Gogol, Dostoevsky, Pushkin - the works of all these writers and poets are studied in schools, they are considered great. However, during their lifetime, not all of them could boast of worldwide fame and high income. We learned how much the nineteenth century writers received and what kind of life they could afford with this money.

Nikolay Gogol

Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol often wrote letters from St. Petersburg to his mother. In December 1829, he sent her a report on his expenses in St. Petersburg. The writer spent more than a hundred rubles a month, receiving as an official only four hundred rubles a year. It is clear from the report that without the help of his mother, Gogol would not have survived in the big city.

“To live here is not quite like a pig, that is, to have cabbage soup and porridge once a day, is incomparably more expensive than they thought. We pay eighty rubles a month for an apartment, for walls, firewood and water only. It consists of two small rooms and the right to use the master's kitchen. Food supplies are not cheap either,” he wrote to his mother.

Alexander Pushkin

Alexander Sergeevich received his first fee of 1,500 rubles for the poem Ruslan and Lyudmila. With every next work The poet's income increased. For "Eugene Onegin" he received 5400 rubles, and for a collection of poems eight thousand rubles.

The poet did not deny himself anything, at first he rented a nine-room apartment near the English Embankment in St. Petersburg for 2,500 rubles a year, then he moved to twelve rooms for 3,300 rubles a year. Last years Pushkin's family lived in the mezzanine of a house on the Moika for 4,300 rubles a year. He spent 3,500 rubles a year on food and maintenance of servants and 3,600 rubles a year for four horses. For all 17 years of literary activity, he earned almost 23 million rubles in modern money. If Pushkin lived now, he would receive 112 thousand rubles a month.

Mikhail Lermontov

When the noble family of the Lermontovs fell into decline, the writer was saved by his fees. They were relatively small, but sufficient for the life of a nobleman. For example, for the "Hero of Our Time" Lermontov received 1,500 rubles.

Fedor Dostoevsky

During his lifetime, Fedor Mikhailovich was not recognized as a writer of world significance. His fees were small compared to many other writers. For example, for "The Idiot" he received 7,000 rubles. A lot of money, but not enough to buy your own house.

Ivan Turgenev

Ivan Sergeevich lived either in Russia or abroad: he was a frequent visitor to Paris, Germany, Austria and Italy. However, the writer always returned to his homeland: to the hereditary estate of Spasskoe-Lutovinovo, 10 km from Mtsensk, Oryol province.

On average, Ivan Sergeevich earned about 4,000 rubles per work. The cult novel "Fathers and Sons" brought Turgenev 4,775 rubles. According to researchers, this amount would be enough for 30 carts, a box of Bohemian glass, one hundred double blankets and a whole wardrobe of clothes.

Lev Tolstoy

One of the richest writers of that time was Leo Tolstoy. For example, for "Anna Karenina" he received a huge fee - 20 thousand rubles. With this money it was possible to buy a house in Moscow, an oak grove in Ryazan and all the necessary furniture.

For one of the subsequent novels, Resurrection, the writer received 21,915 rubles, which would allow him to buy another large house and live in it without denying himself anything.

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The Medieval Passion of Walter Scott

The ancestor of the historical novel, Walter Scott, was born in the Scottish city of Edinburgh in 1771. All his life the writer limped on one leg (the consequences of childhood paralysis). After studying law, Walter Scott went to work in his father's law office.

Possessing a phenomenal memory, Walter Scott from an early age was fond of the Middle Ages and the works of ancient authors. At the beginning of his legal career, the future writer traveled extensively around the country in search of various old ballads and legends about Scottish heroes.

At first, Scott's creativity manifested itself in writing poetry, novels in verse, but then he switched his interest to prose. Walter Scott, being a magnificent artist, like no one else could breathe life into events covered with the dust of time. The famous name of Walter Scott was made by his poems "Rockby", "Lady of the Lake" and "Song of the Last Minstrel". These works, dedicated to the beloved Middle Ages, were an unprecedented success among the author's contemporaries.

The historical past of England is reflected in such novels by Walter Scott as Ivanhoe, Woodstock, The Abbot and many others. First historical work, written by a Scottish writer in the prose genre, is the novel Waverley, or Sixty Years Ago. This work opened a cycle of novels devoted to a historical theme (the so-called Waverley cycle), which remain popular in our time. Walter Scott died of apoplexy in 1832.

Unstoppable in the manifestation of feelings - Honore de Balzac

The great French writer - Honore de Balzac, was born in 1799 in the French city of Tours in a peasant family. Like many other famous writers, Balzac, at the request of his father, had to become a lawyer. However, the future writer abandoned law, devoting himself to literature.

By nature, Balzac has always been distinguished by an uncontrollable manifestation of feelings for literally everything that surrounded him. If he loved, then for life, if he hated, then completely and completely. The writer was known as a maximalist in everything. He believed that he would certainly become great and famous. Basically, that's what happened.

Balzac's path to glory was long and thorny. At first, he wrote some rather mediocre works, looking for exactly the topic that would be given to him best. As a result of a long search, fame finally came to him after the publication of the work Shagreen Skin. Further, the author, with amazing swiftness, wrote all his most famous works: "Shine and Poverty of Courtesans", "Dark Matter", "Lust of the Atheist", "Museum of Antiquities" and many others. These works were written by Balzac in a short time. There were legends about his ability to work almost non-stop.

