main feature artwork on the historical theme- in the fact that the author organically combines in it the story of the events that actually took place, with the author's fiction. In this regard, the story of N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba" is somewhat unusual: historical events it is not specified in it, moreover, when reading, it is sometimes quite difficult to determine at what time the actions unfold - in the 15th, 16th or 17th century. In addition, none of the heroes is a historical person, including Taras himself. Despite this, since the appearance of the work, it has been considered an epic story, sometimes called a novel. What is the strength and scale of "Taras Bulba"?

History of the creation of the story

The writer's appeal to the theme of the Cossacks was not accidental. A native of the Poltava province, from childhood he had heard a lot about the heroic deed of the people during the struggle against numerous external invaders. Later, when Gogol had already begun to write, such brave and devoted people as Taras Bulba were of particular interest to him. There were many of them in the Sich. Often, former serfs became Cossacks - they found a home and comrades here.

N.V. Gogol studied many sources devoted to this issue, including manuscripts of Ukrainian chronicles, historical studies of Beauplan and Myshetsky. Not satisfied with what he read (in his opinion, they contained meager information, which was not enough to understand the soul of the people), Gogol turned to folklore. and thoughts dedicated to talking about the characteristics of the characters, customs and life of the Cossacks. They gave the writer excellent "live" material, which became an excellent addition to scientific sources, and some storylines in a revised form entered the story.

The historical basis of the story

"Taras Bulba" is a book about free people who inhabited the territory of the Dnieper region in the 16-17th centuries. Their center was the Zaporizhian Sich - its name is due to the fact that it was fortified on all sides by a fence of fallen trees - notches. It had its own way of life and management. Subjected to frequent attacks by the Poles, Turks, Lithuanians, the Cossacks had a very strong, well-trained army. They spent most of their time in battles and military campaigns, and the trophies obtained became the main means of subsistence. It is no coincidence that the rooms in the house where his wife lived alone include numerous signs of the host's camp life.

The year 1596 became fatal for the Ukrainian people, who at that time were under the rule of Lithuanians and Poles. adopted a union about the unification under the authority of the Pope of Rome of two Christian religions: Orthodox and Catholic. The decision made further complicated the difficult relations between the Poles and the Cossacks, which resulted in open military confrontations. Gogol devoted his story to this period.

Image of the Zaporozhian Sich

The main school for the education of persistent, courageous warriors was a special way of life and management, and experienced Cossacks, who more than once showed their prowess in battle, became teachers. One of them was Colonel Taras Bulba. His biography is a story about the formation of a true patriot, for whom the interests and freedom of the fatherland are above all else.

It reminded me of a large republic based on the principles of humanism and equality. Koshevoy was chosen by general decision, usually from among the most deserving. During the battle, the Cossacks had to obey him unconditionally, but in peacetime it was his duty to take care of the Cossacks.

In the Sich, everything was arranged to ensure the life and military campaigns of its inhabitants: all kinds of workshops and forges worked, and cattle were bred. Ostap and Andriy will see all this when Taras Bulba brings them here.

The history of the short existence of the Zaporozhye Republic showed a new way of organizing people's lives, based on brotherhood, unity and freedom, and not on the oppression of the weak by the strong.

The main school for the Cossack - military brotherhood

How the formation of young warriors took place can be judged by the example of the sons of Taras, Ostap and Andriy. They graduated from the bursa, after which their path lay in Zaporozhye. The father meets his sons after a long separation not with hugs and kisses, but with a test of their strength and dexterity on his fists.

The life of Taras Bulba was unpretentious, as evidenced by the feast in honor of the arrival of his sons (“bring ... the whole ram, the goat ... and more burners” - with these words the old Cossack addresses his wife) and sleep in the open, under the open sky.

Ostap and Andriy did not even stay at home for a day, when they set off for the Sich, where the best camaraderie in the world and glorious deeds for their homeland and religion awaited them. Their father was convinced that real school for them, only participation in combat battles can become.

Cossacks

Approaching the Sich, Taras and his sons saw a Cossack sleeping picturesquely in the middle of the road. He sprawled out like a lion and was admired by all. Wide trousers like the sea, proudly tossed forelock (he was certainly left on a shaved head), a good horse - this is what a real Cossack looked like. Not by chance main character The story appeals to his sons with an appeal to immediately change their "demonic" clothes (in which they came from the bursa) to another, worthy of a Cossack. And they really immediately changed in morocco boots, wide trousers, scarlet Cossacks and mutton hats. The image was complemented by a Turkish pistol and a sharp saber. Admiration and pride were caused by the good fellows sitting on glorious stallions from the father.

