Post on the three truths. What did Bubnov say about the truth in Gorky's play "At the Bottom"? IV. creative work

In the play "At the Bottom" M. Gorky strives not only to depict terrible reality to draw attention to the fate of disadvantaged people. He created a truly innovative philosophical and journalistic drama. The content of seemingly disparate episodes is a tragic clash of three truths, three ideas about life.
The first truth is the truth of Bubnov, it can be called the truth of a fact. Bubnov is convinced that a person is born for death and there is no need to feel sorry for him: “Everything is like this: they are born, live, die. And I’ll die… and you… Why be sorry… You’re superfluous everywhere… and all the people on earth are superfluous.” As you can see, Bubnov completely denies both himself and others, his despair is generated by unbelief. For him, the truth is a cruel, murderous oppression of inhuman circumstances.
The truth of Luke is the truth of compassion and faith in God. Looking closely at the tramps, he finds words of consolation for everyone. He is sensitive, kind to those who need help, he instills hope in everyone: he tells the Actor about the hospital for alcoholics, advises Ash to go to Siberia, Anna talks about happiness in the afterlife. What Luke says is not just a lie. Rather, it inspires faith that there is a way out of any hopeless situation. “People are looking for everything, everyone wants what is best, give them, Lord, patience!” - Luke sincerely says and adds: “Whoever seeks will find ... They only need help ...” Luke brings saving faith to people. He thinks that pity, compassion, mercy, attention to a person can heal his soul, so that the very last thief understands: “It is better to live! You have to live like this… so that you can… respect yourself…”
The third truth is the truth of Sateen. He believes in man as in God. He believes that a person can believe in himself and rely on his own strength. He sees no point in pity and compassion. “What good is it to you if I pity you?” he asks Klesch. And then he says his famous monologue about man: “There is only a man, everything else is the work of his hands and his brain! Human! It's great! It sounds proud!” Satin speaks not just about a strong personality. He speaks about a man who is able to rebuild the world at his own discretion, to create new laws of the universe - about a man-god.
Three truths in the play tragically collide, which determines precisely such an ending to the play. The problem is that in each of the truths there is a part of a lie and that the very concept of truth is multidimensional. A vivid example of this - and at the same time the moment of the collision of different truths - Sateen's monologue about a proud man. This monologue is delivered by a drunken, downtrodden man. And the question immediately arises: is this drunken, downtrodden person the same one who “sounds proud”? A positive answer is doubtful, and if it is negative, then what about the fact that “only man exists? Does this mean that Satin, speaking this monologue, does not exist? It turns out that in order to perceive the truth of Sateen's words about a proud man, one must not see Sateen, whose appearance is also true.
It's scary that an inhuman society kills and maims human souls. But the main thing in the play is that M. Gorky made his contemporaries even more acutely feel the injustice of the social structure, made them think about a person, his freedom. He says in his play: one must live without reconciling with untruth, injustice, but not destroy the kindness, compassion, mercy in oneself.

Essay on literature on the topic: Three truths in the play “At the Bottom”

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Three truths in the play "At the Bottom"

The fox knows many truths, and the Hedgehog knows one, but a big one.
Archilochus

The play "At the Bottom" is a socio-philosophical drama. More than a hundred years have passed since the creation of the work, the social conditions that Gorky exposed have changed, but the play has not become outdated so far. Why? Because it raises an “eternal” philosophical theme that will never cease to excite people. Usually for a Gorky play this theme is formulated as follows: a dispute about truth and lies. Such a formulation is clearly insufficient, since truth and falsehood do not exist by themselves - they are always associated with a person. Therefore, it would be more accurate to formulate the philosophical theme "At the Bottom" in a different way: a dispute about true and false humanism. Gorky himself, in Sateen's famous monologue from the fourth act, connects truth and lies not only with humanism, but also with human freedom: he pays for everything himself, and therefore he is free! Man, that's the truth!" It follows from this that the author in the play talks about man - truth - freedom, that is, about the main moral categories of philosophy. Since it is impossible to unambiguously define these worldview categories (“the last questions of mankind,” as F.M. Dostoevsky called them), Gorky presented several points of view on the problems posed in his drama. Drama became polyphonic (the theory of polyphonism in work of art developed in his book "The Poetics of Dostoevsky's Creativity" by M.M. Bakhtin). In other words, there are several heroes-ideologists in the play, each with his own "voice", that is, with a special point of view on the world and man.

It is generally accepted that Gorky portrayed two ideologists - Sateen and Luka, but in fact there are at least four of them: Bubnov and Kostylev should be added to those named. According to Kostylev, the truth is not needed at all, as it threatens the well-being of the “masters of life”. In the third act, Kostylev talks about real wanderers and along the way expresses his attitude to the truth: “A strange man ... not like the others ... If he is really strange ... he knows something ... he learned something like that .. ... nobody needs ... maybe he found out the truth there ... well, not every truth is needed ... yes! He - keep it to yourself ... and - be silent! If he is truly strange ... he is silent! Otherwise, he says that no one understands ... And he - does not want anything, does not interfere in anything, does not stir up people in vain ... "(III). Indeed, why does Kostylev need the truth? In words, he is for honesty and labor (“It is necessary that a person be useful ... so that he works ...” III), but in reality he buys stolen goods from Ash.

Bubnov always tells the truth, but this is the “truth of the fact”, which only fixes the disorder, injustice existing world. Bubnov does not believe that people can live better, more honestly, helping each other, as in a righteous land. Therefore, he calls all dreams of such a life "fairy tales" (III). Bubnov frankly admits: “In my opinion, bring down the whole truth as it is! Why be ashamed? (III). But a man cannot be satisfied with the hopeless "truth of a fact." Kleshch opposes the truth of Bubnov when he shouts: “What is the truth? Where is the truth? (...) No work... no power! Here is the truth! (...) You need to die ... here it is, really! (...) What is it to me - the truth? (III). Against the "truth of the fact" is another hero, the one who believed in a righteous land. This faith, according to Luke, helped him live. And when faith in the possibility a better life destroyed, the man strangled himself. There is no righteous land - this is the "truth of the fact", but to say that it should never be at all is a lie. That is why Natasha explains the death of the hero of the parable as follows: "I could not stand the deception" (III).

