The abundance of wind, string and percussion instruments speaks of the cultural wealth of the ancient Russians. Absorbing the sounds of nature, the people created simple rattles and whistles from improvised materials. Every child in Russia had the skills to make and play simple musical instruments. It was an integral part folk culture and life since the times of Ancient Russia. Many of them are used to this day unchanged - others were improved and formed the basis of folk orchestras.

Russian folk music (instruments):

Balalaika

Balalaika has become a symbol of Russian culture. This is a three-stringed plucked instrument with a triangular soundboard. The first mention of the instrument dates back to the 17th century. but the instrument received mass distribution only after a hundred years. The classical balalaika originated from the East Slavic domra with two strings and a rounded soundboard.

The status of a folk instrument was assigned to it for a reason. The root of the word balalaika is the same as in the words balakat or balabol, which mean a meaningless, unobtrusive conversation. So the instrument most often acted as an accompaniment for the leisure of Russian peasants.

Gusli

Another stringed folk plucked instrument, but much older than the balalaika. The first historical evidence of the use of the harp dates back to the 5th century. The ancestor of the instrument has not been precisely established, but, according to the most common hypothesis, they originated from the ancient Greek cithara. There were several types of psaltery with a resonator of various shapes and the number of strings from 5 to 30.

Gusli of all types (wing-shaped, helmet-shaped, lyre-shaped) were used to accompany the soloist's voice, and the musicians were called gusliers.

Horn

A small mouthpiece wind instrument with a bell at the end of the barrel and six playing holes (simultaneously the name of a group of wind instruments). The traditional horn was carved from juniper, birch or maple. The ensemble and dance variety of the instrument originated from the signal horns of shepherds and warriors, who accompanied both leisure and work.

The first information about horns recorded on paper dates back to the 17th century, but in fact they began to be used much earlier. Since the 18th century, there have been references to horn ensembles.

Domra

The traditional Slavic plucked string instrument is the progenitor of the balalaika. The fundamental differences from the first from the last are in the configuration of the deck (oval and triangular, respectively). It became widespread in the 16th century, presumably having evolved from Mongolian two-stringed plucked instruments.

There are three- and four-string versions of the instrument. Domra was considered an instrument of traveling buffoons (a domra player is a domrachi).

Accordion

Bayan is a Russian folk musical instrument with Bavarian roots. The harmonica served as a constructive basis for it. The first instrument was created by the master Mirwald in 1891, and in the next year button accordions appeared in Russia. However, the name of the instrument was first mentioned in 1903 (before that it was called the chromatic accordion).

It is a solo concert or ensemble instrument. However, it often accompanies people's leisure activities at public festivities or family holidays.

Russian accordion

Manual accordion came to Russian musical culture along with the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars. Its progenitor was the Chinese shen instrument. The Chinese progenitor has come a long way from Asia to Russia and Europe, but the harmonica received mass popular love after the 1830s, after the opening of the first production. But even in the presence of a set production, most of the instruments were made by folk craftsmen, which contributed to a wide constructive diversity.

Tambourine

It is almost impossible to establish the time and place of the appearance of the tambourine as a musical instrument - it was used in various rituals of many peoples. Ritual tambourines most often represent a leather membrane on a round wooden frame - a shell. Bells or round metal plates were often hung on the sides of Russian musical tambourines.

In Russia, any percussion musical instrument was called a tambourine. The military and ritual tambourine is clearly distinguished. It was they who served as the basis for musical tambourines used during performances of buffoons and other entertainment events.

Firewood

percussion instrument with speaking name firewood "grew" from an ordinary bundle of firewood. By the principle of operation, it is similar to the xylophone. The sound is extracted with a special mallet made of wooden plates. In the lower part of each plate, a recess is selected, the depth of which determines the pitch of the sound. After adjustment, the plates are varnished and assembled into a bundle. For the manufacture of firewood, dried birch, spruce and maple are used. Maple firewood is considered the most euphonious.

whistle

A small ceramic wind instrument - a whistle - was often supplied with decorative elements. Especially popular were whistles in the form of birds with decorative painting. Preferred creatures and ornaments often indicate the region where the instrument was made.

Whistles emit high trills. Water is poured into some types of whistles and then trills are obtained with overflows. Whistles were created as children's toys.

Ratchet

A row of wooden plates fastened with a cord, this is the Slavic rattle. Shaking such a bunch creates a sharp popping sound. Ratchets are made of durable wood species - oak, for example. To increase the volume between the plates are inserted gaskets of the order of five millimeters thick. The instrument was used at fairs and festivities to draw attention to a particular performance.

wooden spoons

Another symbol of Russian culture is wooden spoons. It is the only percussion instrument that can be eaten. Ancient Russians used spoons to extract rhythmic sounds no less than for food. Spoons made of different types of wood with characteristic painting are used in sets from two to five. The most common option is with three - two are clamped in the left hand of the spoon, and with the third he hits the undersides of the scoops.

