The term humanism arose from the name of the circle of sciences that were engaged in poetically and artistically gifted people: "studia humanitatis" These are the sciences that studied everything human, as opposed to "studia divina" - that is, theology that studied everything divine






Humanists glorified: -Earthly life -Human joys -Sang of beauty, reason, spiritual freedom -Mocked of ignorance and greed -The main virtue of man was considered virtue -Virtue was considered the main dignity of a person






2. Humanist writers At the beginning of the 16th century, sharp clashes between humanists and church scholasticism unfolded, which humanists ridiculed in the satirical works of Scholastica (Greek σχολαστι κός scholar Scholia - school) systematic Greek. medieval philosophy medieval philosophy centered around universities universities


Erasmus of Rotterdam () Dutch writer He became famous for the satirical work “Praise of Stupidity”: - Stupidity from the pulpit utters praise to itself - In modern society everyone becomes fools among fools - Defended the dignity of a person who himself must choose his own life path- Was opposed to war


“What is the difference between an old man and a child, except for the fact that the first is wrinkled and counts more days from birth? The same white hair, toothless mouth, small stature, addiction to milk, tongue-tied tongue, talkativeness, stupidity, forgetfulness, recklessness. In short, they are alike in every way. The more people age, the closer they are to children, and, finally, like real babies, not disgusted by life, not conscious of death, they leave the world.


“Without me, no community, no worldly connection would be pleasant and lasting: the people could not bear their sovereign for a long time, the master - a slave, the maid - the mistress, the teacher - the student, each other, the wife - her husband, a tenant is a house owner, a roommate is a roommate, a comrade is a comrade, if they did not mutually err, did not resort to flattery, did not spare other people's weaknesses, did not regale each other with the honey of stupidity "


Francois Rabelais () French writer Wrote the novel "Gargantua and Pantagruel": - Depicted representatives of French society - Described an ideal society where individual freedom reigns






3. Humanism in public life In the 16th century people tried to understand how and by what laws Machiavelli's society develops in the treatise "The Sovereign" showed the image of a real, not an ideal ruler: -Cunning -Hypocritical -Cruel -unprincipled Niccolo Machiavelli ()


The sovereign "needs to be able to manage both man and beast", for "in order to get around the trap, you need to be a fox, and a lion - to get around the trap, you need to be a fox, and a lion - to frighten the wolves" Machiavelli did not justify these qualities. reflected reality


Under the English king Henry 8, he served as Lord Chancellor Composed "Utopia" (a place that does not exist) Thomas More ()


Utopia: “There are 54 cities on Utopia; they are all big and gorgeous. In language, customs, institutions, laws, they are the same; the location is also the same for everyone, the same for them, as far as the terrain permits, and appearance. Utopians work for everyone, no one owns property. Society provides abundance for everyone...and provides him with leisure for the free development of the mind. Discipline...: fixed hours of work, eating together; every person willingly follows it"


“True freedom consists in having complete power over oneself” He called for raising goodness in a child, love for science Michel Montaigne ()


Assignment: Paragraph 4 Answer the questions: - What is the Renaissance - What is humanism - What is the difference between the Renaissance man and the Middle Ages man - Why did interest in ancient philosophy increase during the Renaissance - What questions would you like to ask humanists?












The term humanism arose from the name of the circle of sciences that were engaged in poetically and artistically gifted people: "studia humanitatis" These are the sciences that studied everything human, as opposed to "studia divina" - that is, theology that studied everything divine






Humanists glorified: -Earthly life -Human joys -Sang of beauty, reason, spiritual freedom -Mocked of ignorance and greed -The main virtue of man was considered virtue -Virtue was considered the main dignity of a person






2. Humanist writers At the beginning of the 16th century, sharp clashes between humanists and church scholasticism unfolded, which humanists ridiculed in the satirical works of Scholastica (Greek σχολαστι κός scholar Scholia - school) systematic Greek. medieval philosophy medieval philosophy centered around universities universities


Erasmus of Rotterdam () Dutch writer He became famous for the satirical work “Praise of Stupidity”: -Stupidity from the pulpit pronounces praise for itself -In modern society, everyone becomes fools among fools -Defended the dignity of a person who himself must choose his life path -He was an opponent of wars


“What is the difference between an old man and a child, except for the fact that the first is wrinkled and counts more days from birth? The same white hair, toothless mouth, small stature, addiction to milk, tongue-tied tongue, talkativeness, stupidity, forgetfulness, recklessness. In short, they are alike in every way. The more people age, the closer they are to children, and, finally, like real babies, not disgusted by life, not conscious of death, they leave the world.