Balzac is a recognized master of the adventure novel. His whole life consisted of a series of adventures. He easily got into debt, invested in illusory financial projects, burned out and repeated all over again. In 1850, a severe heart disease cut short the life of the famous writer.

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin - a treasure of Russian literature

The most famous Russian poet and writer, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, was born in Moscow in 1799. The writer comes from an ancient noble family, whom Pushkin himself was incredibly proud of and often sang in his poems. In addition, Pushkin's maternal great-grandfather, the African Abram Petrovich Gannibal (the prototype of the protagonist of the writer's famous work, Peter the Great's Moor), was also a source of pride for Pushkin.

Alexander Sergeevich was quite famous among the Russian aristocracy of the 19th century. The age in which he lived, in our time, is rightfully the golden age of Russian literature. The writer was friends with many famous personalities - Prince Vyazemsky, Nashchokin, Pushchin, Zhukovsky, this is not the whole list of people who were proud of their friendship with Pushkin.

Much has been written about Pushkin. His ability to skillfully play with words, erecting monumental works from them, can leave few people indifferent. The writer became famous for many prose works - "The Shot", "The Queen of Spades", "The Young Lady Peasant Woman", a large number of poems - "Prisoner of the Caucasus", "Ruslan and Lyudmila", "The Bronze Horseman", as well as a huge number of poems. During his short life (the poet was killed in a duel at the age of 37 in 1837), Pushkin managed to write many works that are rightfully considered one of the best in world literature.

The romantic nature of Victor Hugo

Victor Marie Hugo, one of France's most revered writers, was born in Besançon in 1802. The writer lived almost the entire 19th century, but he devoted himself to literature only after his retirement after engaging in political activities. During the reign of Napoleon III, Hugo was forced to leave France due to differences of opinion with the ruling party. Speaking against the oppression of the people, the writer lived in exile for more than 20 years.

By nature, Victor Hugo was a convinced romantic, believing that the freedom of a person and his convictions should be valued above all else. The writer fiercely opposed the humiliation of his people, calling for the erection of the rights and freedoms of every person on a pedestal.

The main work in the life of Victor Hugo is his novel Les Misérables, on which the author worked for thirty years. The writer himself attached great importance to this novel, believing that such works are designed to rebuild society.

The second, no less famous work of Hugo, is rightfully considered the novel "The Cathedral Notre Dame of Paris". The author's contemporaries highly appreciated this work, but few could have imagined that in the image of Quasimodo the author personified the oppressed and despised French people.

The famous writer lived a life full of all sorts of events. Victor Hugo died in 1885.

Adventurer Alexandre Dumas (father)

Distinguished by a powerful physique and a penchant for adventure, Alexandre Dumas was born in 1802 in a small Parisian town - Villers-Cotres. Having lost his father early, Alexander was too independent and had an unbridled character. He refused to submit to any discipline, often wandered through the forests, and got into various adventures.

Alexandre Dumas decided to devote his life to literature after seeing a production of Shakespeare's Hamlet. Deciding to take Paris by storm, Dumas, with virtually no money in his pocket, went to the capital. Alexander did not have eminent patrons, he did not know what genres are divided into literary works. All he had was a great desire to write and an assertive, fame-hungry character. For the first six years of living in Paris without money and any assistants, Dumas managed to find a calling and gain fame.

The first half of his literary life the writer dedicated to the theatre. The plays he wrote made it possible to talk about Dumas as an outstanding playwright. Later, Alexandre Dumas wrote several historical novels that brought him worldwide fame - The Count of Monte Cristo, The Three Musketeers, Queen Margo, The Iron Mask and others.

Possessing a good sense of humor, Alexandre Dumas did not part with a good mood even on the verge of death. The author of countless novels died in 1870.

The great "storyteller" - Hans Christian Andersen

The famous friend of the children of the whole world - Hans Christian Andersen, was born in 1805 in the small town of Odense, located in Denmark. A boy from an ordinary family of a shoemaker and a laundress surprised everyone with his knowledge of Shakespeare's sonnets. Andersen had an incredible imagination, and by nature he was a sophisticated and emotional person.

Having moved to Copenhagen in his youth, Andersen unsuccessfully tried to get into the theater troupe. Leaving these attempts, the future writer writes his first play. In vain trying to convince the theatergoers to put her on stage, Andersen, nevertheless, accepts their offer to study at school for free (Hans' family was so poor that they could not pay for their son's studies).

Andersen gained fame only in 1829, when the first story of the writer was published - “A walking trip from the Holmen Canal to the eastern tip of Amager”. Only a few years later, Andersen, having received a monetary allowance from the king, will be able to fulfill his dream of traveling abroad and, as a result, become the author of fairy tales that glorified him throughout the world. For a long time the writer will try to become famous as a novelist and playwright, but everyone will perceive him only as a writer of fantastic stories. Few people know that Andersen despised and hated his fairy tales that made him famous. The great storyteller died in his sleep in 1875.

One of the most mysterious and controversial personalities of the 19th century, Edgar Allan Poe, was born in 1809 in the American city of Boston. At an early age, the boy was left an orphan, his father left the family immediately after the birth of Edgar, and his mother died when the future writer was about three years old. Edgar Allan Poe was raised by a wealthy merchant, who later moved to live in England. Growing up, Poe quarreled with his mentor and returned to Boston. There, with the last money, he publishes the first book of his poems. Left without a penny in his pocket, the writer is forced to enroll in military service. Further, Edgar Poe works in various publications, publishes his poems, but this activity does not bring him either money or fame. Poe's life began to improve only after he moved to Philadelphia, where he got a job as a magazine editor. During his work, he publishes two volumes of prose "Grotesques and Arabesques", as well as a large number of literary critical articles.