The most interesting hero-ideologist in the play is, of course, Luke. Critics' assessments of this strange wanderer are very different - from admiring the old man's generosity to exposing his harmful consolation. Obviously, these are extreme estimates, and therefore one-sided. More convincing seems to be an objective, calm assessment of Luke, which belongs to I.M. Moskvin, the first performer of the role of an old man on theater stage. The actor played Luca as a kind and intelligent person, in whose consolations there is no self-interest. Bubnov notes the same thing in the play: “Here, Luka, for example, lies a lot ... and without any benefit to himself ... Why would he?” (III).

The reproaches made against Luke do not stand up to serious criticism. It should be specially noted that the old man does not “lie” anywhere. He advises Ash to go to Siberia where he can start new life. And it is true. His story about a free hospital for alcoholics, which made a strong impression on the Actor, is true, which is confirmed by special investigations of literary critics (see the article by Vs. Troitsky “Historical realities in M. Gorky’s play “At the Bottom”” // Literature at school, 1980 , No. 6). Who can say that in describing the afterlife to Anna, Luke is disingenuous? He comforts a dying person. Why blame him? He tells Nastya that he believes in her affair with the noble Gaston-Raoul, because he sees in the story of the unfortunate girl not just a lie, like Bubnov, but a poetic dream.

Luka's critics also claim that the harm from the old man's consolations tragically affected the fate of the overnight stays: the old man did not save anyone, he did not really help anyone, the death of the Actor is on Luka's conscience. How easy it is to blame one person for everything! He came to the downtrodden people, to whom no one cares, and comforted them as best he could. Neither the state, nor the officials, nor the hostels themselves are to blame - Luka is to blame! It is true that the old man did not save anyone, but he did not destroy anyone either - he did what was in his power: he helped people feel like people, the rest depended on them. And the Actor - an experienced drunkard - has absolutely no willpower to stop drinking. Vaska Pepel, in a state of stress, having learned that Vasilisa crippled Natalya, accidentally kills Kostylev. Thus, the reproaches made against Luke seem unconvincing: Luke is not “lying” anywhere and is not to blame for the misfortunes that happened to the shelters.

Usually, researchers, condemning Luke, agree that Satin, in contrast to the crafty wanderer, formulates the right ideas about freedom - truth - man: “Lies are the religion of slaves and masters ... Truth is God free man! Satin explains the reasons for the lie in this way: “Those who are weak in soul ... and who live on other people's juices need a lie ... it supports some, others hide behind it ... And who is his own master ... who is independent and does not eat someone else's - why lie to him? (IV). If you decipher this statement, you get the following: Kostylev lies because he “lives on other people’s juices”, and Luka because he is “weak in soul”. Kostylev's position, obviously, should be rejected immediately, Luka's position requires serious analysis. Satin demands to look life straight in the eye, while Luka looks around for comforting deceit. The truth of Sateen differs from the truth of Bubnov: Bubnov does not believe that a person can rise above himself; Satin, unlike Bubnov, believes in a person, in his future, in his creative talent. That is, Satin is the only character in the play who knows the truth.

What is the author's position in a dispute about truth - freedom - man? Some literary scholars argue that only in the words of Satin the author's position is stated, however, it can be assumed that the position of the author combines the ideas of Satin and Luke, but is not completely exhausted even by the two of them. In other words, in Gorky, Satin and Luka, as ideologists, are not opposed, but complement each other.

On the one hand, Satin himself admits that Luka, by his behavior and consolation conversations, pushed him (formerly an educated telegraph operator, and now a tramp) to think about Man. On the other hand, Luka and Satin both speak of goodness, of faith in the best that always lives in the human soul. Satin recalls how Luke answered the question: "What do people live for?". The old man said: "For the best!" (IV). Doesn't Satin, speaking about Man, repeat the same thing? Luke says about people: “People ... They will find and invent everything! They only need to be helped... they need to be respected...” (III). Satin formulates a similar thought: “You must respect a person! Do not pity ... do not humiliate him with pity ... you must respect! (IV). The only difference between these statements is that Luke emphasizes the respect of a particular person, and Satin - Man. While diverging in particulars, they agree on the main thing - in the assertion that man is the highest truth and value of the world. In Satin's monologue, respect and pity are contrasted, but one cannot say for sure that this is the final position of the author: pity, like love, does not exclude respect. On the third hand, Luka and Satin are extraordinary personalities who never collide in a dispute in the play. Luka understands that Satin does not need his consolations, and Satin, carefully watching the old man in the rooming house, never ridiculed, did not cut him off.

Summing up what has been said, it should be noted that in the socio-philosophical drama "At the Bottom" the main and most interesting is the philosophical content. This idea is proved by the very construction of Gorky's play: almost all the characters participate in the discussion of the philosophical problem of man - truth - freedom, while in everyday life storyline only four find out the relationship (Ash, Natalya, the Kostylev couple). There are many plays showing the hopeless life of the poor in pre-revolutionary Russia, but it is very difficult to name another play, except for the drama "At the Bottom", in which, along with social problems, the "last" philosophical questions would be posed and successfully solved.

The author's position (fifth in a row, but perhaps not the last) in the play "At the Bottom" is created as a result of repulsion from false points of view (Kostylev and Bubnov) and the complementarity of two other points of view (Luke and Satin). The author in a polyphonic work, according to the definition of M.M. Bakhtin, does not join any of the points of view expressed: the solution of the philosophical questions posed does not belong to one hero, but is the result of the searches of all participants in the action. The author, as a conductor, organizes a multi-voiced choir of heroes, "singing" the same theme in different voices.