Historical basis story "Taras Bulba" obliged the author to treat the Cossacks impartially. With all due respect to them and their valor, Gogol truthfully says that sometimes their behavior caused condemnation and misunderstanding. This referred to the riotous and drunken life that they led in between battles, excessive cruelty (for the murder of the criminal, they were buried in the grave along with the victim alive) and a low cultural level.

The power of camaraderie

The main advantage of the Cossacks was that at the moment of danger they could quickly mobilize and act as a single army against the enemy. Their selflessness, partisanism, courage and devotion to the common cause had no boundaries. In the story, Taras Bulba himself proved this more than once. The biography of other prominent warriors, including the experienced Tovkach, Kukubenko, Pavel Gubenko, Mosiy Shilo and the young Ostap, also emphasizes this.

Bulba said well about the unity and main purpose of the Cossacks in his speech on the eve of the decisive battle: “There are no ties holier than camaraderie!” His speech is an expression of great wisdom and holy faith that he and his brethren are defending a just cause. At a difficult moment, the words of Taras encourage the Cossacks, remind them of their sacred duty to protect their comrades, always remember the Orthodox faith and devotion to the motherland. The most terrible thing for a Cossack was betrayal: this was not forgiven to anyone. Taras kills his own son, having learned that because of his love for a beautiful Polish woman, he preferred personal interests to public ones. So the bonds of brotherhood were more important than blood. The fact that this fact corresponded to reality is evidenced by the historical basis of the story.

Taras Bulba - the best representative of the Cossacks

A colonel with a stern character, who went through a glorious military path. A glorious ataman and comrade who could support with an encouraging word and give good advice in difficult times. He had a burning hatred for the enemy who encroached on the Orthodox faith, and did not regret own life for the sake of saving the motherland and their brothers in arms. Accustomed to a free life, was content open field and was absolutely unpretentious in everyday life. This is how Gogol portrays the main character. He spent his whole life in battles and always found himself in the most dangerous place. Weapons, a smoking pipe and the glorious horse of Taras Bulba were his main wealth. At the same time, he could joke and joke, he was satisfied with life.

The hero, disappointed in his youngest son, felt great pride in Ostap. Risking his life, Bulba came to the place of execution to see him for the last time. And when Ostap, who had steadfastly endured deathly torments, called him at the last minute, he expressed his pride, approval and support not only to his son, but to his comrade-in-spirit, comrade-in-arms with one word that made the whole square shudder. Until the end of his life, Taras will grieve for his son and avenge his death. The experience will add to him cruelty and hatred for the enemy, but will not break his will and fortitude.

The story does not contain the usual description of Taras Bulba for the hero, since this is not so important. The main thing is that he has such qualities, thanks to which it was possible to survive in that cruel time.

Hyperbolization of Taras in the execution scene

The characterization of the hero is supplemented by a description of his death, which is largely absurd. The hero is captured, as he bends down to pick up the fallen pipe - even he does not want to give it to the damned enemy. Here Taras resembles a folk hero: a dozen or three people could hardly defeat him.

In the last scene, the author does not describe the pain from the fire that the hero experienced, but his anxiety for the fate of his brothers floating down the river. At the moment of death, he behaves with dignity, remaining true to the main principles of fellowship. Most importantly, he was sure that he had not lived his life in vain. This is what a real Cossack was like.

The significance of the work today

The historical basis of the story "Taras Bulba" is the liberation struggle of the people against the invaders who encroached on their country and faith. Thanks to such strong-willed people as Taras Bulba, his son and comrades, it was possible to defend independence and freedom more than once.

The work of N.V. Gogol and his heroes have become a model of masculinity and patriotism for many, so it will never lose its relevance and significance.

Report grade 7.