Subsequently, Poe moved to live in New York, where he published the poem "The Raven", which made him famous. Following this, Edgar Allan Poe begins to pursue a series of failures. His beloved wife Virginia dies, the publishing house where the writer works is closed. All this leaves an imprint on the mind of Poe. He begins to take opium, became addicted to alcohol. In the last goals of his life, the mind of the writer was clouded, he was often visited by gloomy thoughts, ridiculous fantasies. All this affected the poems and stories he wrote. Gothic fantasy, mixed with detective elements, as close as possible to reality, such were the works of the author. The most popular were "The Fall of the House of Usher", "A Ghost Wanders Europe", "Oval Portrait", "The Well and the Pendulum" and many others. The writer died in 1849.

Great mystic - Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol

The recognized genius of world literature, Gogol Nikolai Vasilyevich, was born into a family of landowners living in the village of Bolshie Sorochintsy, Poltava province in 1809. Near the estate of Gogol's father there was a village called Dikanka, which is now known to everyone thanks to the writer's works. Growing up, Gogol went to St. Petersburg, where he entered the civil service. This activity extremely disappointed Nikolai Vasilyevich, and he decided to devote himself to literature.

The work, thanks to which Gogol's name gained fame, was the story "Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka". Further, Gogol writes no less famous works "Taras Bulba", "The Government Inspector". In them, he describes the struggle of the common people for their sovereignty, ridicules the morals that reign within the so-called "elite" of the state. Also full of mystery are famous works writer "Viy" and "Christmas Eve Night", where the writer masterfully describes the life of the Ukrainian people, putting into it elements of folk beliefs and mystical stories.

In 1842 Gogol's main work was published - “ Dead Souls". The plot of the novel caused great excitement in reader circles and among critics. The attitude towards him was ambiguous - Gogol was praised and at the same time accused of slandering the existing reality. Subsequently, Gogol began to write the second volume of the famous novel, designed to describe the positive side of Russian life. However, tormented by a premonition of imminent death and doubts about his literary vocation, Gogol destroys part of the manuscript, motivating his act by the fact that it will negatively affect humanity. In 1852 Gogol dies in his apartment.

After the death of the writer, a large number of works remained, many of which have been filmed in our time. The death of the writer deeply shocked Russian society. The reburial of Gorky in 1931 at the cemetery of the Novodevichy Convent gave rise to rumors that the writer did not die, but fell asleep, just a lethargic sleep, and was buried alive. However, there is currently no confirmation of these speculations.

Charles Dickens is the favorite English writer

Charles Dickens, one of the world's most talented writers, was born in 1812 in Landport, Great Britain. The father of the future writer was a port official, but went bankrupt when Dickens was still going to school. The boy had to go to work in a factory to somehow help feed his family. As a result, Dickens did not receive a serious education.

Once, as an adult and working as a stenographer in Parliament, Dickens decided to earn extra money by writing small essays. They were successful, and Charles was invited to one of the newspapers as a court reporter. It was then that Dickens began to collaborate with various comic artists. The writer composed short humorous stories for them. A series of similar stories called "The Pickwick Club" was extremely popular in England. Subsequently, Dickens wrote a novel, which he called The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, the main character of which was the same comic character - Mr. Pickwick.

In world literature, Charles Dickens is known as a wonderful satirist and humorist. However, this does not mean that the writer could only arouse laughter in the hearts of people. One of the brightest works of the author - "The Adventures of Oliver Twist", made readers all over the world empathize with the main character. The most grandiose novel of the writer "David Copperfield" tells about the heart experiences of the hero, and in some details resembles the personal life of the author himself.

Gradually, Dickens became very popular and loved in England. In addition, the works written by him brought wealth to the author. However, at the end of his life, there was some dissatisfaction with his position in Dickens's character, he was seized by a passion for change, anxiety. Apparently, this was a sign of psychological fatigue. In 1870, the famous writer died as a result of a hemorrhage.

Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov - the fate of an officer

Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov - "the sun of Russian poetry", as his contemporaries called him, was born in Moscow in 1814, into a noble family. The poet graduated from a military school in St. Petersburg, after which he entered the hussar regiment for service. For the publication of poems about the death of Pushkin, Lermontov was exiled by the command to the Caucasus. By nature, Lermontov was quick-tempered, he liked to let unflattering jokes at his acquaintances, to mock everyone. The result of this behavior were duels involving the poet. After the first duel, in which Lermontov fought with the son of the French envoy, the poet was again sent to the Caucasus. There he took part in the fighting, showed courage. However, the tsar did not want to reward the rebellious poet, and refused to transfer him to St. Petersburg. The duel between Lermontov and Martynov in Pyatigorsk in 1841, where the author was undergoing treatment, turned out to be the last. The poet was killed.

Lermontov began to write early. His works became famous when the author was not even 20 years old. Whatever the poet tried himself in, in prose or in poetry, the fruits of his work always became masterpieces. Lermontov's poems "Sail", "Three Palms", the poems "Mtsyri", "Demon", the novel "A Hero of Our Time" - all this will remain in the memory of posterity for a long time. Lermontov's contemporaries found in his works the spirit of the search for truth, an extraordinary depth of feeling. So was the poet himself. He constantly strived for something new, a quiet life weighed on him. He was loved and reviled at the same time. From the outside, Lermontov seemed arrogant, arrogant, ridiculing everyone and everything. But for close friends, he was always devoted and unusually kind person. The death of the poet deeply shocked everyone, leaving no one indifferent.