Still, there is no final solution to the question of truth - freedom - man in Gorky's drama. However, this is how it should be in a play that raises "eternal" philosophical questions. Open Final works makes the reader think about them.

"THREE TRUTHS" IN GORKY'S PLAY "AT THE BOTTOM"

Goals : consider the understanding of the heroes of Gorky's play "truth"; find out the meaning of the tragic collision of different points of view: the truth of a fact (Bubnov), the truth of a comforting lie (Luke), the truth of faith in a person (Satin); to determine the features of Gorky's humanism.

During the classes

I. Introductory talk.

Imagine for a moment that by the will of fate you ended up in Moscow without money, without friends, without relatives, without cell phones. You have moved to the beginning of the century. How would you try to improve your life or change the situation you find yourself in? Will you try to improve your life, or did you immediately sink to the "bottom"?

The heroes of the play we are studying stopped resisting, they sank to the “bottom of life”.

The topic of our lesson: “Three truths in the play by M. Gorky“ At the bottom.

What do you think it will be about?

What questions will we consider?

(Suggested answers: What is truth? What truth can there be? Why three truths? What thoughts do the characters express about truth? Which of the characters thinks about this question?

Teacher summary: Every character has their own truth. And we will try to find out the positions of the characters, understand them, understand the essence of the dispute that arose between the characters and decide whose truth is closer to us, modern readers.

Literary workout.

You know that you can not competently defend your point of view without knowledge literary work. I offer you a literary warm-up. I read a line from a play, and you determine which of the characters it belongs to.

What is the conscience? I'm not rich (Bubnov)

It is necessary to love the living, the living (Luke)

When work is duty - life is slavery (Satin)

Falsehood is the religion of slaves and masters... Truth is the god of a free man! (Satin)

People live ... like chips floating down the river ... (Bubnov)

All love on earth is superfluous (Bubnov)

Christ pitied everyone and commanded us (Luke)

To caress a person is never harmful (Luke)

Human! It's great! It sounds proud! Human! You have to respect the person!

Knowledge update. Call.

You have demonstrated good knowledge of the text. Why do you think you were offered replicas of these particular characters? (Luka, Satin, Bubnov have their own notion of truth).

– What is the main theme of the play? Which of the characters is the first to formulate the main question of the drama "At the Bottom"?

The dispute about the truth is the semantic center of the play. The word “truth” will sound already on the first page of the play, in Kvashnya’s remark: “Ah! You can't stand the truth!" Truth is a lie (“You're lying!” - Klesch's sharp cry, which sounded even before the word “truth”), truth - faith - these are the most important semantic poles that determine the problems of "At the Bottom".

How do you understand the meaning of the word "truth"?

TRUTH, -s,and. 1. What exists in reality corresponds to the real state of things.Tell the truth. Hear the truth about what happened. The truth pricks the eyes (last). 2. Justice, honesty, a just cause.Look for the truth. Stand up for the truth. The truth is on your side. Happiness is good, truth is better (last). 3. Same as(colloquial).Your truth (you are right).God sees the truth, but will not tell soon (last). four.introductory sl. The truth statement is true, indeed.I really didn't know this.

Those. the truth is private, but it is ideological

So, let's find out the truth of Luka, Bubnov, Satin.- What is the truth for the heroes of the play? How to compare their views?

II. Work on the problem stated in the topic of the lesson.

Philosophy of truth in Gorky's play.

"Luke's Truth" - In the work of every talented writer, the name of the hero necessarily means something. Let us turn to the origins of the name Luke. What meanings can it have?

1) Arises from the name of the Apostle Luke.

2) Associated with the word "Cunning", that is, cunning.

3) "Onion", until you get to the middle, take off a lot of "clothes!

How does Luke appear in the play? What are the first words he says? (“Good health, honest people,” he immediately announces his position, says that he treats everyone well, “I respect crooks, in my opinion, not a single flea is bad.”

What does Luke say about the attitude towards other people?

Consider how Luka behaves with each of the inhabitants of the rooming house.

How does he feel about Anna? (He regrets, says that after death she will find peace, consoles, helps, becomes necessary)

What advice does the actor have? (Find a city in which they treat alcohol, it’s clean, the floor is marble, they treat for free, “A person can do anything, if only he wants to”).

How does Vaska Peplu propose to arrange life? (Leave for Siberia with Natasha. Siberia is a rich land, you can earn money there, become a master).

How does Nastya console? (Nastya dreams of great bright love, he tells her: “What you believe is what you are”)

How does he talk to Medvedev? (He calls him "under", that is, he flatters, and he falls for his bait).

So how does Luke feel about the inhabitants of the rooming house? (Well, he sees a person in everyone, opens positive features character trying to help. He knows how to bring out the good in everyone and inspire hope.

Read the remarks that reflect Luke's position in life?

How do you understand the words: “What you believe is what you are?”

In contrast to the "prose of fact", Luke offers the truth of the ideal - the "poetry of fact". If Bubnov (the main ideologist of the literally understood “truth”), Satin, Baron are far from illusions and do not need an ideal, then the Actor, Nastya, Anna, Natasha, Pepel respond to Luka’s remark - for them, faith is more important than truth.

Luke’s uncertain story about hospitals for alcoholics sounded like this: “They are now treating drunkenness, listen! They treat for free, brother... such a hospital is set up for drunkards... You admit, you see, that a drunkard is also a person... "In the actor's imagination, the hospital turns into a" marble palace ":" An excellent hospital ... Marble .. .marble floor! Light... cleanliness, food... everything is free! And a marble floor. Yes!" The actor is a hero of faith, not the truth of fact, and the loss of the ability to believe is fatal for him.