Literary critic A.I. Herzen said: “... The stories with which Gogol first spoke are a series of genuinely beautiful pictures depicting the customs and nature of Little Russia - paintings full of gaiety, grace, liveliness and love. The story "Taras Bulba" is included in Gogol's collection called "Mirgorod". “In Mirgorod, he pushed the norm, the high possibility of folk heroism, with the terrible social reality that does not allow this opportunity to come true and vulgarizes a person created, according to Gogol, for great deeds,” wrote literary critic G.A. Gukovsky. The historicism of the story "Taras Bulba" is close to folklore: creating such a historical work, Gogol not only carefully studied documentary and historical materials (chronicles, memoirs, research), but also folklore works. Without downplaying the role of historical materials, the priority should still be given to folklore sources.

The writer focuses on the era of the national liberation struggle of the Ukrainian people and heroic characters, rather than specific events and real historical figures. The writer did not strive for actual accuracy. Hence the conventionality of the chronological data reported in Taras Bulba.

Taras Bulba was a native "Cossack" who lived in Ukraine. In those distant times, Ukraine was captured by Polish and Lithuanian knights. Some wealthy residents of Ukraine went over to the side of the invaders. Taras Bulba and other patriots of their homeland organized the Zaporozhian Sich and fought against the invaders. Taras Bulba "was created for abusive alarm." He had a very difficult character. Everything testified to this: the decoration of his room, his attitude towards his wife, his behavior in battle. Taras had two adult sons: Ostap and Andriy. When the sons arrived from the bursa (lyceum, school), Taras decided to take them to the Sich. “They will be real Cossacks,” Taras told his friends. The next day Taras took his sons to the Sich.

The image of the warrior people in the story is inextricably linked with the image of the working people. “Modern foreigners then rightly marveled at his extraordinary abilities. There was no craft that the Cossack did not know: to smoke wine, equip a cart, grind gunpowder, do blacksmith, locksmith work and, in addition to that, walk recklessly - all this was on his shoulder. The writer does not resort to any means of embellishing, softening, obscuring the features of the era, the severity and fubost war. The historicism of Gogol's thinking, which was reflected in the artist's ability, noted by Belinsky, to express the content concisely, within the framework of a small story whole era, is also manifested in the fact that the author of "Taras Bulba" seeks to explain all aspects of the era he depicts by itself, its features and conditions. Here comes the high objectivity of the historical artist, only in the presence of which he has the right to his own, subjective attitude towards the people and events of his favorite era. Gogol depicts all the greatness and heroism of the people's liberation war and wholly, unconditionally joins the people. Belinsky characterized the meaning of "Taras Bulba", pointing out that the author "has exhausted in it the whole life of historical Little Russia and in the wondrous artistic creation forever imprinted her spiritual image: so the sculptor captures the features of a person in marble and gives them immortal life...". Gogol took the history of the Ukrainian people at the moment of its high rise, at such a moment when, just as it happens in the decisive moments of a person's life, the whole character of the people is tested. The artist-historian captured the heroic folk character.

The story is imbued with high poetry of the indissoluble brotherhood of the Russian and Ukrainian peoples. The protagonist himself is a living embodiment of this brotherhood. Being an epic image of a wide generalizing historical significance, Taras Bulba incorporates many of the best features of the historical figures of the national liberation movements of different periods Ukrainian history- valiant warriors, smart politicians, passionate patriots who led the Ukrainian people along the only possible path for them to save their nationality: along the path of an inseparable alliance with Russia and the Russian people. Only in this union could the Ukrainian people hope to preserve their national identity. The speech of Bogdan Khmelnitsky addressed to the Cossacks provided Gogol with material for the speech of Taras Bulba, which he delivers before the battle. Ukraine then faced a historical dilemma - either to be conquered by gentry Poland and Sultan Turkey, or to pass under the rule of Russia. Poland was feudally backward in terms of state, the royal power could not overcome the confusion, centrifugal forces prevailed. The Polish gentry was a cruel enemy of the Ukrainian people. The Muscovite state had reached centralization by that time. The historical pathos of "Taras Bulba" lies in the approval of the union of Ukraine with Moscow as the only way possible for the Ukrainian people. Taras's patriotism, his love for Ukraine are inseparable from his consciousness of brotherhood with the Russian people, the great protector of the Ukrainian people.