"Master of Minds" - Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev

This one is truly brilliant writer was born in Orel in 1818 in a noble family. Turgenev was an extremely weak personality. The consequence of this was the upbringing of the writer in severity. His mother was a rather despotic nature, preferring her whole family to live by her rules. However, despite the cowardice of character and the education of the philosopher, Turgenev took part in Patriotic war 1812

All his life, Turgenev was dissatisfied with serfdom, he was oppressed by the life of the peasants, who were forced to work until the seventh sweat under the yoke of the landowners. This mood of Turgenev was reflected in many of the writer's works, these include "The Landowner", "Notes of a Hunter", "A Month in the Village". The writer was also very fond of touching in his works on the topic of problems that arise between society and the individual. A striking example of such a work is "Fathers and Sons". The age-old conflict of two generations, colorfully described by Turgenev, is still relevant to this day.

Turgenev's acquaintances describe him as an overly kind and soft-hearted person. Many said that even with the servants in his house, the writer behaved like a family, as if they were his own people. Turgenev was very friendly with the famous French singer Pauline Viardot. Until his death, he lived in her house with her family. The writer's death occurred in 1883 as a result of a spinal disease.

Great "seer" - Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky

The famous writer was born in Moscow in 1821. His family came from an ancient Lithuanian family, known from records for its indomitability and violent character. At the age of 18, Dostoevsky loses his father, which is the result of the first epileptic seizure of the future writer. Subsequently, this disease accompanied Dostoevsky all his life. At first, Fedor Mikhailovich served in the drawing room of the engineering department. Almost a year after the start of the service, he retired, as he realized that literature was his vocation.

Dostoevsky's first novel, entitled "Poor People", immediately earned its author the recognition of a writer of the "Gogolian trend" or the so-called "natural school". In the work, Dostoevsky very accurately described the social disorder of the “little man”. Fedor Mikhailovich always tried to reflect the image of reality in his work in a realistic way. He was a builder dramatic stories and complexity of characters. In addition, Dostoevsky was a prominent supporter of the revolutionary views that existed at that time in society. For his commitment to the society of "Petrashevites" he was sentenced to death, which was later replaced by hard labor.

One of the great novels of the great writer - "Crime and Punishment" is considered almost prophetic. All the circumstances of the situation, the images of the heroes are reflected in the 20th century - the century of wars and violence. Dostoevsky in many of his works not only showed his contemporary society with its cruelty and oppression of people. The writer also played situations of the development of this situation, described what such a society could come to. In many ways, his subsequent works, The Brothers Karamazov and The Idiot, also became prophetic. The famous "seer" passed away in 1881.

Classic adventure genre - Jules Verne

One of the founders of science fiction, which is rightfully considered Jules Verne, was born in the French city of Nantes in 1828 in the family of a lawyer. Initially, Jules Verne was also preparing to become a lawyer, but the love of literature prompted him to change his mind.

In his works, the writer bows to the scientific progress of mankind, invents new ways and methods of its development. During his life, Jules Verne released a huge number of novels, short stories and novellas. Several of his works have been filmed and make us follow the adventures of Jules Verne's heroes with delight even in our time. Almost everyone has known his cult novels since childhood - Around the World in 80 Days, Fifteen-Year-Old Captain, Journey to the Center of the Earth, Captain Grant's Children and many others. Distinctive feature of these adventure works is that Jules Verne, although describing incredible events, carefully thought through technical features and well-known scientific discoveries in order to give his works a certain amount of realism. Jules Verne loved to describe the characters of his heroes magnificently, giving them features of heroism, and sometimes comicality. A breathtaking adventure reigns on almost every page of the books written by this wonderful writer.

Jules Verne was very fond of traveling. He traveled a lot around the world, collecting subjects and faces for his works. However, after being wounded in the leg (the writer was shot by a mentally ill nephew in 1886), Jules Verne had to forget about traveling. The famous "traveler" died of diabetes in 1905.

Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy

A descendant of an old noble family, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, was born in the family estate of Yasnaya Polyana, which is located near Tula in 1828. At an early age, Tolstoy lost his parents. Numerous relatives took up the upbringing of the future writer and his brothers and sisters. At the beginning, Tolstoy dreamed of becoming a diplomat, but without finishing his studies at the Oriental Faculty, he transferred to law. But Tolstoy also did not have to become a jurist. He went back to the family estate, which he inherited, where he tried to write novels. Without finishing any of them, the writer returned to Moscow. For a long time Tolstoy tried to find a field of activity in which he could realize himself.

Tolstoy's life at first was a series of sprees and parties. At one time, a gypsy camp even lived on his estate. In the end, the writer's older brother takes him with him to the Caucasus, where Tolstoy takes part in hostilities. It is in the Caucasus that Tolstoy contemplates writing a novel consisting of four parts: "Childhood", "Adolescence", "Youth", "Youth", and begins to implement his plan. After the publication of the first part of the novel, recognition and fame come to Tolstoy. The subsequent two parts also caused a stir among the reading population of Russia (the fourth part of the novel was not written). The Caucasian theme is also reflected in the works of the writer - "Hadji Murad", "Cossacks", "Degraded".