Which hero needs Luke's support? (To the Actor, Nastya, Natasha, Anna. It is not the truth that is more important to them, but words of consolation. When the Actor stopped believing that he could recover from alcoholism, he hanged himself.

A person can learn good things .. very simply, says Luka. What story is he citing? (A case in the country)

How do you understand the “story” of the righteous land?

So, the truth of Luke is comforting, he addresses the remnants of the human in the souls of the rooming houses, gives them hope.

What is Luke's truth? (To love and pity a person)

“Christ pitied everyone and commanded us”

"What you believe is what you are"

“A man can do anything - he just wants to”

"To love - you need to be alive, alive"

"If someone did not do well to someone, he did badly"

Which of the heroes (Luka, Satin or Bubnov seemed to you the most gloomy character?

Which character's position is opposed to Luke's?

"The Truth of Bubnov"

Who is that? (Kartuznik, 45 years old)

What does he do? (trying on old, ripped trousers on blanks for hats, thinking how to cut)

What do we know about him? (He was a furrier, tinted furs, his hands were yellow from paint, had his own establishment, but lost everything)

How does he behave? (Dissatisfied with everything, treats others contemptuously, looks sullenly, speaks in a sleepy voice, does not believe in anything sacred. This is the most gloomy figure in the text).

Find the lines that characterize his worldview.

"Noise is not a hindrance to death"

“What is conscience? I'm not rich"

“People all live ... like chips floating down the river .. They are building a house, and the chips are away.”

“Everything is like this: they are born, they live, they die. And I will die ... and you.

When Anna dies, he says: "That means she stopped coughing." How would you rate it?

How do these words characterize him?

What is the truth of Bubnov? (Bubnov sees only the negative side of life, destroys the remnants of faith and hope in people. A skeptic, a cynic, he treats life with evil pessimism).

The truth of Bubnov consists in the exposure of the wrong side of being, this is the "truth of the fact." “What kind of truth do you need, Vaska? And why? You know the truth about yourself ... and everyone knows it ... ”he drives Ash into the doom of being a thief when he was trying to figure himself out. “I stopped coughing, that means,” he reacted to Anna’s death.

After listening to Luke's allegorical story about his life at a dacha in Siberia and sheltering (rescuing) fugitive convicts, Bubnov admitted: “But I ... can't lie! What for? In my opinion, bring down the whole truth as it is! Why be ashamed?

Bubnov sees only the negative side of life and destroys the remnants of faith and hope in people, while Luka knows that in a kind word the ideal becomes real:“A person can teach good things ... very simply,” he concluded the story about life in the country, and outlining the "story" of the righteous land, he reduced it to the fact that the destruction of faith kills a person.Luka (thoughtfully, to Bubnov): “Here ... you say - the truth ... She, the truth, is not always due to illness to a person ... you can’t always cure the soul with truth ... " Luke heals the soul.

Luke's position is more humane and more effective than Bubnov's naked truth, because it appeals to the remnants of the human in the souls of the overnight stays. A person for Luke, "whatever it is - but always worth its price."“I only say that if someone did not do well to someone, then he did badly.” "To caress a person – never harmful."

Such a moral credo harmonizes relations between people, cancels the wolf principle, and ideally leads to gaining inner completeness and self-sufficiency, confidence that, despite external circumstances, a person has found truths that no one will ever take away from him.

The spokesman for another life truth becomes satin. One of the climaxes of the play is Sateen's famous monologues from the fourth act about man, truth, and freedom.

Reading Sateen's monologue.

"The Truth of Sateen"

How does this character appear in the play?

What do we understand from his first words?

(Appears with a growl. His first words are that he is a card cheat and drunkard)

What do we know about this person? (Once he served on the telegraph, was an educated person. Satin likes to pronounce incomprehensible words. What?

Organon - translated means "tool", "organ of vision", "mind".

Sicambre is an ancient Germanic tribe, meaning "dark man".

Satin feels superior to other overnight stays.

How did he end up in a rooming house? (Went to prison because he stood up for the honor of his sister).

How does he feel about work? (“Make it so that the work is pleasant for me - maybe I will work ... When work is pleasure - life is good! Labor is a duty, life is slavery!

In what does Satin see the truth of life? (One of the climaxes of the play is Sateen's famous monologues about man, truth, freedom.

"Lies are the religion of slaves and masters"

“A person is free, he pays for everything himself: for faith, for unbelief, for love, for the mind ...”

Truth is the god of the free man.

How, in his opinion, should a person be treated? (Respect. Do not humiliate with pity Man - it sounds proudly, Satin believes).

- According to Satin, pity humiliates a person, respect elevates a person. What's more important?

Sateen believes that a person should be respected.

Luke believes that a person should be pitied.

Let's go to the dictionary

regret

Feel pity, compassion;

Reluctant to spend, spend;

Feel affection for someone, love

Respect

Treat with respect;

Be in love

What do they have in common? What is the difference?

So, each of the characters has its own truth.

Luke - comforting truth

Satin - respect for a person, faith in a person

Bubnov - "cynical" truth

It is interesting that Satin supported his reasoning with the authority of Luke, the person in respect of whom we are at the beginning of the playrepresented Sateen as an antipode. Furthermore,Satine's references to Luke in act 4 prove the closeness of both."Old man? He is smart! .. He ... acted on me like acid on an old and dirty coin ... Let's drink to his health! "Man, that's the truth! He understood that…you don’t!”

Actually, the "truth" and "falsehood" of Sateen and Luke almost coincide.

Both believe that “one must respect a person” (emphasis on the last word) - not his “mask”; but they differ on how to communicate their "truth" to people. After all, she, if you think about it, is deadly to those who fall into her area.

If everything "faded" and one "naked" person remained, then "what's next"? Actor this thought leads to suicide.

What role does Luke play in uncovering the problem of "truth" in the play?