Dilyara was in the ninth grade when she heard a flute melody on TV. The magical sounds fascinated the girl so much that she madly wanted to learn how to play. Dilara immediately tried to make an instrument on her own, but her attempts were not crowned with due success and, as a result, she bought a recorder (a kind of longitudinal flute - author's note). She learned to play herself: at first she studied the notes, and then she trusted her hearing.

My first flute was called "Japanese shakuhachi", I made it from PVC pipe. It is believed that the shakuhachi was created for meditation. The sound of the flute harmonizes and brings the player to an even state, and by practicing observing your breathing while playing, you can bring this quality to life: a person becomes more conscious and contemplative. But all this will happen when you learn to play the flute, and while I was creating it, I was pretty worn out, - recalls the Crimean craftswoman.

Guzheng. Photo by D. Abdureshitova

Neighborhood of a pity and a shakuhachi

At first, the girl could not extract a sound from the flute. I thought I cut something wrong or connected it incorrectly. As it turns out, the Japanese shakuhachi is considered one of the most difficult flutes, because there is no whistle, but instead, utaguchi (literal translation - "mouth song"). This is a cut through which the air flow is cut, resulting in sound. And when she understood how the flute works, the instrument began to play.

Dilara is self-taught in everything: how to make her own flutes, how to play them. He says that by looking at photos on the Internet, by trial and error, he learns to make them. So she mastered musical notation on her own. “In Stary Krym, the music school is very far from my house, so it was inconvenient for me to get there. Now, when I am studying in Simferopol, I no longer have time for this. And I don’t make my hobby either a profession or a business. I know a little about the notes, I can play at some concert, but I do flutes more for myself. It happens that someone orders, but I don’t advertise it much,” Dilyara admits.

She somehow did not think about selling and making money on musical instruments. Although if we talk about the price, then such manual work will be valued from 1000 rubles and more.

To create, create, and then play national instruments - this is for the soul of the Crimean beauty. In life, Dilyara decided to follow the path of an economist. “Of course, this is not as interesting as my hobby, but I need to realize my diploma,” the craftswoman smiles.

In total, there are about thirty different musical instruments in Dilara's collection. Of these, only ten types of flutes different peoples peace.

These are Japanese shakuhachi, Indian bansuri, Slavic zhaleyka, Ukrainian sopilka, South American kena, South American samponyo, pimak (flute of North American Indians), Belgorod squeaker. I make stringed plucked instruments - a small Japanese koto and a large, almost a meter long, Chinese guzheng (relatives of the European zither). Quite unique is the Oudu, an African clay pot drum with two holes that produces drawn-out, almost otherworldly voices. African tribes believed that they heard the voices of their ancestors with whom they needed to communicate. She started making flutes such as hulusi and bavu, Chinese instruments. In addition to flutes, I work on strings, of the most grandiose - the Celtic harp. I was on fire to do it when I heard how Elizbar (Eduard Sirech) plays, I really liked it! I have been making the harp since 2013, last summer I pulled the strings and almost learned how to play. Now the kemane violin (an obligatory instrument in ensembles of professional traditional music of the East - author's note) is in the process, the pegs have already been cut out, the base has been made ... - a Crimean woman is immersed in the world of music.

The flute can be made from many different materials, but the best and most comfortable is bamboo. It has a wonderful warm sound. She grows light bamboo at home, and buys dark bamboo in a store. By the way, in the shops for fishermen you can choose rods from the bamboo family. The girl also learned how to make flutes from lagenaria (a type of pumpkin in the shape of a bottle). Or made from wood using beeswax, essential oils, natural leather and thread. If the instrument is properly cared for (not subjected to thermal and climatic changes, wiped after playing the internal channel of the instrument), then it can serve your grandchildren.

There are many beautiful legends associated with the history of the birth of flutes.

From the 14th-15th centuries in Japan, itinerant Buddhist monks komuso played the shakuhachi, hallmark who had a basket on their heads that completely hid their faces. It was believed that by playing the flute, a monk can achieve self-realization, so it organizes the consciousness and purifies the mind.