The very people of Ukraine, the peasant, oppressed by the bars, enduring double oppression - from the Polish and "their" pans, indignant at the low betrayal of the top of the domestic gentry, who went to "Polonization", servile before the Polish magnates in order to please self-serving class interests - the people of Ukraine with all their heart strove for an alliance with the Russian people. And Taras Bulba expresses this popular aspiration. The Zaporozhye Cossacks gloriously fought for the independence and honor of the Ukrainian people, and for the integrity and power of the Russian state. This reinforces the motif of the brotherhood of the Russian and Ukrainian peoples in Taras Bulba. The character of the struggling people is the main thing that attracts the author. The historical action performed by the people is profound, profound, and the characters of the people participating in this historical action are profound and fundamental. "... Stop, stop! .." interrupted the koschevoi, who until now had been standing with his eyes fixed on the ground, like all the Cossacks, who in important matters never gave in to the first impulse, but were silent and meanwhile in silence copulated the formidable force of indignation .. ............. There were no longer any unrest of the frivolous people: all the heavy and strong characters were agitated, which did not quickly heat up, but, having heated up, stubbornly and for a long time kept their inner heat ... ".

Questions about the report:

1) What historical events formed the basis of N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba"

2) Are the main characters of the story N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba" historical figures or fictional characters? What is important for a writer?

3) How is the people depicted in the story "Taras Bulba"?

4) Why is the story of N.V. Gogol's "Taras Bulba" should be considered historical?

Development of a lesson in literature for grade 7.

Topic : The historical and folklore basis of the story of N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba".

Goals:

    Educational : to introduce students to the historical basis of the story "Taras Bulba"; to give an idea of ​​the difference between the historical truth and the artistic tasks of the writer, to show the relevance and modernity of this topic, using technical means in the lesson;

    Educational : the ability to rely on the laws of the genre in the process of comprehending the author's intention; elaborately substantiate judgments, select arguments to confirm one's own position; development of analytical communication skills of students;

    Educational: education of culture of speech, culture of feelings; respect for Russian literature, cultures of other peoples.

    Corrective: development of monologue and dialogic speech, stability of attention, observation, ability to switch, entry into activity, expansion of the range of ideas about the surrounding life, development of the emotional sphere (music, listening to text performed by actors, etc.)

During the classes.

So here it is - Sech! This is the nest from which those proud and strong, like lions, fly out! This is where the will and the Cossacks spill over to the whole Ukraine!

I. Organization of students for the lesson. Performing complex exercises (relaxation, quietly playing music).

    Relax, don't stress.

    Gently, slowly, straighten your back without effort.

    Close your eyes, gently closing your eyelids without squeezing them.

    FROM eyes closed only look straight ahead. It is easy to hold the head, without tension and effort.

    Do not strain your neck, perform slight tilts of the head: forward to the chest - 3 times, throw back - 3 times, to the right shoulder - 3 times, to the left shoulder - 3 times.

    Shoulders are down, arms and legs are relaxed.

Now we need to relieve fatigue, tension. And most importantly, try not to think about anything, so that our lesson goes in a new way for each of us, calmly, interestingly, without boredom and fatigue.

II. Preparation for the perception of the topic.

Today we are conducting an unusual lesson, integrated, in which two academic subjects will interact: literature and history. We will conduct it on the material of N.V. Gogol's story "Taras Bulba". You were given an advanced task: to collect material about the historical and folklore sources of the story.

We divided the class into groups (tablets on the desks:historians, ethnographers, literary critics ). Vocabulary work:An ethnographer is a specialist in ethnography. Ethnography is a science that studies the features of life, customs, culture of a people.

Have each group formulate goals.

III. Work on new material and implementation of individual tasks.

Communication of the goals of each group.

Historians: our goal is to characterize the era of the period of the middle of the 17th century, to tell about the historical basis of the story "Taras Bulba".

Ethnographers: we will talk about the life, rituals and customs of people who lived in that distant time.

Literary critics: our goal is to show how this era is reflected in a work of art.

We will help answer your questions.

(Questions pop up on the screen)

    Why did the writer turn to such old times? How and why did Gogol use historical events in his story?(historians)

    What time do the events depicted by Gogol in the story "Taras Bulba" belong to? Did they really happen?(historians)

    Who are the Cossacks? Why are they called Cossacks?(ethnographers)

    What are the customs and laws of the Zaporozhian Sich?(ethnographers)

    What artistic means does N.V. Gogol use when depicting the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks?(literary scholars)

    Is there a similarity between Taras Bulba, the Cossacks and the heroes of epics? ?(literary scholars)

Student messages.

