that is uttered during the dance; hence the verbs gopati - stomp, gopkati - jump) - Ukrainian folk dance, fast, impetuous; men improvise complex figures, up to high jumps, competing in dexterity; size 2/4.

Bulba(Belarusian - potato) - a modern Belarusian folk dance song. It is sung and danced by girls in the character of folk polka. The pace is lively, perky, the time signature is two-part.

Kryzhachok(from Belarusian kryzh, Polish krzyz - cross), folk song and dance in Belarus and Poland. Musical time signature 2/4 and 4/4.

Lezginka- folk dance of the Lezgins living in Dagestan. Now it is distributed among almost all peoples of the Caucasus (Georgians, Kabardians, Ossetians, Ingush, Chechens, etc.).

In the 20th century, popular rumba(African-American dance in double meter, with a sharply syncopated rhythm and accents on the weak beats of the measure), foxtrot(from English fox - fox and trot - quick step, salon dance at a moderately fast pace with a marching rhythm), Charleston(ballroom dance that originated in Charleston, a kind of foxtrot), samba(mobile Brazilian dance of urban origin), etc.

March(from French marche - procession, movement forward) - a musical genre, the characteristic features of which are a strict, measured tempo, a clear rhythm. Varieties of the march: military, sports, mourning. In addition to the applied value, the march is a genre of stage music (March of Chernomor from the opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila" by M.I. Glinka, March from the ballet "The Nutcracker" by P.I. Tchaikovsky) and concert music ("March of the Wooden Soldiers" from the "Children's Album" P.I. Tchaikovsky).

Musical genre

Musical genre- a multi-valued concept that characterizes various types and types of musical creativity in connection with their origin, as well as the method and conditions of their performance and perception. The concept of a musical genre reflects the main problem of musicology and musical aesthetics - the relationship between extra-musical factors of creativity and its purely musical characteristics. The musical genre is one of the most important means of artistic identification.

The concept of a musical genre can be considered in a broader and narrower aspect. In a broader sense, they speak of the operatic, symphonic, chamber genre, etc. In a narrower one, the genres of lyrical and comic opera are distinguished; symphonies and symphoniettas; arias, ariosos, cavatinas, etc.

A number of researchers (in particular, V. Zukerman) distinguish between primary and secondary musical genres. Primary directly related to the conditions of their existence, and secondary genres were formed in the conditions of concert performance.

E. Nazaikinskiy singles out three historical forms of genre functioning - syncretic, aesthetic and virtual. IN syncretic form, which is characterized by the synchronism of creativity and perception, the musical genre acts primarily as a canon, which ensures the reproduction of the situation corresponding to a certain tradition. IN aesthetic form that appeared with the spread of musical notation, music becomes an aesthetic phenomenon and semantic functions come to the fore. IN virtual form, which, thanks to the spread of sound recording, is characterized by the ability to perceive music in various conditions, the structure-forming functions of the genre come to the fore, which often leads to confusion of the terms of the musical genre and style, especially in popular music.

see also

  • List of musical genres and trends

Literature

  • T. Cherednichenko. Musical genre // article in the Musical Encyclopedic Dictionary, " soviet encyclopedia» 1990
  • E. V. Nazaikinsky- Style and genre in music - M., 2003
  • M. K. Mikhailov - Style in music - M., 1981

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Today's post is dedicated to the topic - the main musical genres. To begin with, let's define what we will consider a musical genre. After that, the actual genres will be named, and at the end you will learn not to confuse "genre" with other phenomena in music.

So the word "genre" is of French origin and is usually translated from that language as a "species" or genus. Consequently, musical genre- this is a type or, if you like, a type of musical works. No more and no less.

How do musical genres differ from each other?

How is one genre different from another? Of course, not only the name. Remember the four main parameters that help to identify a particular genre and not confuse it with some other, similar type of composition. This:

  1. type of artistic and musical content;
  2. style features this genre;
  3. the vital purpose of works of this genre and the role they play in society;
  4. conditions under which it is possible to perform and listen (view) a musical work of a particular genre.