But the flute of the North American Indians - pimak - is intended for love. With her help, Indian youths seduced beautiful girls. The pure and bewitching sounds of this instrument were to convince her of the serious intentions of the chosen one and show all the dignity of the guy. It can be said that the flutes controlled the entire conversation.

ancient tool Indians of Peru, Chile and Bolivia kena is, on the contrary, a flute of sadness. AT old times a young man in love, in order to never part with his tragically deceased beloved, decided to make a flute from the tibia of her leg. Having made this flute, the saddened young man carried it everywhere with him, and when he played, its dreary sound reminded him of the voice and cry of the deceased beloved.

At the age of 16, Dilyara made the Tuvan violin Igil. This musical instrument is always personified with the favorite pet of nomads - the horse. Therefore, in the old days, its strings were made from the hair of a horse's tail. Nowadays, synthetic materials such as nylon strings can also be used.

Individual sound


Flutes. Photo by D. Abdureshitova

Each instrument is individual, has its own distinctive sound and is created differently in time. For example, a pimak will not work if you cut a hole a little more - the whistle will no longer be the same. With the material, too, you must be extremely careful. Bamboo may crack during processing. “The fastest way is to make an Indian bansuri: in order to cut, process, pick up the system and decorate a brand new instrument, it will take about 6 hours of fruitful, intensive work, well, if you don’t get distracted at all,” the craftswoman shares.

When everything is ready, the final touch remains - Dilyara puts his emblem and thinks out the design. The prairie ornament will suit the North American instrument, Celtic knots, heroes of mythology, on the harp.

I like to do something new all the time, to feel each instrument, which is distinguished by its musicality. Take at least a pity - her sound is high, the Japanese shakuhachi has a low, deep one, - the expert says about her creations and immediately begins to demonstrate their voices.

It seems that the girl only lives with creativity. When she is not creating tools, Dilyara draws in the Zentangle style (an abstract drawing created on the basis of repeating patterns - author's note), embroiders bags for Koran (attribute of the wedding ceremony), knows a lot of computer programs, is engaged in photography, electronic music creation, is fond of raster and vector graphics. And, of course, he is interested in music.

I like to listen to folk Irish, Japanese motives. When I work on an instrument, music accompanies me. But when I select the system, there should be silence, - a talented girl reveals her secrets.

Dilyara is not the only creative person in her family. “The abilities were passed down from my grandfather,” says the craftswoman. - This is a man with golden hands. He built the house himself, from the foundation to the wiring, he made amazing furniture! Such a master still had to be looked for!


African balafon. Photo by D. Abdureshitova

When asked whether she thought of transferring or even creating a museum of musical instruments from different peoples of the world from her collection, Dilyara replies that the instrument was created in order to play it. And if you do not use it for its intended purpose, then you need to donate the instrument or put it up for sale so that it benefits the owner and pleases the listeners.

The world is full of different, amazing and unusual sounds. Merging together, they turn into a melody: pacifying and cheerful, cheerful and sad, romantic and disturbing. Inspired by the sounds of nature, man has created musical instruments with which it is possible to recreate the most impressive, soulful melodies. And in addition to world-famous instruments, such as the piano, guitar, drum, saxophone, violin and others, there are musical instruments that are no less interesting in terms of appearance, as well as in sound. We offer you to get acquainted with the ten most interesting musical instruments in the world.

whistle

This musical instrument is the basis of Irish culture. Rarely does Irish music do without the sound of this authentic instrument: cheerful jig motifs, fast polkas, soulful airs - in each of the directions presented, the voice of the whistle is felt.

The instrument is an oblong flute with a whistle at one end and 6 holes on the front side. As a rule, whistles are made of tin, but instruments made of wood, plastic and silver also have a right to exist.

The history of the whistle goes far back to the 11th-12th century. It is these times that the first memories of this instrument date back. Whistle is easy to make from improvised materials, which is why the instrument was especially valued among the common people. Closer to the 19th century, the general standard for the whistle was established - an oblong shape and 6 holes used for playing. The Englishman Robert Clark made the greatest contribution to the development of the instrument: he proposed to make the instrument from light metal - tinplate. Thanks to the hoarse and perky sound, the whistle was very fond of the Irish people. Since then, this instrument has become the most recognizable folk instrument.

The principle of playing the whistle is very simple, so much so that even if you have never picked up this instrument, after 2-3 hours of hard training you will be able to play your first melody. Whistle is both a simple and complex instrument. The difficulty lies in its sensitivity to breathing, and the simplicity lies in its easy fingering.

Vargan

This ancient reed instrument has practically not changed in appearance over the centuries of its existence. From the Old Slavonic "vargi" means "mouth". It is in the name of the instrument that the method of extracting sounds from the instrument is hidden. The most common harps are among the peoples of the north: Eskimos, Yakuts, Bashkirs, Chukchi, Altaians, Tuvans and Buryats. With the help of this unusual instrument locals express their emotions, feelings and moods.