Historians:

    Interest in Ukrainian history arose from Gogol in 1833-1834. He was going to write a scientific work on the history of Ukraine. This work was not created, but the materials related to the life of the Cossacks were used by the writer in his work on "Taras Bulba" and the topics that were developed in the story were outlined: the theme of the struggle of the Ukrainian people with enemies, the dream of a just social order, the image folk life, theme of liberty, freedom. For the story "Taras Bulba" Gogol used essays on the history, life and customs of the Ukrainian Cossacks, relied on folklore ... But Gogol used Ukrainian songs even more for this story. The whole story is imbued with the spirit of these songs, its style is completely songlike, and the text directly asks to be transcribed into epic verse. I think turning to the past helped to understand what is happening in the present and predict the future.

    The events depicted by Gogol date back to the time of the liberation movement in UkraineXV- XVIIcenturies. The Polish gentry, the Turks, capturing and selling people into captivity, the Tatar hordes - the Ukrainian Cossacks fought with all of them. Defense of national dependence, state independence was often inseparable from the struggle for faith, for the establishment of the Orthodox Church.

Mongol invasion of the middleXIIIcentury led to the final collapse of the old Kievan Rus. The lands in the east were under the yoke of the Horde khans, and the lands in the west were under the rule of the Lithuanian princes, and partly became part of the Polish kingdom. In 1569, Lithuania and Poland united to form the Commonwealth. In 1596, in the city of Brest-Litovsk, a union (union) of the Orthodox and Catholic churches was concluded, according to which the Orthodox population of the Commonwealth was to recognize the supreme authority of the Pope. However, a significant part of the Ukrainian population did not want to go for it. The persecution of those who refused to accept the union began. So by the endXVIcentury, the mass of the Ukrainian population began to perceive the Polish Catholic gentry as their main enemy. In Ukraine, one after another, uprisings began to break out. The main force in them were UkrainianCossacks. Find in the text of chapter 1 of the story the features of historical time. What is the lexical range that conveys the atmosphere of the time and the situation that determines the fate of people? (p. 70). (verbs: was devastated, scorched, enveloped in flames, etc., epithets: primitive Russia (indomitable, wide)). Page 176.

Conclusion: it was a time of historical catastrophe, changing the past way of life, forming new qualities of a person's character.

Taras was one of the indigenous, old colonels: he was all created for abusive anxiety and was distinguished by the rude directness of his temper. Then the influence of Poland was already beginning to appear on the Russian nobility. Many adopted already Polish customs, started luxury, magnificent servants. Taras didn't like it. He loved the simple life of the Cossacks and quarreled with those of his comrades who were inclined towards the Warsaw side, calling them serfs of the Polish lords. Restless forever, he considered himself the legitimate defender of Orthodoxy. Arbitrarily entered the villages, where they only complained about the harassment of tenants and the increase in new duties on smoke (from each hut).

Visual gymnastics.

Ethnographers:

    Cossacks then they called free people who lived in the steppe and did not obey the state and its laws. Some Cossacks lived along the southern borders of the Muscovite state (on the Don and Yaik rivers), others settled on the southern borders of what was then Poland (on the Dnieper River). The Zaporizhian Sich was the center of the Dnieper Cossacks. It was called so because it was located behind the impenetrable Dnieper rapids and was surrounded by notches (fortifications made of fallen trees). A “Cossack republic” was formed here.Features of the life and character of the Cossacks are already shown in the first chapter. . How Bulba himself chose the best decorations for his children (P. 178-179), interior and everyday details: description of Bulba's room (P. 173: “weapons are in the most visible place, and expensive glass and metal products are located in the third -the fourth row of shelves. Everything in the room is connected with the anxious, nomadic life of the owner. Conclusion: The need to always be on guard, ready to go on a campaign at any moment. He considers military affairs to be the main thing, in peacetime he fell in love with revelry), "sleeping in the yard" (open space acts as a means of depicting a hero-hero in epic traditions; the motive of will accompanies the narrative throughout the development of the action: the steppe (landscape) (nature acts as a means of depicting a broad Russian character: “green-golden ocean”, “virgin emptiness”, “ immeasurable waves of plants ", etc.; whip, unprotected by anything, the main events take place on open space, dislike for closed space, settled way of life), the physical appearance of the Cossacks ("hefty", "lion", "knights"), revelry, dancing).