Subsequently, Tolstoy takes part in the Russian-Turkish war, participates in the defense of Sevastopol and several times is presented with the St. George Cross, but he never receives it due to difficult relations with the leadership that approved the awards. It was at that time that Tolstoy wrote his legendary "Sevastopol Tales", which struck contemporaries with the reality of a soldier's life. The most important work that brought Tolstoy world fame was his novel War and Peace. Even if the writer did not subsequently write a single line, this novel would still leave him in the memory of his descendants as a great writer. However, Tolstoy did not stop there. Further, Anna Karenina, Resurrection, The Death of Ivan Ilyich and many others are published. Towards the end of his life, Lev Nikolaevich was excommunicated from the church, in connection with open atheistic statements. Died great writer from pneumonia in 1910.

"Protestant" nature of Mark Twain

The real name of this famous writer was Samuel Lenghorne Clemens. He was born in the town of Florida in the US state of Missouri in 1835. Orphaned early, Mark Twain had to drop out of school and get a job as an apprentice typesetter in local newspapers. The writer took the pseudonym "Mark Twain" while working as a pilot on a private steamer. Subsequently, during the beginning in the USA civil war, Mark Twain was forced to move to the west of the country. It was there that his literary career began. At first, Mark Twain worked as a miner in Nevada, extracting silver. Subsequently, he left this activity, and got a job in a newspaper. Working in various publications, Mark Twain traveled widely. The result of the wanderings were written letters, which later became the basis of his book "Simples Abroad". This work was a huge success, and Mark Twain became famous overnight.

Mark Twain's novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is considered a huge contribution to American literature. No less significant are such works of the author as "A Connecticut Yankee in the Court of King Arthur" and "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer". It is believed that in the person of Tom Sawyer, the author described himself and his childhood. It was his inner protest against the existing moral foundations of that time that Mark Twain put into the personality of the hero of the book.

My literary activity Mark Twain began by writing humorous stories, and ended with works containing subtle irony in relation to the mores that prevailed in his time, as well as pessimistic moods about the future of his country.

Mark Twain is one of the recognized authors who made an invaluable contribution to the formation of all American literature. The whole life of the famous writer was full of sarcasm and irony. He never lost heart and always tried to treat everything with humor, although many moments of the author's life were completely bleak. The great writer died of angina pectoris in 1910.

The famous "detective" - ​​Arthur Conan Doyle

The great master of the detective genre was born into a family of Irish Catholics in 1859. His homeland is the Scottish city of Edinburgh. The family of the future writer had great financial difficulties due to his father's addiction to alcohol and his mental problems. Wealthy relatives offered the Doyle family to send the boy to study at a closed Jesuit college, to which they agreed. At the end of his studies, the writer, who had taken out hatred of religious prejudice from the walls of the institution, returned home, where he decided to study as a doctor. While in his third year, Doyle decided to try his hand at literature. His first works did not bring him any success. During his studies, Doyle is sent to a whaling ship as a ship's doctor. Subsequently, the impressions he received from his service on the ship became the basis of a story written shortly before the end of his service - "Captain of the North Star".

The glory of Arthur Conan Doyle brought stories about detective Sherlock Holmes and his assistant Dr. Watson. The first of this cycle was the writer's story - "A Study in Scarlet", then several others followed. Subsequently, all these works were combined into one series, called "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes." Quite rightly, Arthur Conan Doyle is called the founder of the detective genre. To this day, the adventures of the famous detective excite the minds of readers. More than once the writer tried to “kill” his hero, who, according to his confession, prevented the author from doing something more important. However, numerous requests from readers forced him to change his mind. The famous writer died of a heart attack in 1930.

"Humorist" - Anton Pavlovich Chekhov

Chekhov Anton Pavlovich - one of the recognized writers working in the satirical genre, was born in the city of Taganrog in 1860. From his school years, Chekhov became interested in theater and literature. Anton Pavlovich spent his childhood in hometown, after which he left for Moscow with his family. There, the future writer enters Moscow University to study medical practice. While still a student, Chekhov began to write various parodies and humoresques for small comic magazines. Largely thanks to the funds received for this work, the Chekhov family was able to live in Moscow for the first time.

After graduation, Chekhov works as a doctor, but does not stop writing. By that time, he had already developed his own unique style of short humorous stories, which, however, had a double meaning. In his work, Chekhov tried to adhere to truthfulness and preserve the reality of the time in which he lived. In addition to the satire that was present in his works, the writer quite clearly described the psychology of his characters, endowing many of them with elements of drama. Almost all of Chekhov's heroes are taken from everyday life, not endowed with supernatural powers. Among them are the famous "Man in a Case", "Overcoat", "Ward No. 6". All these stories contain the truth of life as it is, without embellishment. In the last six years of his life, Chekhov reincarnated as a playwright. His plays, innovative both in style and in spirit, are still in the repertoires of modern theaters. Nowadays, there are few people who have not heard of such works as "Uncle Vanya", "The Cherry Orchard", "The Seagull", "Three Sisters".

Anton Pavlovich had a huge impact on Russian literature, having established the genre of a laconic story in prose. In 1904 the famous writer passed away.

Rudyard Kipling - Nobel Prize for Literature

Rudyard Kipling is truly the most famous English poet, was born in Bombay in 1865. At first, Kipling lived with his parents in his homeland in India, but then moved to England. The writer's father wanted him to become a military man, but Kipling's myopia did not allow these plans to come true. Subsequently, the writer becomes a journalist and goes back to India. There, working in his specialty, Kipling began to write various poems and short stories. Further, the author travels a lot around the world, and gradually becomes a successful writer. His stories are becoming more and more popular.

