Literature is called works of human thought, enshrined in the written word and having a social meaning. Any literary work, depending on HOW the writer depicts reality in it, is attributed to one of three literary genera : epic, lyric or drama.

epic (from the Greek. "narration") - a generalized name for works in which events external to the author are depicted.

Lyrics (from the Greek "performed to the lyre") - the generalized name of works - as a rule, poetic, in which there is no plot, but the thoughts, feelings, experiences of the author (lyrical hero) are reflected.

Drama (from Greek "action") - a generalized name for works in which life is shown through conflicts and clashes of heroes. Dramatic works are intended not so much for reading as for staging. In drama, it is not external action that is important, but the experience of a conflict situation. In drama, epic (narration) and lyrics are merged into one.

Within each type of literature, there are genres- historically established types of works, characterized by certain structural and content features (see table of genres).

EPOS LYRICS DRAMA
epic Oh yeah tragedy
novel elegy comedy
story hymn drama
story sonnet tragicomedy
story message vaudeville
fable epigram melodrama

Tragedy (from the Greek “goat song”) is a dramatic work with an insurmountable conflict, which depicts a tense struggle of strong characters and passions, ending with the death of the hero.

Comedy (from the Greek. "fun song") - a dramatic work with a cheerful, funny plot, usually ridiculing social or domestic vices.

Drama is a literary work in the form of a dialogue with a serious plot, depicting a personality in its dramatic relationship with society.

Vaudeville - a light comedy with singing couplets and dancing.

Farce - a theatrical play of a light, playful character with external comic effects, designed for rough taste.

Oh yeah (from Greek “song”) - a choral, solemn song, a work that glorifies, praises any significant event or heroic person.

Hymn (from Greek “praise”) - a solemn song to verses of a programmatic nature. Initially, hymns were dedicated to the gods. The anthem is currently one of the national symbols states.

Epigram (from the Greek. "Inscription") - a short satirical poem of a mocking nature, which arose in the 3rd century BC. e.

Elegy - a genre of lyrics dedicated to sad thoughts or a lyric poem imbued with sadness. Belinsky called an elegy "a song of sad content." The word "elegy" is translated as "reed flute" or "mournful song". The elegy originated in Ancient Greece in the 7th century BC e.

Message - a poetic letter, an appeal to a specific person, a request, a wish.

Sonnet (from Provence. "song") - a poem of 14 lines, which has a certain rhyming system and strict stylistic laws. The sonnet originated in Italy in the 13th century (the creator is the poet Jacopo da Lentini), appeared in England in the first half of the 16th century (G. Sarri), and in Russia in the 18th century. The main types of the sonnet are Italian (from 2 quatrains and 2 tercets) and English (from 3 quatrains and the final couplet).

Poem (from the Greek “I do, I create”) is a lyric-epic genre, a large poetic work with a narrative or lyrical plot, usually on a historical or legendary theme.

Ballad - lyrical-epic genre, plot song of dramatic content.

epic - large piece of art, telling about significant historical events. In ancient times - a narrative poem of heroic content. In the literature of the 19th and 20th centuries, the epic novel genre appears - this is a work in which the formation of the characters of the main characters occurs in the course of their participation in historical events.

Novel - a large narrative work of art with a complex plot, in the center of which is the fate of the individual.

Tale - a work of art that occupies a middle position between a novel and a short story in terms of volume and complexity of the plot. In ancient times, any narrative work was called a story.

Story - a work of art of a small size, based on an episode, an incident from the life of a hero.

Story - a work about fictional events and heroes, usually with the participation of magical, fantastic forces.

Fable - This is a narrative work in poetic form, of a small size, moralizing or satirical nature.

In the classification, literary types are distinguished within literary kind. Stand out:

epic literary types

ROMAN is a large narrative work of art with a complex plot, in the center of which is the fate of the individual.

EPIC - a major work of art that tells about significant historical events. In ancient times - a narrative poem of heroic content. In the literature of the 19th and 20th centuries, the genre of the epic novel appears - this is a work in which the formation of the characters of the main characters occurs in the course of their participation in historical events.