    The Cossacks themselves chose and removed their chieftains themselves, did not recognize the orders of the Polish king and independently made campaigns against the Crimean Tatars and Turkey, returning the prisoners captured by the Krymchaks to their homeland and bringing rich booty. Military service in the Sich is not coercion, but voluntary service to one's fatherland. The most important thing for them is a sense of camaraderie. The Sich punishes severely for violation of its laws, the laws of a free people (for theft, for non-payment of a debt, for murder). The usual state of Zaporozhye is continuous battles. The Cossacks instantly go from frenzied revelry, gaiety to a readiness to fight not for life, but for death.(Chapter 3).

    The anthem of the Russian Cossacks sounds.

Literary critics:

    Gogol set himself tasks not so much historical as epic, which is why "Taras Bulba" is not historical story but a heroic epic.

Masterfully depicting the life of the Zaporozhye Cossacks and the Cossacks themselves, Gogol uses this artistic medium howartistic detail - detail interior, landscape, appearance of the hero, his speech, which helps to better understand the image or idea of ​​the work. I also drew attention to the accuracy, concreteness of the image of natural phenomena, to the variety colors, music of the steppe.

Visual and expressive means: epithets, comparisons, metaphors, personification, hyperbole (examples). Hyperbole is a trope typical of epic genre. The author makes extensive use of hyperbole to enhance the impression, to sharpen the image. The powerful, strong characters depicted by Gogol correspond to the characters of epic folk heroes.

The artist I. Repin also agreed with Gogol. Repin worked on this painting for more than 13 years and did not love any of his paintings as much as he did "Zaporozhtsev". Compare: N.V. Gogol worked on the story for 9 years. What does it say? What is the consonance of a long work on the works of the artist and the writer. This suggests that both artists gave great importance to their works. Both the writer Gogol and the artist Repin depicted in them their people, which they were proud of and captured, saw in the Cossacks courageous and cheerful people, their ancestors and like-minded people.What is the similarity between Repin's painting and Gogol's story in the depiction of the Zaporozhian Cossacks?

Canvas "Cossacks, writing a letter Turkish Sultan" - one of the most significant historical works Repin - was written in 1878-1891. The picture describes a historical fact when, in response to the proposal of the Turkish Sultan Mahmud IV to go to his service, the Cossacks compose a message full of mocking mockery and a daring challenge.

Despite its dynamism, the composition of the canvas is very balanced. In the foreground of the canvas, we see Zaporozhye Cossacks gathered at a hastily knocked together table to write their message. The painter "cuts off" some of the figures, allowing the viewer to mentally "push" the frame of the canvas. In the background, against the backdrop of a wide steppe, a tent city, bonfires ...

There is no main character in the picture; a huge number of Cossacks are represented here. Each image is colorful in its own way, each has exceptional expressiveness and individuality, and each is like a real hero and as if descended from the pages of Gogol's Taras Bulba. Accessories are superbly written - weapons, costumes, pipes, flasks for wine, Ukrainian bandura ... And how much in the plot and in compositional solution pictures of ingenuity, folk humor, taste!

The Cossacks huddled together around the table, composing their message. The smiling clerk, slyly squinting, scribbles bold words on a sheet of paper that his comrades suggest to him. Passions boil, emotions literally splash out on the viewer. And the canvas sparkles with unbridled joy, laughter is heard far across the steppe - from a thin giggle to thunderous laughter. In this casual communication of the Cossacks on the eve of the battle - the prowess and heroic spirit of the Cossacks, their independence, solidarity and the great strength of camaraderie.

In "The Cossacks" the artist depicts the people in all their greatness, strength, invincibility and affirms the democratic ideals of freedom, universal brotherhood, equality.

IV. Reflection. What have you learned?

What makes people so different? Why do bright, strong and beautiful people, and in another small, insignificant? The harsh era described by Gogol in the story put forward the corresponding heroes - strong, courageous, selfless, warlike people who despised warmth and comfort, accustomed to free Cossack life, to fierce battles, battles. These people consider comradeship and brotherhood based on faith and patriotism to be the main value in human relations. It is in the past that Gogol sees spiritually free and powerful people. But can they be real? This is a question the writer asks himself and the reader. Showing what people were like, Gogol inspires us with the idea: the heroes of the Zaporizhzhya Sich are a high ideal, but every person who lives later has enough worthy qualities to get closer to this ideal. So, this is a work about the past, present and future. That is why many works about this era are now forgotten, and the story "Taras Bulba" has become one of classical works Russian literature.