Childhood spent in exotic India prompted the writer to create magnificent works "Mowgli" and "The Jungle Book", so loved by kids all over the world. In general, in the writer's work there are a lot of works on an oriental theme. He does not belittle the dignity of Eastern culture, but on the contrary, reveals it in all its glory. It is in this spirit that Kipling's legendary novel Kim is written.

In his life, Kipling was famous not only as a prose writer, but also as a talented poet. The whole world knows his poem "The Commandment". All Kipling's works are described in an incredibly rich language containing a huge number of metaphors. This gives the right to say that the author has made a huge contribution to the development of English language. Few people know that Rudyard Kipling was the first Englishman to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. The author received this award in 1907. A few years later, the writer beloved by many died. He died in 1936.

"Verily, that was the golden age of our literature,

the period of her innocence and bliss! .. "

M. A. Antonovich

M. Antonovich in his article called the "golden age of literature" early XIX century - the period of creativity of A. S. Pushkin and N. V. Gogol. Subsequently, this definition began to characterize the literature of the entire 19th century - up to the works of A.P. Chekhov and L.N. Tolstoy.

What are the main features of Russian classical literature of this period?

Fashionable at the beginning of the century, sentimentalism gradually fades into the background - the formation of romanticism begins, and from the middle of the century realism rules the ball.

New types of heroes appear in literature: " small man", which most often dies under the pressure of the foundations accepted in society and the "extra person" is a string of images, starting with Onegin and Pechorin.

Continuing the traditions of the satirical image, proposed by M. Fonvizin, in the literature of the 19th century satirical image vices modern society becomes one of the central motifs. Often satire takes on grotesque forms. Vivid examples are Gogol's "Nose" or "The History of a City" by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin.

Another one distinguishing feature The literature of this period has an acute social orientation. Writers and poets are increasingly turning to socio-political topics, often plunging into the field of psychology. This leitmotif permeates the works of I. S. Turgenev, F. M. Dostoevsky, L. N. Tolstoy. A new form appears - the Russian realistic novel, with its deep psychologism, the most severe criticism of reality, irreconcilable enmity with the existing foundations and loud calls for renewal.

Well main reason, which prompted many critics to call the 19th century the golden age of Russian culture: the literature of this period, despite a number of unfavorable factors, had a powerful influence on the development of world culture as a whole. Soaking up all the best that offered world literature, Russian literature was able to remain original and unique.

Russian writers of the 19th century

V.A. Zhukovsky- Pushkin's mentor and his Teacher. It is Vasily Andreevich who is considered the founder of Russian romanticism. It can be said that Zhukovsky "prepared" the ground for Pushkin's bold experiments, since he was the first to expand the scope poetic word. After Zhukovsky, the era of the democratization of the Russian language began, which was so brilliantly continued by Pushkin.

Selected Poems:

A.S. Griboyedov went down in history as the author of one work. But what! Masterpiece! Phrases and quotes from the comedy "Woe from Wit" have long become winged, and the work itself is considered the first realistic comedy in the history of Russian literature.

Analysis of the work:

A.S. Pushkin. He was called differently: A. Grigoriev claimed that "Pushkin is our everything!", F. Dostoevsky "the great and still incomprehensible Forerunner", and Emperor Nicholas I admitted that, in his opinion, Pushkin is "the smartest person in Russia". Simply put, this is Genius.

Pushkin's greatest merit is that he radically changed the Russian literary language, saving it from pretentious abbreviations, such as "young, breg, sweet", from ridiculous "marshmallows", "Psyche", "Cupids", so revered in high-sounding elegies, from borrowings, which then so abounded in Russian poetry. Pushkin brought colloquial vocabulary, craft slang, elements of Russian folklore to the pages of printed publications.

A. N. Ostrovsky also pointed out another important achievement of this brilliant poet. Before Pushkin, Russian literature was imitative, stubbornly imposing traditions and ideals alien to our people. Pushkin, on the other hand, "gave courage to the Russian writer to be Russian", "revealed the Russian soul". In his stories and novels, for the first time, the theme of the morality of the social ideals of that time is so vividly raised. And the main character, with Pushkin's light hand, is now becoming an ordinary "little man" - with his thoughts and hopes, desires and character.

Analysis of works:

M.Yu. Lermontov- bright, mysterious, with a touch of mysticism and an incredible thirst for will. All his work is a unique fusion of romanticism and realism. Moreover, both directions do not oppose at all, but, as it were, complement each other. This man went down in history as a poet, writer, playwright and artist. He wrote 5 plays: the most famous is the drama "Masquerade".

And among prose works, the real diamond of creativity was the novel "A Hero of Our Time" - the first realistic novel in prose in the history of Russian literature, where for the first time the writer tries to trace the "dialectics of the soul" of his hero, mercilessly exposing him to psychological analysis. This innovative creative method of Lermontov will be used by many Russian and foreign writers in the future.

Selected works:

N.V. Gogol known as a writer and playwright, but it is no coincidence that one of his most famous works - "Dead Souls" is considered a poem. There is no other such Master of the word in world literature. Gogol's language is melodious, incredibly bright and figurative. This was most clearly manifested in his collection Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka.