A STORY is a work of art that occupies a middle position between a novel and a short story in terms of the volume and complexity of the plot. gravitating towards a chronicle plot that reproduces the natural course of life. In ancient times, any narrative work was called a story.

STORY - a work of art of a small size, which is based on an episode, an incident from the life of a hero.

TALE - a work about fictional events and heroes, usually with the participation of magical, fantastic forces.

FABLE (from “bayat” - to tell) is a narrative work in poetic form, small in size, moralizing or satirical in nature.

lyric (poem)

ODA (from Greek “song”) is a choral, solemn song.

HYMN (from Greek “praise”) is a solemn song based on programmatic verses.

EPIGRAM (from the Greek. "Inscription") - a short satirical poem of a mocking nature, which arose in the 3rd century BC. e.

ELEGY - a genre of lyrics dedicated to sad thoughts or a lyrical poem imbued with sadness. Belinsky called an elegy "a song of sad content." The word "elegy" is translated as "reed flute" or "mournful song". The elegy originated in ancient Greece in the 7th century BC. e.

MESSAGE - a poetic letter, an appeal to a specific person, a request, a wish, a confession.

SONNET (from the Provencal sonette - "song") - a poem of 14 lines, which has a certain rhyming system and strict stylistic laws. The sonnet originated in Italy in the 13th century (the creator is the poet Jacopo da Lentini), appeared in England in the first half of the 16th century (G. Sarri), and in Russia in the 18th century. The main types of sonnets are Italian (from 2 quatrains and 2 tercetes) and English (from 3 quatrains and the final couplet).

lyrical epic

POEM (from the Greek poieio - “I do, I create”) - a large poetic work with a narrative or lyrical plot, usually on a historical or legendary topic.

BALLAD - a plot song of dramatic content, a story in verse.

dramatic

TRAGEDY (from the Greek tragos ode - “goat song”) is a dramatic work depicting a tense struggle of strong characters and passions, which usually ends with the death of the hero.

COMEDY (from the Greek komos ode - "fun song") - a dramatic work with a cheerful, funny plot, usually ridiculing social or domestic vices.

DRAMA ("action") is a literary work in the form of a dialogue with a serious plot, depicting a person in her dramatic relationship with society. Drama may be tragicomedy or melodrama.

VAUDEVILLE - a genre variety of comedy, it is a light comedy with singing couplets and dancing.

FARS - a genre variety of comedy, it is a theatrical play of a light, playful nature with external comic effects, designed for a rude taste.

Literary views differ from each other according to various criteria - volume, quantity storylines and heroes, content, function. One type in different periods of the history of literature can appear in the form of different genres - for example, psychological novel, philosophical novel, social romance, picaresque novel, detective novel. The beginning of the theoretical division of works into literary types was laid by Aristotle in the treatise "Poetics", the work was continued in modern times by Gotthold Lessing, Nicolas Boileau.


There are books that once you start reading, you can't stop. A fascinating plot, vivid images of characters and a light style are, as a rule, the main advantages of these books. In our review of 10 books that have gained popularity among readers precisely because of their interesting and unexpected plot.

1. Amelie Nothombe - "Cosmetics of the enemy"


Another prime example of not talking to strangers. Anguste, sitting at the airport waiting for a delayed flight, is forced to listen to the chatter of a man with the strange name Textor Texel. There is only one way to silence this Dutchman - to start talking yourself. Angust falls into this trap and becomes a toy in the hands of Texel. All circles of hell are waiting for him.

2. Boris Akunin - "Azazel"



"Azazel" is the first novel in a fascinating series about the detective Erast Fandorin. He is only 20 years old, he is fearless, lucky, attractive and noble. Young Fandorin serves in the police department, and on duty he has to investigate a very complicated case. The whole series of books about Fandorin is full of information about the history of the Fatherland and at the same time is a fascinating detective reading.

3. Roman Korobenkov - "Jumper"



Immediately it is worth mentioning that in this book there are no calls for suicide. This is not a teary-snotty story and not "emo-style". Opening the book, the reader finds himself in a sophisticated world, in which, as if in an exotic cocktail, two worlds are mixed - external and internal. It is possible that for someone this particular book will become a desktop.