What does all of this mean? Well, for example, let's take as an example such a genre as "waltz". Waltz is a dance, and that already says a lot. Since this is a dance, it means that waltz music is not played every time, but precisely when it is necessary to dance (this is a matter of performance conditions). Why do they dance the waltz? Sometimes for fun, sometimes just to enjoy the beauty of plasticity, sometimes because waltz dancing is a holiday tradition (this is the thesis about life's purpose). Waltz as a dance is characterized by whirling, lightness, and therefore in its music there is the same melodic whirling and graceful rhythmic three-part structure, in which the first beat is strong as a push, and the two are weak, flying (this is related to stylistic and substantive moments ).

Main musical genres

Everything with a high degree of conditionality can be divided into four categories: theatrical, concert, mass-domestic and cult-ritual genres. Consider each of these categories separately and list the main musical genres that are included there.

  1. Theatrical genres (the main ones here are opera and ballet, in addition, operettas, musicals, musical dramas, vaudeville and musical comedies, melodramas, etc.)
  2. Concert genres (these are symphonies, sonatas, oratorios, cantatas, trios, quartets and quintets, suites, concertos, etc.)
  3. Mass genres (here we are mainly talking about songs, dances and marches in all their diversity)
  4. Cult and ritual genres (those genres that are associated with religious or festive rites - for example: carnival songs, wedding and funeral laments, spells, bells, etc.)

We have named almost all the main musical genres (opera, ballet, oratorio, cantata, symphony, concerto, sonata - these are the largest). They are indeed the main ones and therefore there is nothing surprising in the fact that each of these genres has several varieties.

And one more thing... We should not forget that the division of genres between these four classes is very conditional. It happens that genres wander from one category to another. For example, this happens when the real one is recreated by the composer on the opera stage (as in Rimsky-Korsakov's opera The Snow Maiden), or in some concert genre - for example, in the finale of Tchaikovsky's 4th symphony, a very famous folk song is quoted . See for yourself! If you know what this song is, write its name in the comments!

P.I. Tchaikovsky Symphony No. 4 - final

The song is one of the common genres vocal music, it combines a poetic text with an easy-to-remember melody. Songs can be performed by one performer, as well as by a group or choir, with instrumental accompaniment and a cappella.

The most popular is the song. Basic and composing. Their main difference is that the compositional one has at least one author, while the folk one does not have an author, its creator is the people.

Folk songs are passed down from the older generation to the younger. They spread throughout the country thanks to itinerant musicians who replenished their repertoire and moved from city to city, bringing them to different listeners. The common people were not taught to read and write, they did not know how to write down music and texts, so the songs were memorized. Naturally, in different cities they could sing the same work with different words or a melody. In addition, each performer could change the text or motive at will, so in our time you can find several different versions of one song. At first, people sang at weddings, funerals, on the occasion of the birth of a child, during rituals. Then people began to sing when they worked, and rested when they were sad or happy.

Composer songs appeared around the 16th and 17th centuries, with the development of secular culture. These are compositions that have at least one specific author and must be performed as intended by the creator. The song creativity of composers reaches the listener in its original form, even if several centuries have passed since its creation.

Types of songs

There are the following genres of songs:

  • author's (or bard);
  • Neapolitan;
  • hymns;
  • folk;
  • historical;
  • rock ballads;
  • variety;
  • country;
  • romances;
  • chanson;
  • ditties;
  • lullabies;
  • children's;
  • drill.

Here are listed both long-standing and modern genres songs. Examples of some of them: “It's great that we all gathered here today” O. Mityaeva (bardovskaya); "Oh, frost, frost" (folk); “I remember a wonderful moment” by M. Glinka to the words of A. Pushkin (romance); "Return to Sorrento" by E. de Curtis and J. de Curtis (Neapolitan); “Soldiers, brave kids” (combatant) and so on.

Russian folk songs

Folk songs are divided into ritual and non-ritual. Ritual accompanies any ritual: a wedding, a funeral, the birth of a child, harvesting, etc. Non-ritual - are performed not on any particular occasion, but at gatherings, during conversations and evenings, they are sung for mood, expressing the emotions and feelings of people. Themes folk songs can be anything: love, heavy peasant or recruit share, historical events Or real historical figures...