On the other hand, N.V. Gogol is considered the founder of the "natural school", with its satire bordering on the grotesque, accusatory motifs and ridicule of human vices.

Selected works:

I.S. Turgenev- the greatest Russian novelist who established the canons of the classic novel. He continues the traditions established by Pushkin and Gogol. He often refers to the topic " extra person", striving through the fate of his hero to convey the relevance and significance of social ideas.

Turgenev's merit also lies in the fact that he became the first propagandist of Russian culture in Europe. This is a prose writer who opened the world of the Russian peasantry, intelligentsia and revolutionaries to foreign countries. A string female images in his novels became the pinnacle of the writer's skill.

Selected works:

A.N. Ostrovsky- an outstanding Russian playwright. I. Goncharov most accurately expressed Ostrovsky's merits, recognizing him as the founder of the Russian folk theater. The plays of this writer became a "school of life" for the playwrights of the next generation. And the Moscow Maly Theater, where most of the plays of this talented writer were staged, proudly calls itself the "Ostrovsky House".

Selected works:

I.A. Goncharov continued to develop the traditions of the Russian realistic novel. The author of the famous trilogy, who, like no one else, managed to describe major vice Russian people are lazy. With the light hand of the writer, the term "Oblomovism" also appeared.

Selected works:

L.N. Tolstoy- a real block of Russian literature. His novels are recognized as the pinnacle of the art of novel writing. The style of presentation and the creative method of L. Tolstoy are still considered the standard of the writer's skill. And his ideas of humanism had a huge impact on the development humanistic ideas worldwide.

Selected works:

N.S. Leskov- a talented successor to the traditions of N. Gogol. Made a huge contribution to the development of new genre forms in literature, such as pictures from life, rhapsodies, incredible events.

Selected works:

N.G. Chernyshevsky- eminent writer and literary critic, who proposed his theory of the aesthetics of the relationship of art to reality. This theory became the reference for the literature of the next few generations.

Selected works:

F.M. Dostoevsky- brilliant writer psychological novels known all over the world. Dostoevsky is often called the forerunner of such trends in culture as existentialism and surrealism.

Selected works:

M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin- the greatest satirist, who brought the art of denunciation, ridicule and parody to the heights of skill.

Selected works:

A.P. Chekhov. With this name, historians traditionally complete the era of the golden age of Russian literature. Chekhov was recognized throughout the world during his lifetime. His short stories have become a benchmark for short story writers. And Chekhov's plays had a huge impact on the development of world drama.

Selected works:

By the end of the 19th century, the traditions of critical realism began to fade away. In a society permeated through and through with pre-revolutionary moods, mystical moods, partly even decadent ones, have come into fashion. They were the forerunner of a new literary direction- symbolism and marked the beginning of a new period in the history of Russian literature - silver age poetry.

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Presentation on the topic: Writers and poets of the 19th century

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Writers and poets of the 19th century 1. Aksakov S.T. 2. Ershov P.P. 3. Zhukovsky V.A. 4. Koltsov A.V. 5. Krylov I.A. 6. Lermontov M.Yu. 7. Marshak S.Ya. 8. Nekrasov N.A. 9. Nikitin I.S. 10. Prishvin M.M. 11. Pushkin A.S. 12. Tolstoy L.N. 13. Tolstoy A.K. 14. Tyutchev F.I. 15. Ushinsky K.D. 16. Fet A.A. 17. Chekhov A.P. Svetlana Alexandrovna Lyalina, teacher primary school, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region

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Sergei Trofimovich Aksakov Famous Russian writer. Born into a noble family of the famous family of Shimon. Love for nature - the future writer inherited from his father. Peasant labor aroused in him not only compassion, but also respect. His book "Family Chronicle" was continued in the "Childhood of Bagrov's grandson".

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Pyotr Pavlovich Ershov Born March 6, 1815 in the Tobolsk province in the family of an official. Russian poet, writer, playwright. He was the initiator of the creation of an amateur gymnasium theater. He was directing in the theatre. Wrote several plays for the theatre: Rural Holiday, Suvorov and the Stationmaster. Fame Ershov brought his fairy tale "Humpbacked Horse"

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Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky Born on January 29 in the village of Mishenskoye, Tula province. Father, Afanasy Ivanovich Bunin, landowner, owner of the village. Mishensky; mother, Turkish Salha, came to Russia among the prisoners. At the age of 14 they were taken to Moscow and sent to the Noble boarding school. I lived and studied there for 3 years. Studied Russian and foreign literature. In 1812 he was in Borodino, wrote about the heroes of the battle. His books: A boy with a finger, There is no dearer native sky, Lark.

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Alexey Vasilyevich Koltsov A.V. Koltsov is a Russian poet. Born October 15, 1809 in Voronezh, in a merchant family. The father was a merchant. Aleksey Koltsov penetrated from the inside into a variety of economic concerns of the villager: gardening and arable farming, cattle breeding and forestry. In the gifted, receptive nature of the boy, such a life brought up the breadth of the soul and the versatility of interests, direct knowledge of village life, peasant labor and folk culture. From the age of nine, Koltsov learned to read and write at home and showed such outstanding abilities that in 1820 he was able to enter the county school, bypassing the parish. He started writing at the age of 16. He wrote a lot about labor, about land, about nature: Mower, Harvest, etc.