For Luke, the truth is in the "comforting lie". Luke takes pity on the man and comforts him with his dream. He promises Anna an afterlife, listens to Nastya's tales, and sends the Actor to a hospital. He lies for the sake of hope, and this, perhaps, is better than the cynical "truth" of Bubnov, "an abomination and a lie." In the image of Luke there are hints of the biblical Luke, who was one of the seventy disciples sent by the Lord "to every city and place where He Himself wanted to go." Gorkovsky Luke makes the inhabitants of the bottom think about God and man, about the "better man", about the highest calling of people.

"Luke" is also light. Luka comes to illuminate Kostylev's basement with the light of new ideas forgotten at the bottom of feelings. He talks about how it should be, what should be, and it is not at all necessary to look for practical recommendations or instructions for survival in his reasoning.

Evangelist Luke was a doctor. In his own way, Luka heals in the play - with his attitude to life, advice, word, sympathy, love.

Luke heals, but not everyone, but selectively, those who need words. His philosophy is revealed in relation to other characters. He sympathizes with the victims of life: Anna, Natasha, Nastya. Teaches by giving practical advice, Ashes, Actor. Understanding, ambiguously, often without words, he explains with clever Bubnov. Skillfully avoids unnecessary explanations.

The bow is flexible, soft. “They crumpled a lot, that’s why it’s soft ...” - he said at the end of the 1st act.

Luke with his "lie" is sympathetic to Satine. "Dubye... keep quiet about the old man!.. The old man is not a charlatan!.. He lied... but - it's out of pity for you, damn you!" Still, Luke's "lie" doesn't suit him. “Lies are the religion of slaves and masters! Truth is the god of a free man!”

Thus, while rejecting the “truth” of Bubnov, Gorky does not deny either the “truth” of Sateen or the “truth” of Luka. In essence, he singles out two truths: "truth-truth" and "truth-dream

Peculiarities of Gorky's humanism. Problem Human in Gorky's play "At the Bottom".

Gorky put his truth about man and overcoming the dead end into the mouths of the Actor, Luka and Sateen.

At the beginning of the play, indulging in theatrical memories,Actor selflessly spoke about the miracle of talent - the game of transforming a person into a hero. Responding to the words of Satin about the books he read, education, he divided education and talent: “Education is nonsense, the main thing is talent”; “I say talent, that's what a hero needs. And talent is faith in yourself, in your strength ... "

It is known that Gorky worshiped knowledge, education, books, but he valued talent even more. Through the Actor, he polemically, maximalistically sharpened and polarized two facets of the spirit: education as the sum of knowledge and living knowledge - a “system of thought”.

In monologuessatin the ideas of Gorky's thoughts about man are confirmed.

Man is “he is everything. He even created God”; “man is the container of the living God”; "Faith in the power of thought ... is a person's faith in himself." So in Gorky's letters. And so - in the play: “A person can believe or not believe ... this is his business! Man is free... he pays for everything himself... Man is the truth! What is a man... it's you, me, they, an old man, Napoleon, Mohammed... in one... In one - all beginnings and ends... Everything is in a person, everything is for a person! Only man exists, everything else is the work of his hands and his brain!

The Actor was the first to speak about talent and self-confidence. Satin summarized everything. What is the roleLuke ? He carries ideas dear to Gorky of transforming and improving life at the cost of human creative efforts.

“And that’s all, I look, people are getting smarter, more and more interesting ... and even though they live, it’s getting worse, but they want it, it’s getting better ... stubborn!” - the elder confesses in the first act, referring to the common aspirations of all for a better life.

At the same time, in 1902, Gorky shared his observations and moods with V. Veresaev: “The vital mood is growing and expanding, vigor and faith in people are more and more noticeable, and - it’s good to live on earth - by God!” Some words, some thoughts, even intonations are the same in a play and a letter.

In the fourth actsatin remembered and reproduced Luke's answer to his question "Why do people live?" the best person they live!.. Everything, my dear, everything, as it is, lives for the best! That is why every person must be respected ... After all, we do not know who he is, why he was born and what he can do ... ”And he himself, continuing to talk about a person, said, repeating Luke:“ We must respect a person! Do not pity ... do not humiliate him with pity ... you must respect! Satin repeated Luke, speaking of respect, did not agree with him, speaking of pity, but something else is more important - the idea of a “better person”.

The statements of the three characters are similar, and, mutually reinforcing, they work for the problem of the triumph of Man.

In one of Gorky's letters, we read: “I am sure that a person is capable of endless improvement, and all his activities will also develop along with him ... from century to century. I believe in the infinity of life...” Again, Luka, Satin, Gorky - about one thing.

3. What is the significance of the 4th act of Gorky's play?

In this act, there is the former situation, but the “fermentation” of the previously sleepy thoughts of the tramps begins.

It started from the scene of Anna's death.

Luke says over the dying woman: “Much-merciful Jesus Christ! Accept the spirit of your newly-departed servant Anna in peace ... "But Anna's last words were words about life : “Well ... a little more ... to live ... a little! If there is no flour there ... here you can endure ... you can!”

– How to regard these words of Anna - as a victory for Luke or as his defeat? Gorky does not give an unequivocal answer; it is possible to comment on this phrase in different ways. One thing is clear:

Anna spoke for the first timepositive about life thanks to Luke.

In the last act, a strange, completely unconscious rapprochement of the “bitter brethren” takes place. In the 4th act, Kleshch repaired Alyoshka's harmonica, having tried the frets, the already familiar prison song sounded. And this ending is perceived in two ways. You can do this: you can’t leave the bottom - “The sun rises and sets ... but it’s dark in my prison!” It can be otherwise: at the cost of death, a person cut off the song of tragic hopelessness ...

Suicideactor interrupted the song.

What prevents the overnight stays from changing their lives for the better? Natasha's fatal mistake is disbelief in people, Ashes (“I somehow don’t believe ... in any words”), who hopes to change fate together.