“Here were those,” writes Gogol in Taras Bulba, “who hitherto considered a chervonets to be wealth.” The poor man, yesterday's slave, became here not only the master of his fate, but also a person who was responsible for the fate of the entire people. And the way of life, and the administrative structure, and the nature of the relationship between people - everything was unusual and peculiar in the Sich. It was an armed camp. There lived people young and old, but without families. In between military campaigns, they were sometimes engaged in agriculture, and most often in hunting and fishing. Severe discipline reigned here, especially in the campaign. Each community (kuren) was headed by an elected kuren ataman, who was subordinate to the elected chief of the Kosh, or community, the kosh ataman. Such was the administrative structure of the Sich. The Zaporizhzhya army consisted of regiments, in turn subdivided into hundreds and tens.

In the XIV century Ukraine was captured by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The continuously growing Polish gentry, for their part, tried not only to tear Ukraine away, but also to enslave Lithuania at the same time. With fire and sword the gentry tried to conquer and Polish the Ukrainian people. Everywhere in Ukraine, the Polish administration was planted. It grossly violated the national dignity of the people, insulted their religious beliefs, culture and customs. Polish gentry flooded Ukraine, "like black gloom", according to folk song. In 1588, the so-called "land cadastre" was introduced, which secured the right to own land only for the gentry and took away this right from the peasants. Huge possessions of Polish magnates were formed in Ukraine. They seized the lands along with the people who lived on them. The peasants fiercely resisted the panshchina and fled to the south of Ukraine, to the Zaporozhye region, which in the 16th century became the center of the Cossack freemen. Here, in the lower reaches of the Dnieper, flocked all those who "have not become accustomed to slave service." This is how the Cossacks arose. Gogol beautifully said: "He was knocked out of the people's chest by the flint of troubles." Contempt for wealth, courage, will, indomitable energy, love of freedom, patriotism - these are the character traits of these people.

Introductory lesson on the novel by N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba"

Epoch and heroes: the historical basis of the story "Taras Bulba"

Grade: 7

Goals:

Deepen knowledge about the life and work of N.V. Gogol;

To acquaint with the historical basis of the story "Taras Bulba";

Determine the ideological component of the work.

Equipment: interactive whiteboard, a computer.

During the classes

  1. Organizing time
  2. Repetition of the previous topic

Reception "Islands"

Fill in the "islands" by inserting the appropriate words and phrases.

"Song about (...) the merchant Kalashnikov" is a historical __________, written in folklore tradition. Lermontov chooses the form _____________ for the work to add credibility to the plot.

The writer shows the harsh era of the king ______________________________. During his reign, the country was divided into two parts - ________________________ and _____________________________. On the territory of ________________________ there were ancient state institutions, which, according to ______________________________, prevented him from ruling. On the territory of ________________________________, these institutions did not have power. Representatives of the royal retinue, devoted to the king and located in this territory, were called ____________________. They had full power in both destinies and special differences: clothes of _____________________ colors and heads attached to the saddles of ___________________, which were a symbol of ________________________, and brooms, which meant that all traitors __________________ from the Muscovite state. _________________________ were favorites of the king and could commit robberies and murders with impunity.
  1. Conversation

Guys, why do you think during the study of "Songs about (...) Merchant Kalashnikov" we first talked about the historical basis of the work?

It is true, therefore, we will also begin the study of the story "Taras Bulba" with an acquaintance with the era about which Gogol wrote.

4. Short message students about the biography and work of N.V. Gogol (two speakers, implementation of individual homework)

1. Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol was born in the town of Velikie Sorochintsy, Mirgorodsky district, Poltava province, in the family of a landowner. They named him Nicholas in honor of the miraculous icon of St. Nicholas, which was kept in the church of the village of Dikanka.

Gogol, together with his brother Ivan, studied at the Poltava district school, and then entered the gymnasium of higher sciences in Nizhyn. Here he paints, participates in performances - as a decorator and as an actor, and with particular success performs comic roles. Tries himself in various literary genres(writes elegiac poems, tragedies, historical poem, story).

2. However, the idea of ​​writing has not yet "come into mind" Gogol, all his aspirations are connected with the "state service", he dreams of a legal career.