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Ivan Andreevich Krylov I.A. Krylov is a great fabulist. Born February 2, 1769 in Moscow in the family of a poor army captain, who received the rank of officer only after thirteen years of military service. Krylov was 10 years old when his father died and he had to work. Russian writer, fabulist, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In St. Petersburg, in the Summer Garden, there is a bronze monument, where the fabulist is surrounded by animals. His works: Swan, Pike and Cancer. Chizh and Dove. A Crow and a fox.

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Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov Born in Moscow in the family of Captain Yuri Petrovich Lermontov and Maria Mikhailovna Lermontova, the only daughter and heiress of the Penza landowner E.A. Arsenyeva. Lermontov's childhood passed in the estate of Arsenyeva "Tarkhany" of the Penza province. The boy received a metropolitan home education, from childhood he was fluent in French and German. In the summer of 1825, Lermontov's grandmother took him to the Caucasus; childhood impressions of the Caucasian nature and the life of the mountain peoples remained in his early work. Then the family moved to Moscow and Lermontov was enrolled in the 4th grade of the Moscow University Noble Boarding School, where he received a liberal arts education.

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Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak S.Ya. Marshak is a Russian poet. Born October 22, 1887 in Voronezh in the family of a factory technician, a talented inventor. At the age of 4 he wrote poetry himself. Good translator from English, Russian poet. Marshak was familiar with M. Gorky. He studied in England at the University of London. During the holidays, I traveled a lot on foot in England, listened to English folk songs. Even then he began to work on translations of English works.

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Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov is a famous Russian poet. He came from a noble, once rich family. Born November 22, 1821 in the Podolsk province. Nekrasov had 13 brothers and sisters. All the childhood and youth of the poet passed in the family estate of Nekrasov, the village of Greshnev, Yaroslavl province, on the banks of the Volga. He saw the hard work of people. They pulled barges across the water. He dedicated many poems to the lives of people in Tsarist Russia: Green Noise, Nightingales, Peasant Children, Grandfather Mazai and Hares, Motherland, etc.

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Ivan Savvich Nikitin Russian poet, born in Voronezh to the family of a wealthy merchant, owner of a candle factory. Nikitin studied at the theological school, at the seminary. He dreamed of graduating from the university, but the family went bankrupt. Ivan Savvich continued his education himself. He composed poems: Russia, Morning, Meeting of Winter, Swallow's Nest, Grandfather.

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Mikhail Mikhailovich Prishvin Mikhail Mikhailovich Prishvin was born on January 23, 1873 in the Oryol province near Yelets. Prishvin's father is from a native merchant family of the city of Yelets. Mikhail Mikhailovich is educated as an agronomist, writes scientific book about potatoes. Later he leaves for the North to collect folklore from folk life. He loved nature very much. He knew well the life of the forest, its inhabitants. He knew how to convey his feelings to readers. He wrote: Protecting nature means protecting the Motherland! His books: Guys and ducklings, Pantry of the sun, Calendar of nature, etc.

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Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich is a great Russian writer. He wrote the first ABC for children and four Russian books for reading. He opened a school in Yasnaya Polyana and taught children himself. He worked hard and loved work. He himself plowed the land, mowed the grass, sewed boots, built huts. His works: Stories about children, Toddlers, Filipok, Shark, Kitten, Lion and dog, Swans, old grandfather and granddaughters.

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Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy A.K. Tolstoy was born in St. Petersburg, and the future poet spent his childhood in Ukraine, on his uncle's estate. As a teenager, Tolstoy traveled abroad, to Germany and Italy. In 1834 Tolstoy was assigned as a "student" to the Moscow archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Since 1837 he served in the Russian mission in Germany, in 1840. received service in St. Petersburg at the royal court. In 1843 - the court rank of chamber junker. During Tolstoy's lifetime, the only collection of his poems was published (1867). Poems: The last snow is melting, Cranes, Forest Lake, autumn, etc.

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Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky was born on February 19, 1824 in Tula in the family of Dmitry Grigorievich Ushinsky, a retired officer, a small estate nobleman. The mother of Konstantin Dmitrievich - Lyubov Stepanovna died when he was 12 years old. Konstantin Dmitrievich was a teacher, he created books himself. He called them " Child's world” and “Native word”. He taught me to love his native people and nature. His works: Learned Bear, Four Wishes, Geese and Cranes, Eagle, How a shirt grew in a field.

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Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet Afanasy Afanasyevich - Russian lyric poet, translator. Born in the estate of Novoselki, Oryol province. Since childhood, he loved the poems of A.S. Pushkin. At the age of 14 they were taken to St. Petersburg to study. He showed his poems to Gogol. In 1840, the first book was published. His poems: A wonderful picture, The swallows are gone, Spring rain. For the last 19 years of his life, he officially bore the surname Shenshin.

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Anton Pavlovich Chekhov Anton Pavlovich Chekhov is an outstanding Russian writer, playwright, doctor by profession. Born January 17, 1860 in Taganrog, Yekaterinoslav province. Anton's early childhood passed in endless church holidays, name days. On weekdays, after school, he guarded his father's shop, and at 5 in the morning he got up every day to sing in the church choir. First, Chekhov studied at the Greek school in Taganrog. At the age of 8, after two years of study, Chekhov entered the Taganrog gymnasium. In 1879 he graduated from the gymnasium in Taganrog. In the same year, he moved to Moscow and entered the medical faculty of Moscow University, where he studied with famous professors: Nikolai Sklifosovsky, Grigory Zakharyin and others. His works: Beloloby, Kashtanka, Spring, Spring Waters, etc.