“That’s why I’m a thief, because no one has ever guessed to call me by another name ... Call me ... Natasha, well?”

Her answer is convinced, endured:"There's nowhere to go... I know... I thought... But I don't trust anyone."

One word of faith in a person could change the lives of both, but it did not sound.

The Actor, for whom creativity is the meaning of life, a vocation, did not believe in himself either. The news of the death of the Actor came after the well-known monologues of Satin, shading them in contrast: he didn’t cope, he didn’t play, but he could, he didn’t believe in himself.

All the characters of the play are in the zone of action of seemingly abstract Good and Evil, but they become quite concrete when it comes to fate, attitudes, relationships with the life of each of them. actors. And people are connected with good and evil by their thoughts, words and deeds. They directly or indirectly affect life. Life is a path of choosing your direction between good and evil. In the play, Gorky examined a person and tested his capabilities. The play is devoid of utopian optimism, as well as the other extreme - disbelief in man. But one conclusion is indisputable: “Talent, that's what a hero needs. And talent is faith in yourself, your strength ... "

Aphoristic language of Gorky's play.

Teacher. One of characteristic features Gorky's creativity is an aphorism. It is characteristic of both the author's speech and the speech of the characters, which is always sharply individual. Many aphorisms of the play "At the Bottom", like the aphorisms of "Songs" about the Falcon and the Petrel, have become winged. Let's recall some of them.

– Which characters of the play belong to the following aphorisms, proverbs, sayings?

a) Noise - death is not a hindrance.

b) Such a life that as soon as he got up in the morning, so much for howling.

c) Wait for the sense of the wolf.

d) When work is a duty, life is slavery.

e) Not a single flea is bad: all are black, all are jumping.

f) Where it is warm for an old man, there is a homeland.

g) Everyone wants order, but there is a lack of reason.

h) If you don’t like it, don’t listen, but don’t interfere with lying.

(Bubnov - a, b, g; Luka - d, f; Satin - d, Baron - h, Pepel - c.)

Outcome. Whose truth is closer to you?

cinquain

Express your attitude to your work in the lesson.

Subject is your name

2 app - assessment of your work in the lesson

3 ver. - describing the actions of the object, i.e. how you worked in the lesson

4-word phrase expressing your attitude to your work in the lesson

Summary - assessment

Today we are convinced that everyone has their own truth. You may not have decided which life positions you will adhere to from now on. I hope you choose the right path.

IV. Homework. Write reasoning, expressinghisrelation to reading

– What is the meaning of the dispute between Luke and Satine?

– Whose side do you adhere to in the dispute "about the truth"?

– What problems raised by M. Gorky in the play "At the Bottom" did not leave you indifferent?

(module Adaptive Adsense block at the beginning of the article)

ANALYSIS OF M. GORKY'S PLAY "AT THE BOTTOM"

"THREE TRUTHS" IN A PLAY

At the heart of the play is a dispute about the possibilities of a person, about the meaning of his life, about the search for truth. Everyone has her own. The action takes place in the Kostylevs' rooming house - this is the "bottom", between these people and the world all ties are cut off, they are people who met by chance. Everyone gives their answer to the question: can something save a person? Three "truths" are especially important - Bubnova, Luka and Satina. The gloomiest in the rooming house is Bubnov. Life in his assessment is devoid of any meaning. It is monotonous and flows according to laws that a person cannot change.

Bubnov's position is fatalistic. His truth is the truth of the fact. A person who is powerless to change his fate is indifferent to himself and people. Bubnov believes that all people are superfluous, they are controlled by external circumstances.

Among the people hardened by life, the wanderer Luke appears. This character of the play has long been evaluated negatively: he lies for selfish motives, is indifferent to the people he is deceiving, at the time of the crime he disappeared from the rooming house. But Luke does not just deceive, he does good, comforts people, tries to help.

The main philosophical question of the work is what is better: truth or compassion? This question, as the writer admitted, remains unanswered. Telling the parable of the righteous land, Luke shows how saving lies are sometimes for people and the truth is dangerous.

A lie can replace the truth, it helps a person to escape from the terrible reality into the world of beautiful illusions.

Luke is the bearer of the idea of compassion in the play, he knows that the strong in spirit will find support in life themselves, while the weak need support, confidence, and hope. He instills this confidence in the inhabitants of the rooming house. Anna calms down with talk about rest after death, Peplu describes a free life in Siberia, Natasha talks about close love, and to the Actor about treatment for alcoholism. It is Luka who prevents Ashes from killing Kostylev (and Satin directly pushes Vaska to kill him). Satin says about Luke: "He lied ... But this is only out of pity for you." The Stranger advises Ash to leave for Siberia, because he feels that this will not end well. He persuades the actor: "Restrain ... pull yourself together and endure ..." Luke's story about the two fugitive convicts he saved teaches: not violence, not prison, but only kindness can save a person. Luke's philosophy is made up of Christian patience, compassion and sober realism.

The truth of Luka's comforting lie helps Anna ease her death throes, gives hope to the Actor and Vaska Pepl to change their lives for the better. But after the disappearance of Luka, the newfound hope turns out to be false. The actor hanged himself, Ash went to jail, Natasha disappeared, Anna died. By this Gorky shows that Luka is wrong. Throughout the play, Luke lies for the benefit of other people, but it ruins them.

Satin speaks against lies: "Lie is the religion of slaves and masters. Truth is the god of a free man!" He believes that it is necessary not to reconcile a person with reality, but to make this reality work for a person: "Everything is in a person, everything is for a person. There is only a person, everything else is the work of his hands and brain."

In the person of Satin, the writer claims that a person is able to change circumstances, and not adapt to them. Sateen is considered to be the main opponent of Luke, but he brings to life the ideas of the wanderer.