Genres of Russian songs:

  • wedding;
  • recruiting;
  • lullabies;
  • nursery rhymes;
  • pestle;
  • calendar ceremonial;
  • crying;
  • coachmen;
  • ditties;
  • funeral;
  • robbery;
  • burlatsky;
  • lyrical;
  • round dance;
  • dance;
  • invocations.

Chastushki, by the way, is not a very ancient genre; they appeared a little over a hundred years ago and were sung in them about love. Initially, they were performed only by boys.

Folk songs include works that express the feelings and moods of those who sing them. Such songs are divided into family and love. They can be different in character, even reckless and unrestrainedly cheerful. But for the most part, Russian folk lyrics express sadness and longing. Often in the lyrics, the mood of a person is compared with natural phenomena.

Folk songs can be performed by a soloist, group or choir, accompanied by instruments and a cappella.

romances

There are such genres of songs where accompaniment is no less important than words and melody. Romance belongs to this category. This genre originated in Spain in the Middle Ages. The word "romance" called works performed in the Spanish style. Later, all secular songs began to be called that. Russian composers wrote romances based on poems by Alexander Pushkin, Afanasy Fet, Mikhail Lermontov and other poets. In our country, this genre was at the peak of popularity in the 19th century. Many composed romances, most famous works this type of song creativity belongs to M.I. Glinka, P.I. Tchaikovsky, N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov, S.S. Prokofiev, S.V. Rachmaninov,

bard song

The genres of songs that appeared in the 20th century are pop, chanson, bard song and others. In our country, this type of musical creativity arose in the second half of the 20th century. The bard song is different in that, most often, the author of the text, the composer and the performer are one and the same person. That is, the author himself performs his work with his own guitar accompaniment. In this genre, the dominant role belongs to the text. Initially, these songs were divided into student and tourist, later the subject expanded. Bright representatives of this genre: V. Vysotsky, Yu. Vizbor, B. Okudzhava, S. Nikitin, O. Mityaev, V. Dolina. The performers of such songs were often called "singing poets". In the 50-60s of the 20th century, this genre was called "amateur song", since often bards are not professional composers, poets and singers.

Music genres(genres of music) - list and short description musical genres and directions.

Music genres

1. folk music - music of various peoples of the world.

2. Latin American music- a generalized name for the musical genres and styles of Latin American countries.

3. Indian classical music - the music of the Indian people, one of the most ancient genres of music. It takes its origins from the religious practices of Hinduism.

4. European music- a generalized concept that characterizes the music of European countries.

5. Pop music Disco (from the word "disco") is a genre of dance music that originated in the early 1970s. Pop (from the word "popular") - a type of mass musical culture. Light music (from “easy listening” - “easy to listen to”) - music that covers different styles, the common thing in such music is simple, catchy melodies. The singer who performs music in the genre of Pop - Madonna.

6. Rock music - the generalized name of the direction of music, the word "rock" means - "swing, rocking" and indicates the rhythm of the music.

country rock - a genre that combines country and rock, and became part of rock and roll after Elvis Presley performed at the 1955 Grand Ole Opry.

southern rock - "southern" rock, was popular in the USA in 1970.

heartland rock - "rock from the outback", founded in 1980 on "country" and "blues".

garage rock - founded in the United States of America and Canada in 1960, the forerunner of "punk rock".

surf rock - (from the English "surf") - American beach music, was popular in the early 60s.

instrumental rock - this is a genre of rock music, the music of this genre is dominated by music, not vocals, was popular in the 1950s and 1960s.

folk rock - a genre that combines elements of folk and rock, was formed in the UK and the USA in the mid-1960s.

blues rock - a hybrid genre that combines elements of blues and rock and roll, began its development in England and the USA in 1960.

Rock'n'roll - (from the word "roll") the genre, born in the 1950s, in the United States, is an early stage in the development of rock music.

Merseybit - (the meaning of the genre comes from the name of the bands from Liverpool, which is located near the River Mersey)—the genre originated in the UK in the 1960s.