Vargans are made of wood, metal, bones and other exotic materials, which in their own way affect the sound of the instrument. The reliability and durability of the jew's harp also depends on the material used.

It is almost impossible to describe the sound of the instrument - it is better to hear its melody once than to read its description 10 times. But still, we can confidently say that the melody emanating from playing the jew's harp is velvety, soothing, setting you up for reflection. But learning to play the jew's harp is not so easy: in order to extract a melody from the instrument, you need to learn how to control your diaphragm, articulation and breathing. Indeed, in the process of playing, it is not the instrument itself that sounds, but the body of the musician.

glass harmonica

Perhaps one of the rarest musical instruments. It is a construction of glass hemispheres of different diameters strung on a metal rod. The structure is fixed in a resonator box. The glass harmonica is played with lightly moistened fingertips by rubbing or tapping.

The first information about the glass harmonica has been known since the middle of the 17th century. Then the instrument was a set of 30-40 glasses, which were played by gently touching their edges. During the game, the musicians produced such unusual, exciting sounds that it seemed as if hundreds of glass balls were falling to the ground.

After the grandiose tour of the Irishman Richard Pakrich in England in 1744, the instrument became so famous and desired that others began to learn to play it. famous musicians. Moreover, the great composers of that time Mozart, Beethoven and Richard Strauss, captivated by the beauty of the sound of the harmonica, wrote the best compositions especially for this instrument.

However, in those days it was believed that the sound of a glass harmonica had a negative effect on the human psyche: it disrupts the state of mind, causes premature birth in pregnant women, and leads to mental disorder. In this regard, in some German cities the instrument was banned at the legislative level. And at the beginning of the twentieth century, the art of playing the glass harmonica was forgotten. But everything well forgotten will ever return. This happened with this wonderful instrument: Viktor Kramer, director from St. Petersburg, in Glinka's opera, presented in Bolshoi Theater, successfully used the glass harmonica, returning it to its rightful place in contemporary art.

Hang

An amazing musical instrument, one of the newest inventions of our time. Hang was invented in Switzerland in 2000 by Felix Rohner and Sabina Scherer. The creators of the instruments claim that the basis of playing the exotic percussion instrument is the feeling, the sensation of the music and the instrument itself. Yes, and the musical ear of the owner of the hang should be perfect.

Hang consists of a pair of metal hemispheres, together forming a disc, similar to a flying saucer. The upper part (it is also the front) of the hanga is called DING, it contains 7-8 keys enclosed in a musical circle. They are marked with small depressions, and in order to get a certain tonality of the melody, you need to hit one or another depression.

The lower part of the instrument is called the GU. It has a deep hole in which the musician's fist should be located. The structure of this disk acts as a resonance and modulation of the sound.

Bonang

Bonang is an Indonesian percussion instrument. It consists of a set of bronze gongs, which are fixed with cords and placed horizontally on a wooden stand. On top in the central part of each gong there is a bulge - pencha. It is she who makes a sound if you knock on it with a wooden stick with a winding on its end made of cotton fabric or rope. Burnt clay balls suspended under the gongs often act as resonators. Bonang sounds soft and melodious, its sound fades slowly.

Kazu

The kazoo is an American folk instrument. Used in skiffle style music. It is a small cylinder, tapering towards the end, made of metal or plastic. A metal cork with a membrane made of tissue paper is inserted into the middle of the instrument. It is very easy to play the kazoo: it is enough to sing in the kazoo, and tissue paper will do its job - it will change the musician's voice beyond recognition.

Erhu

Erhu is a stringed bowed musical instrument, it is also an ancient Chinese two-stringed violin that uses metal strings.

Scientists cannot say exactly where and when the first erhu instrument was created, since it is a nomadic instrument, which means that it changed its geographical location along with nomadic tribes. It is established that the approximate age of the erhu is 1000 years. The instrument became popular during the Tang Dynasty, which fell on the 7th-10th century AD.

The first erhus were somewhat shorter than modern ones: their length was 50-60 cm, and today it is 81 cm. The instrument consists of a body (resonator) of a hexagonal or cylindrical shape. The body is made of high quality wood and snakeskin membrane. The neck of an erhu is where the strings are attached. At the top of the neck is a curved head with a pair of pegs. Erhu strings are usually made of metal or animal veins. The bow is made in a curved shape. The string for the bow is made from horse hair, and the rest is made from bamboo.