From the philosophy of Luke, Satin takes faith in man, rejecting pity. His words only had an effect on the roomers for a while, instilling in them the illusion of self-worth, a drunken revelry began in the rooming house, which was interrupted by the news of the death of the Actor.

The author shows that a saving lie did not save anyone, that getting rid of illusions is tragic, and a person living in a world of illusions comes to terms with his miserable existence and agrees to endure as much as he likes for the sake of hoping for the best. The author is against such reconciliation with reality.

(module Responsive Adsense block at the end of the article)

Goals: consider the understanding of the heroes of Gorky's play "truth"; find out the meaning of the tragic collision of different points of view: the truth of a fact (Bubnov), the truth of a comforting lie (Luke), the truth of faith in a person (Satin); to determine the features of Gorky's humanism.

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Lesson topic:

"THREE TRUTHS" IN GORKY'S PLAY "AT THE BOTTOM"

Goals: consider the understanding of the heroes of Gorky's play "truth"; find out the meaning of the tragic collision of different points of view: the truth of a fact (Bubnov), the truth of a comforting lie (Luke), the truth of faith in a person (Satin); to determine the features of Gorky's humanism.

During the classes

Lord! If the truth is holy

The world can't find the way,

Honor to the madman who will inspire

Mankind has a golden dream!

I. Introductory talk.

- Restore the sequence of events of the play. What events take place on stage, and what - "behind the scenes"? What is the role in the development of the dramatic action of the traditional "conflict polygon" - Kostylev, Vasilisa, Pepel, Natasha?

The relationship between Vasilisa, Kostylev, Ash, Natasha only outwardly motivates the stage action. Some of the events that make up the plot outline of the play take place outside the stage (the fight between Vasilisa and Natasha, Vasilisa's revenge - the overturning of the boiling samovar on her sister, the murder of Kostylev are committed around the corner of the rooming house and are almost invisible to the viewer).

All other characters in the play are not involved in a love affair. The compositional and plot disunity of the characters is expressed in the organization stage space- the characters are dispersed in different corners of the stage and "closed" in unrelated microspaces.

Teacher. Thus, two actions are going on in parallel in the play. First, we see on the stage (supposed and real). Detective story with conspiracy, escape, murder, suicide. The second is the exposure of "masks" and the revelation of the true essence of man. This happens as if behind the text and requires decoding. For example, here is the dialogue between the Baron and Luke.

Baron. Lived better... yes! I... used to... wake up in the morning and, lying in bed, drink coffee... coffee! - with cream ... yes!

Luke. And all are people! No matter how you pretend, no matter how you wiggle, but you were born a man, you will die a man ...

But the Baron is afraid to be "just a man". And "just a man" he does not recognize.

Baron. Who are you, old man? Where did you come from?

Luke. Am I?

Baron. Wanderer?

Luke. We are all wanderers on earth... They say, I heard, that the earth is also our wanderer.

The culmination of the second (implicit) action comes when the “truths” of Bubnov, Sateen and Luka collide on the “narrow worldly platform”.

II. Work on the problem stated in the topic of the lesson.

1. Philosophy of truth in Gorky's play.

What is the main theme of the play? Which of the characters is the first to formulate the main question of the drama "At the Bottom"?

– How do you understand the words of Luke: “What you believe is what you are”? How are the characters of "At the Bottom" divided depending on their attitude to the concepts of "faith" and "truth"?

- What is the truth for the heroes of the play? How to compare their views?(Work with text.)

A) How does Bubnov understand the “truth”? What are the contradictions between his views and Luke's philosophy of truth?

Bubnov sees only the negative side of life and destroys the remnants of faith and hope in people, while Luka knows that in a kind word the ideal becomes real:“A person can teach good things ... very simply,”he concluded the story about life in the country, and outlining the "story" of the righteous land, he reduced it to the fact that the destruction of faith kills a person.Luka (thoughtfully, to Bubnov): “Here ... you say - the truth ... She, the truth, is not always due to illness to a person ... you can’t always cure the soul with truth ... " Luke heals the soul.

Luke's position is more humane and more effective than Bubnov's naked truth, because it appeals to the remnants of the human in the souls of the overnight stays. A person for Luke, "whatever it is - but always worth its price."“I only say that if someone did not do well to someone, then he did badly.” "To caress a person– never harmful."

Such a moral credo harmonizes relations between people, cancels the wolf principle, and ideally leads to the acquisition of inner completeness and self-sufficiency, confidence that, despite external circumstances, a person has found truths that no one will ever take away from him.

B) In what does Satine see the truth of life?

One of the climaxes of the play is Sateen's famous monologues from the fourth act about man, truth, and freedom.

A trained student reads Sateen's monologue by heart.

It is interesting that Satin supported his reasoning with the authority of Luke, the man in relation to whom we presented Satin as an antipode at the beginning of the play. Moreover, Satine's references to Luke in act 4 prove the closeness of both."Old man? He is smart! .. He ... acted on me like acid on an old and dirty coin ... Let's drink to his health! "Man, that's the truth! He understood that…you don’t!”

Actually, the "truth" and "falsehood" of Sateen and Luke almost coincide.

If everything "faded" and one "naked" person remained, then "what's next"? Actor this thought leads to suicide.

Q) What role does Luke play in solving the problem of "truth" in the play?

For Luke, the truth is in the "comforting lie".

Luke takes pity on the man and comforts him with his dream. He promises Anna an afterlife, listens to Nastya's tales, and sends the Actor to a hospital. He lies for the sake of hope, and this, perhaps, is better than the cynical "truth" of Bubnov, "an abomination and a lie."

In the image of Luke there are hints of the biblical Luke, who was one of the seventy disciples sent by the Lord "to every city and place where He Himself wanted to go."

Gorkovsky Luke makes the inhabitants of the bottom think about God and man, about the "better man", about the highest calling of people.

Evangelist Luke was a doctor. In his own way, Luka heals in the play - with his attitude to life, advice, word, sympathy, love.