4. Daphne Du Maurier - "Scapegoat"


The novel "Scapegoat" by British Daphne Du Maurier is considered one of her best works. It combines deep psychologism with lyricism. Main character- University teacher - goes on a trip to France. In one of the restaurants, he meets his double - the owner of the estate and glass factory from France. And they are visited by a crazy idea - to swap places, or rather, lives.

5. Joan Harris - "Gentlemen and Players"


Traditions overshadowed by centuries, the richest library, an elite school, classical education and freedom. What is the child ready for? poor family to enter such a world. What is the teacher ready to do, who gave the School 33 years of his life. The St. Oswald School is like eternity itself. But one day a man appears in it, whose main goal is to avenge his past and destroy the School. The mysterious avenger spins a cunning chess game. Joan Harris takes readers to the brink of madness.

6. Ian McEwan - "Atonement"


A hot summer day in 1934... Three young people in anticipation of love. The first feeling of happiness, the first kisses and betrayal, which forever changed the fate of three people and became a new starting point for them. "Atonement" is a kind of "chronicle of lost time" of pre-war England, striking in its sincerity. This chronicle is being led by a teenage girl, in her childishly cruel way, overestimating and rethinking everything that happens.

7. Ian Banks - Wasp Factory



Scottish writer Ian Banks is one of the most popular authors in the UK. "Steps on Glass" was published only 6 years after it was written. The reaction to the novel was the most controversial - from indignation to delight, but there were definitely no indifferent people.

The main character is 16-year-old Frank. He's not at all what he seems. He is not who he thinks he is. He killed three. Welcome to the island, the path to which is guarded by Sacrificial Pillars, and in the attic of the only house on the island, the Wasp Factory is waiting for its new victims...

8. Evgeny Dubrovin - "Waiting for the goat"



As the author of "Waiting for the Goat" himself said about his book, this is a warning story that calls not to be exchanged for the so-called "pleasures of life".

9. Brigitte Aubert - "The Four Sons of Dr. March"


The maid finds the diary of one of Dr. March's sons in the closet and learns that the man who wrote it is a brutal murderer. But the most important thing is that the author of the diary did not indicate his name, and the main character has to guess which of these nice guys is a serial maniac.

10. Stephen King - "Rita Hayworth or The Shawshank Redemption"


Those who at some point doubt the strength of the human spirit should simply read The Shawshank Redemption - the story of an innocent man who was sentenced to life imprisonment. The main character survived where it is impossible to survive. it greatest story salvation.

Those who like to tickle the nerves of soy pay attention to.

  • Roman Mstislavich Galitsky (c. 1150-19 June 1205) - Prince of Novgorod (1168-1170), Prince of Volyn (1170-1187,1188-1199), Galician (1188), first prince of Galicia-Volyn (from 1199-1205), Grand Duke of Kyiv (1201, 1204).
  • Narrative work with a complex plot and many characters
  • A large narrative, fictional work with a complex plot
  • Literary work
  • Great creation of a venerable writer
  • And male name, and literary work
  • Narrative work with a complex plot
  • Name, affair or great work
  • Name, affair and literary work
  • A literary work that "argues" with the saying "brevity is the sister of talent"
  • Piece of art

    • DIALECTISM

    • Linguistic feature of speech interspersed in a work of art

      • Drama. UA is a contemporary drama festival that has been taking place in Lviv since 2010.
      • Literary and artistic work
      • Work for the theater
      • A literary work with a serious plot without a tragic outcome
      • Theatrical play, stage-oriented literary work - serious, with deep internal conflict
      • One of the three major genres of fiction
      • One of the main genres of fiction
      • Genus literary works written in dialogic form and intended to be performed by actors on stage
      • If someone was killed at the beginning of the work, then this is a child.

        • Installation (English installation - installation, placement, installation) - form contemporary art, which is a spatial composition created from various ready-made materials and forms (natural objects, industrial and household items, fragments of textual and visual information) and is an artistic whole.
        • A work of art that is a composition of various objects