Psychedelic Rock - musical genre, it originated in Western Europe and California in the mid-60s, is associated with the concepts of "psychedelia" (hallucinogens).

progressive rock - a genre that is characterized by the complication of musical forms and the introduction of dialogue.

experimental rock - a style that is based on experiments with the sound of rock music, another name is avant-garde rock.

Glam rock - (from the word "spectacular" - "glamorous") - the genre originated in the UK in the 1970s.

pub rock is the forerunner of punk rock, a genre of music that arose in the 1970s as a protest by British rock representatives against the excessive purity of sound in American AOR and prog rock.

hardcore - the genre appeared in the UK and the USA in the late 1970s. The sound is faster and heavier than the traditional punk rock sound.

skiffle - singing with accompaniment. The instrumentation included a washboard, a harmonica, and a guitar as a rhythm instrument.

Hard rock - ("hard rock") - a genre that is characterized by the release of sound percussion instruments and bass guitars. The genre originated in the 1960s and took shape in the early 1970s.

Punk rock - a musical genre that was formed in the USA in the 1970s, a little later - in the UK. The meaning that early bands put into this genre is "the desire to play dominates the ability to play."

bard rock - a genre that appeared in the "Soviet Union" in the 1970s. Developed under the influence of poetry: Viktor Tsoi, Okudzhava.

J-rock ("Japanese rock") is the name for the various styles of rock music that originated in Japan.

Metal - a genre that was formed and hard rock in England and the United States, in the 1970s.

post-punk - a musical genre that was formed in the late 1970s in the UK. It was a continuation of punk rock and was distinguished by a variety of self-expression in music.

new wave - a direction that includes different genres of rock music, ideologically and stylistically broke with all previous rock genres. It emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

no wave - direction in cinema, music and performance art. Developed in New York in the late 1970s. This is a kind of response of free musicians and artists to the commercial "New Wave".

stoner rock is medium tempo or slow music with low frequency musical instruments such as bass and guitar.

The genre originated in the 1990s, based on the work of the Kyuss group.

Alternative rock - this term refers to various styles of rock music. Appeared in the 1980s and covers many styles and trends that originate in post-punk, punk rock and other styles and musical genres.

post-rock is an experimental musical genre of rock music. The genre is characterizedthe use of instruments that are usually used in rock music and chords that are not characteristic of rock (traditional).

7. Blues - a musical genre that originated at the end of the 19th century, in the Southeastern United States in the African American community, among the rebels of the Cotton Belt.

8. Jazz - a genre of music that arose in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States as a result of the synthesis of European and African cultures.

9. Country - (“country music”) is one of the most widespread varieties of North American music.

10. Chanson - (translated from French - chanson, which means song).

Has 2 meanings:

1. French cabaret song.

2. Soviet song in French, Renaissance and late Middle Ages.

The first composer and poet who performed songs in the chanson style was Guillaume de Machaux.

The peculiarity of the genre is that the performer, author of the song, music and words is one and the same person.

12. Romance - ("romance" means - "in Spanish") - a short poem that has a lyrical content, sung to the music. The term itself originated in medieval Spain and meant a Soviet song sung in Spanish.

13. Blatnaya song - a genre of a song in which it is sung about heavy morals and life in a criminal environment. Since the 1990s, the Russian music industry has called the thieves' song "Russian chanson", although it has nothing to do with chanson.

13. Electronic musicis a musical genre that refers to music that has been created using electronic musical instruments. Often, various computer programs are used to create it.

14. Ska - a style that appeared in the late 1950s, in Jamaica.

The style is characterized by a 2 by 4 rhythm: when the bass guitar or double bass emphasizes odd drum beats, and the guitar emphasizes even ones.

15. Hip-hop - a genre of music that originated in New York, among the working class - on November 12, 1974. Hip-hop was founded by DJ Kevin Donovan.

The above list includes only the most popular musical genres.

Currently, new musical genres (genres of music) and directions are constantly emerging.

Lady Gaga - Judas (combines electronic music and dance rhythms).