The main difference between the erhu and other violins is that the bow should be fixed between two strings. Thus, the bow becomes one and inseparable from the base of the instrument. During the game, the erhu is held in a horizontal position, resting the leg of the instrument on your knee. The bow is played with the right hand, and at this time the strings are pressed with the fingers of the left hand so that they do not touch the neck of the instrument.

Nikelharpa

Nickelharpa is a Swedish folk musical instrument from the category of bowed strings. Due to the fact that its development lasted more than 600 years, the instrument has several modifications. The first mention of the existence of the nikelharpa is on the gate leading to the Schelunge church on the island of Gotland: they depict two musicians playing this instrument. This image was created back in 1350.

The modern modification of the nikelharpa has 16 strings and about 37 wooden keys that slide under the strings during the game. Each key moves up the slide, where, reaching its top, it clamps the string, changing its sound. The player with a short bow draws along the strings, and presses the keys with his left hand. Nickelharpa allows you to play melodies in the range of 3 octaves. Its sound is similar to a regular violin, but it sounds with much more resonance.

Ukulele

One of the most interesting musical instruments is the ukulele, a string instrument. The ukulele is a miniature ukulele with 4 strings. It appeared back in 1880 thanks to three Portuguese who arrived in Hawaii in 1879 (so the legend says). In general, the ukulele is a consequence of the development of the Portuguese plucked instrument cavaquinho. Outwardly, it resembles a guitar, with the only difference being a reduced shape and the presence of only 4 strings.

There are 4 types of ukulele:

  • soprano - instrument length 53 cm, the most common type;
  • concert instrument - 58 cm long, slightly larger, sounds louder;
  • tenor - relatively new model(created in the 20s of the last century) 66 cm long;
  • baritone - the largest model with a length of 76 cm, appeared in the 40s of the last century.

There are also non-standard ukuleles, in which 8 strings are paired and tuned in unison. The result is a full, surround sound of the instrument.

Harp

Perhaps the most amazing, interesting and melodic instrument is the harp. The harp itself is large in size, but its sound is so exciting that sometimes you just don’t understand how it can be so amazing. So that the instrument does not seem sloppy, its frame is decorated with carvings, making it elegant. Strings of different lengths and thicknesses are pulled onto the frame so that they form a grid.

In ancient times, the harp was considered an instrument of the gods, in the middle - theologians and monks, then it was considered an aristocratic passion, and today it is considered a magnificent instrument on which absolutely any melodies can be played.

The sound of the harp cannot be compared with anything: it is deep, exciting, unearthly. Thanks to the capabilities of the instrument, the harp is an indispensable member of symphony orchestras.

There are many amazing musical instruments in the world. And they all sound special, creating melodies that touch the soul. Each of the tools presented above certainly deserves attention. But still, we should not forget about the well-known violins, guitars, pianos, flutes and other no less beautiful and interesting instruments. After all, they are the basis of human culture and The best way expressions of feelings and emotions.

Ershov Sergey

Bayan is a Russian folk instrument. This is our history, our achievements and victories inscribed in the history of world culture. And we must know the history of our people and the history of our culture

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Municipal budgetary educational institution

"Secondary School No. 40"

Research project on the topic:

« Musical instruments peoples of the world. Accordion"

Completed:

Ershov Sergey

8th grade student "a"

Teacher:

Moskvina Tatyana Alekseevna

Music teacher

MBOU G. Irkutsk Secondary School No. 23

  1. Introduction
  2. Chapter 1. The history of the button accordion
  3. Chapter 2. Chinese roots.
  4. Chapter 3 Why does sound occur?
  5. Chapter 4
  6. Conclusion
  7. Bibliography

Introduction.

Bayan is a Russian folk instrument. This is our history, our achievements and victories inscribed in the history of world culture. And we must know the history of our people and the history of our culture(Slide 2).

Relevance. I myself play the button accordion and I see that many people are interested in this instrument. Many people are playing it now. That is why I chose the subject of the button accordion.

Target - convey to the masses the history of the button accordion.

Tasks:

  1. Tell the story of the creation of the button accordion.
  2. Where did the button accordion come from, its roots.
  3. Consider what types of button accordion are.

Chapter 1. The history of the accordion.

Bayan is a kind of harmonica. It differs from the accordion in the device of the keyboard (instead of the keys - buttons) and some other design details(Slide 3.)

Bayan - a large harmonica with a complex system of frets(Slide 3).