In St. Petersburg, Gogol wrote his first stories. "Evenings on a farm near Dikanka" is admired by everyone. Gogol becomes a famous writer.

The top of Gogol's fiction is the "Petersburg story" "The Nose". The story “Taras Bulba” acted as a contrast in relation to both the provincial and metropolitan world, capturing that moment of the national past, when the Cossacks, defending their sovereignty, acted as a whole, together and, moreover, as a force that determined the nature of common European history.

  1. Work on the topic of the lesson. Teacher's lecture, historical commentary on the story

Today we have to find out what is the historical basis of the story "Taras Bulba" and who are the Zaporozhye Cossacks. You will have to present the lecture in a notebook in the form of a diagram.

Let's start from afar. In the 13th century, the Mongol invasion led to the final collapse of Kievan Rus.

The collapse of Kievan Rus

The teacher shows on the map (slide)

The eastern lands were under the yoke of the Horde khans, and the western lands were under the rule of the Lithuanian princes.

Mid 13th century - Mongol invasion

The collapse of Kievan Rus

The population of Poland and Lithuania were Catholics, and most of Ukraine and Belarus were Orthodox.

1596 - a union was concluded in Brest-Litovsk

(i.e. unification) of the Orthodox and

catholic church

The Ukrainian population refuses

accept Catholicism

The Poles began to persecute those who

Refused to accept union

Because of these events, the Ukrainian population began to perceive the Polish gentry as the main enemies. In order to protect national independence and religion, uprisings were organized, the main force of which were the Cossacks.

Some Cossacks lived along the southern borders of the Moscow State, on the Don and Yaik rivers, and some settled on the southern borders of Poland, on the Dnieper River. The center of the latter was the Zaporozhian Sich. In the Sich there was a church, outbuildings, living quarters - kurens, and its own rules and laws acted on its territory. Thus, the Zaporizhzhya Sich was a kind of "Cossack state".

Life of the "Cossack Republic"

  • the Cossacks themselves chose and removed their chieftains themselves;
  • did not recognize the orders of the Polish king;
  • independently made campaigns against the Crimean Tatars and Turkey;
  • women were not allowed into the Sich.

The story takes place in the 15th century.However, the events described in the story must have taken place either at the end of the 16th or in the first half of the 17th century. Gogol deliberately chooses a different time period, since he did not have the goal of depicting genuine historical facts or real historical figures.

The idea of ​​the work is to show the true defenders of the Christian faith and the Orthodox Church, true patriots, brave fighters for national independence. In the second edition of the story, the writer also emphasized the idea of ​​the unity of the Russian and Ukrainian people.

  1. Fixing the material

Reception "Telegram"

Write a message on the telegram forms, briefly talking about what you learned in today's lesson.

Mid 13th century - the Mongol invasion, the collapse of Kievan Rus 1569 - Lithuania and Poland united into the state of the Commonwealth 1596 - a union (i.e. union) of the Orthodox and Catholic churches was concluded in Brest-Litovsk Ukrainian population refuses to accept Catholicism Poles began persecution of those who refused to accept union

TO late XVI century, the mass of the Ukrainian population began to perceive the Polish Catholic gentry * as their main enemy. * Gentry, gentry - Polish nobles.

end of the 16th century - uprisings break out in Ukraine. The main force in them is the Ukrainian Cossacks*. * Cossacks are free people who lived in the steppe and did not obey the state and its law.

The Cossacks lived along the southern borders of the Moscow State, on the Don and Yaik rivers they settled on the southern borders of Poland, on the Dnieper River

The center of the Dnieper Cossacks is the Zaporizhzhya Sich * * It was called so because it was located behind the impenetrable Dnieper rapids and was surrounded by notches (fortifications made of fallen trees). with a kind of "Cossack republic"

The life of the “Cossack Republic” was chosen by the Cossacks and removed their chieftains themselves; did not recognize the orders of the Polish king; independently made campaigns against the Crimean Tatars and Turkey; women were not allowed into the Sich.

The story takes place in the 15th century. The events described in the story must have taken place either at the end of the 16th or in the first half of the 17th century. Gogol deliberately chooses a different time period, since he did not have the goal of depicting true historical facts or real historical figures.

The idea of ​​the work is to show the true defenders of the Christian faith and the Orthodox Church, brave fighters for national independence. In the second edition of the story, the writer emphasized the idea of ​​the unity of the Russian and Ukrainian people.