Luke heals, but not everyone, but selectively, those who need words. His philosophy is revealed in relation to other characters. He sympathizes with the victims of life: Anna, Natasha, Nastya. Teaches, giving practical advice, Ash, Actor. Understanding, ambiguously, often without words, he explains with clever Bubnov. Skillfully avoids unnecessary explanations.

The bow is flexible, soft. “They crumpled a lot, that’s why it’s soft ...” - he said at the end of the 1st act.

Thus, while rejecting the “truth” of Bubnov, Gorky does not deny either the “truth” of Sateen or the “truth” of Luka. In essence, he singles out two truths: “truth-truth” and “truth-dream”.

2. Features of Gorky's humanism.

The Problem of Man in Gorky's play "At the Bottom" (individual communication).

Gorky put his truth about man and overcoming the dead end into the mouths of the Actor, Luka and Sateen.

At the beginning of the play, indulging in theatrical memories, Actor selflessly spoke about the miracle of talent - the game of transforming a person into a hero. Responding to the words of Satin about the books he read, education, he divided education and talent: “Education is nonsense, the main thing is talent”; “I say talent, that's what a hero needs. And talent is faith in yourself, in your strength ... "

In the monologues of Satin the ideas of Gorky's thoughts about man are confirmed.

The Actor was the first to speak about talent and self-confidence. Satin summarized everything. What is the role Luke ? He carries ideas dear to Gorky of transforming and improving life at the cost of human creative efforts.

In the fourth act satin remembered and reproduced Luka’s answer to his question “Why do people live?”: “Ah - people live for the best ... For a hundred years ... or maybe more - they live for a better person! .. That's it, dear , everything, as it is, live for the best! That is why every person must be respected ... After all, we do not know who he is, why he was born and what he can do ... ”And he himself, continuing to talk about a person, said, repeating Luke:“ We must respect a person! Do not pity ... do not humiliate him with pity ... you must respect! Satin repeated Luke, speaking of respect, did not agree with him, speaking of pity, but something else is more important - the idea of a “better person”.

The statements of the three characters are similar, and, mutually reinforcing, they work for the problem of the triumph of Man.

3. What is the significance of the 4th act of Gorky's play?

In this act, there is the former situation, but the “fermentation” of the previously sleepy thoughts of the tramps begins.

It started from the scene of Anna's death.

Luke says over the dying woman: “Much-merciful Jesus Christ! Accept the spirit of your newly-departed servant Anna in peace ... "But Anna's last words were words about life : “Well ... a little more ... to live ... a little! If there is no flour there ... here you can endure ... you can!”

- How to regard these words of Anna - as a victory for Luke or as his defeat? Gorky does not give an unequivocal answer; it is possible to comment on this phrase in different ways. One thing is clear:

Anna spoke for the first timepositive about life thanks to Luke.

Actor's suicide interrupted the song.

“That’s why I’m a thief, because no one has ever guessed to call me by another name ... Call me ... Natasha, well?”

Her answer is convinced, endured:"There's nowhere to go... I know... I thought... But I don't trust anyone."

One word of faith in a person could change the lives of both, but it did not sound.

All the characters in the play are in the zone of action of seemingly abstract Good and Evil, but they become quite concrete when it comes to fate, attitudes, relationships with the life of each of the characters. And people are connected with good and evil by their thoughts, words and deeds. They directly or indirectly affect life. Life is a path of choosing your direction between good and evil. In the play, Gorky examined a person and tested his capabilities. The play is devoid of utopian optimism, as well as the other extreme - disbelief in man. But one conclusion is indisputable: “Talent, that's what a hero needs. And talent is faith in yourself, your strength ... "

III. Aphoristic language of Gorky's play.

Teacher. One of the characteristic features of Gorky's creativity is aphorism. It is characteristic of both the author's speech and the speech of the characters, which is always sharply individual. Many aphorisms of the play "At the Bottom", like the aphorisms of "Songs" about the Falcon and the Petrel, have become winged. Let's recall some of them.

- Which characters of the play belong to the following aphorisms, proverbs, sayings?

a) Noise - death is not a hindrance.

b) Such a life that as soon as he got up in the morning, so much for howling.

c) Wait for the sense of the wolf.

d) When work is a duty, life is slavery.

e) Not a single flea is bad: all are black, all are jumping.

f) Where it is warm for an old man, there is a homeland.

g) Everyone wants order, but there is a lack of reason.

h) If you don’t like it, don’t listen, but don’t interfere with lying.

(Bubnov - a, b, g; Luka - d, f; Satin - d, Baron - h, Pepel - c.)

– What is the role of aphoristic statements of characters in the speech structure of the play?

Aphoristic judgments receive the greatest significance in the speech of the main "ideologists" of the play - Luka and Bubnov, heroes whose positions are indicated very clearly. The philosophical dispute, in which each of the heroes of the play takes his position, is supported by common folk wisdom, expressed in proverbs and sayings.

IV. Creative work.

Write a reasoning, expressing your attitude to the read work.(Answer to one question of your choice.)

- What is the meaning of the dispute between Luke and Satine?

- Whose side do you adhere to in the dispute "about the truth"?

- What problems raised by M. Gorky in the play "At the Bottom" did not leave you indifferent?

When preparing your answer, pay attention to the speech of the characters, how it helps to reveal the idea of the work.

Homework.

Select an episode for analysis (oral). This will be the topic of your future essay.

1. Luke's story about the "righteous land". (Analysis of an episode from the 3rd act of Gorky's play.)

2. Dispute of rooming houses about a person (Analysis of the dialogue at the beginning of the 3rd act of the play "At the Bottom".)

3. What is the meaning of the finale of Gorky's play "At the Bottom"?

4. The appearance of Luke in a rooming house. (Analysis of a scene from the 1st act of the play.)