In September 1907, the St. Petersburg craftsman Pyotr Egorovich Sterligov made a musical instrument, on which he had been working for more than two years, for the outstanding harmonist Yakov Fedorovich Orlansky-Titarenko. Orlansky-Titarenko gave this instrument a name in honor of the ancient Russian singer-storyteller Boyan, mentioned in the poem "The Tale of Igor's Campaign", and for the first time began to use it on his posters in early May 1908 in Moscow. The master himself also called this harmonica under the influence of the stories of the workers, who often visited him, about the Bayan cruiser being built by them at the Novo-Admiralteysky Shipbuilding Plant. He jokingly said to the workers: “You are building your own Bayan, but I will build another Bayan - a large improved harmonica!”

Bayan refers to reed keyboard-pneumatic instruments with a full chromatic scale on the right keyboard, basses and ready-made (chord) or ready-chosen accompaniment on the left keyboard.

Keyboard-pneumatic instruments containa special pneumatic device, in other words, a device acting by the force of compressed air. In the button accordion, air is pumped by bellows, it vibrates the elastic metal plates-tongues, which make the sound.

Bayan is a kind of harmonica, which is complemented by a chromatic scale on the keys on the right, basses and chords on the left keyboard.

In Russia, harmonicas began to appear by the 40s of the 19th century ( slide 5). Disputes about the reason for the appearance of harmonicas in Russia are still going on: one version says that rich people bought them abroad, and through servants, harmonicas appeared in the villages. The second version says that the harmonicas could have been made by foreign craftsmen who were assigned to the Tula arms factories.

In Russia, a certain impetus for the spread of the harmonica was the purchase by Ivan Sizov at the Nizhny Novgorod fair in 1830 of a hand harmonica, after which he decided to open a workshop for their manufacture.

Also, by the 40s, handicraft production of harmonicas became widespread.(Slide 6). Especially in Tula, Tver, Novgorod, Vyatka, Vologda provinces. Some harmonics

created in some provinces, were brought to other provinces and there they were modernized by local craftsmen, and then transported further across the country and became more and more widespread.

The representative of one of the first Russian harmonicas is the Tula eight-key harmonica(Slide 7). Her main feature it became that when the same key was pressed, sounds of different tones arose (when the fur was compressed, one, and when the other was unclenched). This harmonica was called "the harmonica of the Russian system." Subsequently, this harmonica was brought to the Vyatka province, where it was improved.

By the 40s of the 19th century, the first factory of Timofey Vorontsov appeared in Tula, which produced 10,000 harmonicas a year. This contributed to the spread of the instrument, and by the middle of the XIX century. the harmonica becomes a symbol of a new folk musical instrument. She is an obligatory participant in all folk festivals and festivities, especially in rural areas.

The first hand harmonica with a full chromatic scale was designed by the Bavrian master Mierwald from the German city of Zieletui in 1891.(Slide 8). Such a harmonica had a full chromatic scale in the range of 4 octaves. The keys of the right keyboard were in three rows. Each key, when unclenching and compressing the fur, gave the same sound. The left keyboard consisted of major triads, but then it was improved: it became three-row (1st row had 12 bass notes. In the second row there were major chords. In the third, there were minor chords.)(Slide 9). Already in 1892, such a harmonica became known in Russia.

Two-row accordion

Chapter 2. "Chinese Roots".

The harmonica originated from an Asian instrument called the shen.(Slide 10).

Shen was known in ancient China. Some scholars believe that sheng is more than two thousand years old. Over time, it was improved, and it was already possible to play it in 12 keys, a special harmony textbook was even made for it.(Slide 11).

The sheng itself consisted of a wooden case and bamboo tubes inserted into it around the circumference, at the bottom of which metal plates with tongues cut into them were attached. The sheng was usually played with chords by pinching a few holes at the bottom of the pipes.

Shen was known in Russia in the X-XIII centuries during the period of the Tatar-Mongol rule. Some researchers argue that the shen went from Asia to Russia (it is known for certain that in the middle of the 18th century in St. Petersburg the court musician and designer Johann Vilde was fond of playing the shen), and then to Europe, where it was improved and became widespread, truly popular throughout Europe with a musical instrument - harmonica.

Shen ↓

Chapter 3

If you take a thin school notebook, squeeze its pages with your lips and blow between them - the notebook will surely “sing”(Slide 12). We squeeze our lips harder and continue to blow - the notebook will “beep” in a thin voice, we loosen our lips - the sound will be lower. Such "music" will surely turn out if you take two ordinary sheets of paper. Why does sound occur?(Slide 13). Because paper pages vibrate, creating sound vibrations in the air. Approximately the same vibrate under the pressure of air and metal plates-tongues inaccordion, button accordion, accordionand harmonica(Slide 14).

All these instruments are similar in structure. Their sound source is oscillating metal tongues fixed on a metal frame. As we already know, these tongues vibrate under the stream of air that occurs when the bellows are compressed and stretched.

tongue ↓

Chapter 4. Varieties of button accordion (Slide 15).

In 1913, P. E. Sterligov made the first in Russia, and possibly in the world, five-row button accordion with two auxiliary rows of buttons in the right keyboard, like a modern button accordion. Following Sterligov, five-row button accordions began to be made by other masters - the Generalov brothers, V. Samsonov and others(Slide 16).

The improvement of the button accordion led to the creation of three of its variants with different accompaniment:

  • Ready - with fixed chords - major and minor triads, seventh chords.
  • Elective - "mirrors" the right keyboard.
  • Ready-elective -combines selective and fixed keyboards.

The ready-to-select type of button accordion is more convenient, but it is more difficult to play it.(Slide 17).

In 1951, Moscow craftsmen Seleznev and Figanov made a multi-timbre four-voice ready-to-select accordion, commissioned by bayanist Yuri Ivanovich Kazakov. Y. Kazakov was an artist who, with his concerts, began the triumphal spread of the button accordion throughout the planet.

Russian craftsmen created a number of varieties of accordion: Tula slide 18) , Saratov, Vologda(Slide 19), Vyatka (Slide 20) and others. There are so many of them that it is difficult to list them all. They are common even now. The accordion is an indispensable member of Russian folk music ensembles.

There were such brands of button accordion as "Rus", "Mir", "Spark", "Ruby", "Etude", "Jupiter", "Tula" and many others(Slide 21-24).

Conclusion.

So, we looked at the history of the button accordion, learned about its Chinese roots, about the varieties of button accordion and answered the question, why does sound occur?(Slide 25).

Bayan is introduced into the educational process at all levels of professional musical education. It is played solo, in ensemble and orchestral groups. A lot of educational and methodical literature and theory for bayan appeared. Many composers write original works for bayan. He is known all over the world.

Bayan is recognized at the level of a "classical" instrument! A. Mirek / From the history of the button accordion / 2002

  • A.S. Klenov. “I know the world: Children's encyclopedia. Music". Moscow, 1998
  • S.I. Ozhegov. Dictionary of the Russian language. Moscow "Russian language", 1984
  • S.V. Istomin. Encyclopedia “I know the world. Music". Astrel. Moscow, 2002
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    Russian folk musical instruments ( MHC lesson Grade 8 "Musical instruments of the peoples of the world" according to the textbook by G. Danilova Samara Region Head: Korshikov V.A. teacher MHK MOU Sidorovskaya OOSh




    The name "balalaika", sometimes found in the form "balabaika", is a folk name, probably given to the instrument in imitation of the strumming, "balakan" of the strings during the game. "Balagat", "joke" in the folk dialect means to chat, empty calls. Russian origin can only be attributed to the triangular outline of the body or body of the balalaika, which replaced the round shape of the domra.


    At first, the balalaika spread mainly in the northern and eastern provinces of Russia, usually accompanying folk dance songs. But already in the middle of the 19th century, the balalaika was very popular in many places in Russia. It was played not only by village boys, but also by serious court musicians, such as Ivan Khandoshkin, I.F. Yablochkin, N.V. Lavrov. However, by the middle of the 19th century, an harmonica was found almost everywhere next to it, which gradually replaced the balalaika.


    Domra is an ancient Russian musical instrument. Scientists suggest that the ancient ancestor of our Russian domra was an Egyptian instrument, which received the name "pandura" from Greek historians, and was in use already several millennia before our time. This instrument, called "tanbur", probably came to us through Persia, which traded with the Transcaucasus.


    Due to their performance capabilities, domras in the orchestra constitute the main melodic group. In addition, domra finds its application as a solo instrument. Concert pieces and works are written for her. Unfortunately, domra is not very popular as a folk instrument in Russia; it is almost never found in villages.


    Gusli Gusli, Russian plucked instrument. Known in two varieties. The first has a pterygoid (triangular in later samples) shape, from 5 to 14 strings tuned in steps of the diatonic scale, the second has a helmet shape and 1030 strings of the same tuning.










    The harmonica originated from an Asian instrument called the shen. Shen in Russia was known for a very long time in the X-XIII centuries during the period of the Tatar-Mongol rule. Some researchers argue that the shen traveled from Asia to Russia, and then to Europe, where it was improved and became a widespread, truly popular musical instrument throughout Europe - the harmonica.


    Contrary to the opinion that the accordion is an invention of German masters, Academician A. M. Mirek managed to prove it Russian origin. Harmonica in modern form- with sliding bellows (pneuma) and with a large number of notched metal tongues inside two side bars - appeared in St. Petersburg. Her father, the Czech engineer Frantisek Kirshnik, then lived in Russia, and demonstrated his new instrument, with a much greater sound power than the sheng, in 1783 to St. Petersburg. He also gave a Czech name to his brainchild: harmonica. But now this name, like "accordion", has become colloquial in Russian. official name this musical instrument is the accordion.




    Bayan is also a Russian invention. In 1907, it was made by Pyotr Sterligov. The master himself did not boast that he had invented a new instrument. And he gave the name of the famous narrator-musician of Ancient Russia Bayan to the new four-row chromatic accordion. This name was inherited by all instruments of this type. The keyboard, invented by the master and located on the right side of the instrument, was called the Sterligov system.


    In our time, composers write original works for the button accordion, up to compositions of large forms of sonatas and concertos. There are bayan playing classes in musical educational institutions, which train qualified accordionists. Bayan remains a folk instrument that has been and continues to be played in folk music.




    The first written evidence of the horn appears in the second half of the 18th century. In them, the horn appears as a widespread, primordially Russian instrument: “This tool was almost invented by the Russians themselves.” The horn is a straight conical tube with five playing holes at the top and one at the bottom. There is a small bell at the lower end, and a glued mouthpiece at the upper end. The total length of the horn ranges from 320 to 830 mm


    The word "zhaleyka" is not found in any ancient Russian written monument. The first mention of a zhaleyka is in the notes of A. Tuchkov dating back to the end of the 18th century. There is reason to believe that the zhaleyka was present before that in the zhaleyka, which is a small tube of willow or elderberry, 10 to 20 cm long, at the upper end of which is inserted a beeper with a single tongue of reed or goose feather, and at the lower end there is a bell made of cow horn or from birch. The tongue is sometimes incised on the tube itself. There are from 3 to 7 playing holes on the barrel, so you can change the pitch of the sound. form of another instrument.




    Svirel is a Russian instrument of the longitudinal flute type. Flutes are mentioned in ancient Greek myths and legends. This type of instrument has existed among different peoples since ancient times. In Europe, in court music-making (XVIII century), its name “longitudinal flute” was strengthened. The flute is a simple wooden (sometimes metal) pipe. It has a beak-shaped whistle device at one end, and a different number of playing holes (usually six) are carved in the middle of the front side. The tool is made of buckthorn, hazel, maple, ash or bird cherry.


    Kugikly (kuvikly) or tsevnitsa is a wind musical instrument, a Russian variety of a multi-barreled flute. As a rule, it consists of three to five hollow tubes of the same diameter, but different lengths from 100 to 160 mm. The upper ends of the tubes are open and the lower ends are closed. Kuvikly are not distributed throughout Russia, but only in the Kursk, Bryansk and Kaluga regions. The sound is extracted by blowing on the edges of the cuts of the open ends located on the same line. Usually flute tubes are firmly fastened together, but cuvikles have distinguishing feature in them, the pipes are not fastened, but freely held in the hand. Use from 2 to 5 tubes. A set of five pipes is called a "pair". A performer playing a “pair” must not only be able to blow into the pipes, but also reproduce the missing notes with his voice.
    The time of occurrence in Russia of spoons as a musical instrument has not yet been established. The first rather detailed information about them appears at the end of the 18th century and testifies to their wide distribution among the peasants. Musical spoons in appearance are not much different from ordinary table wooden spoons, only they are made from harder woods.


    A tambourine is a percussion musical instrument of indefinite pitch, consisting of a leather membrane stretched over a wooden rim. Some varieties of tambourines have metal bells suspended from them, which begin to ring when the performer strikes the membrane of the tambourine, rubs it, or shakes the entire instrument.


    Ratchet is a folk musical instrument, an idiophone that replaces handclaps. Ratchets consist of a set of thin boards (usually oak) cm long. They are interconnected by a dense rope threaded through the holes in the upper part of the boards. To separate the boards between them, small wooden plates about 2 cm wide are inserted at the top. There is no written evidence of whether this instrument was used in Ancient Russia as a musical instrument. At archaeological excavations in Novgorod in 1992, 2 tablets were found, which, according to V. I. Povetkin, were included in the set of ancient Novgorod rattles in the 12th century.


    Russian Birches – Ensemble of Folk Instruments Accent Sentimentos - duet "Bayan-Mix" Einsamer-Hirte - Gheorghe-Zamfir log.nl/etherpiraat/piraten_muziek_2040/index.html V. Vlasov – If the harmonica could do Dmitry Kuznetsov - Svirel. Zhaleyka Rattles Audio Encyclopedia (Folk Instruments)


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