“Without me, no community, no worldly connection would be pleasant and lasting: the people could not bear their sovereign for a long time, the master - a slave, the maid - the mistress, the teacher - the student, each other, the wife - her husband, a tenant is a house owner, a roommate is a roommate, a comrade is a comrade, if they did not mutually err, did not resort to flattery, did not spare other people's weaknesses, did not regale each other with the honey of stupidity "


Francois Rabelais () French writer Wrote the novel "Gargantua and Pantagruel": - Depicted representatives of French society - Described an ideal society where individual freedom reigns






3. Humanism in public life people tried to understand how and by what laws Machiavelli's society develops in the treatise "The Sovereign" showed the image of a real, not an ideal ruler: -Cunning -Hypocritical -Cruel -unprincipled Niccolo Machiavelli ()


The sovereign "needs to be able to manage both man and beast", for "in order to get around the trap, you need to be a fox, and a lion - to get around the trap, you need to be a fox, and a lion - to frighten the wolves" Machiavelli did not justify these qualities. reflected reality


Under the English king Henry 8, he served as Lord Chancellor Composed "Utopia" (a place that does not exist) Thomas More ()


Utopia: “There are 54 cities on Utopia; they are all big and gorgeous. In language, customs, institutions, laws, they are the same; the location is also the same for all, they have the same, as far as the terrain allows, and their appearance. Utopians work for everyone, no one owns property. Society provides abundance for everyone...and provides him with leisure for the free development of the mind. Discipline...: fixed hours of work, eating together; every person willingly follows it"


“True freedom consists in having complete power over oneself” He called for raising goodness in a child, love for science Michel Montaigne ()


Assignment: Paragraph 4 Answer the questions: - What is the Renaissance - What is humanism - What is the difference between the Renaissance man and the Middle Ages man - Why did interest in ancient philosophy increase during the Renaissance - What questions would you like to ask humanists?

An outstanding early modern humanist was Erasmus of Rotterdam, scientist, philologist, theologian. He created a coherent system of new theology, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ called ʼʼthe philosophy of Christʼʼ. In this system, the main attention is focused on a person in his relation to God, their moral obligations of a person before God. Such problems as the creation of the world, the trinity of God, the humanist considered insoluble and not of vital importance.

French writer belongs to the humanists Francois Rabelais, author of the book ʼʼGargantua and Pantagruelʼʼ, which reflected the essence of the development of humanistic thought, hope, victory and time-Kenya humanists. In the first books there is more gaiety, everything is dominated by faith in the victory of the reasonable and good in people's lives, but about the subsequent books there is more tragedy.

Another great humanist writer was William Shakespeare, great English playwright. The main principle of his works was the truth of feelings.

Spanish humanist writer Miguel Cervantes became the author immortal work Don Quixote. The hero of Cervantes lives in illusions and tries to resurrect the golden age of chivalry.

The writer colorfully describes how Don Quixote's dreams are shattered by reality,

Thomas More is an outstanding English humanist thinker. He created a treatise on the ideal state. More describes the fabulous island of Utopia, where they live happy people who renounced property, money and wars. In "Utopia" More substantiated a number of democratic requirements for the organization of the state. Utopias are free to choose a craft or other occupation. But people are obliged to work wherever they live more than one day.

According to the English philosopher John Locke a person, a century is a social being. Locke speaks of the "natural" state of man. This state is not self-will, but an obligation to restrain oneself and not harm other people. A person is entitled to property. At the same time, the right to land and the consumption of labor products often gives rise to conflicts, in this regard, it is the subject of a special agreement between people. The supreme power, according to John Locke, cannot deprive a person of any part of his property if the latter does not agree. Locke laid the foundation for the idea of ​​separating civil society and the state.

ʼʼRenaissance Titans*.

The culture of the Renaissance is distinguished by its extraordinary richness and diversity of content. Creators of culture of that time - scientists, artists, writers - were versatile people. It is no coincidence that they are called titans, as the ancient Greek deities, personifying powerful forces.

Italian Leonardo da Vinci became famous as a painter, author greatest works. Portrait Mona Lisa (Mona Lisa) embodied the Renaissance people's idea of ​​high value human personality. In the field of mechanics, Leonardo made the first attempts to determine the coefficients of friction and slip. He owns numerous projects of looms, printing machines, etc. Innovative were the designs of aircraft, the design of the parachute. He was engaged in astronomy, optics, biology, botany. The anatomical drawings of Leonardo are images that make it possible to judge the general patterns of the structure of the body.

Contemporary of Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Buonarroti was a sculptor, painter, architect and poet. Period creative maturity the great sculptor is unveiled statue D "1" view and statue of the Madonna. The pinnacle of Michelangelo's work as a painter was painting of the vault of the Sistine Chapel in Rome, which embodied his ideas about life and its contradictory Michelangelo supervised the construction Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome. Painter and architect Rafael Santi glorified the earthly happiness of man, the harmony of his comprehensively developed spiritual and physical properties. The images of Raphael's Madonnas skillfully reflect the seriousness of thoughts and feelings. The artist's most famous painting is the ʼʼSistine Madonnaʼʼ.

Spanish artist El Greca adopted the traditions of Byzantine art. His paintings are distinguished by a deep psychological characterization of the characters. Another spanish painting, Diego Velazquez, in his works depicted true scenes from folk life͵ written in dark colors and characterized by rigidity. Religious paintings of the artist are characterized by nationality and realism of types.

The largest representative of the German Renaissance is the artist Albrecht Durer.
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He was looking for new means of expression that would meet the requirements of a humanistic worldview. Dürer also studied architecture, mathematics and mechanics.

A well-known Dutch painter, draftsman and engraver is Pieter Brueghel the Elder. In his work, the life and mood of the masses were most fully reflected. In his engravings and drawings of a satirical and everyday nature, in genre and religious paintings, the artist opposed social injustice.

Later in the Netherlands he worked greatest artist Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn, master of portraiture, paintings on biblical and mythological themes. The highest skill allowed the artist to create paintings in which the light came from the inside of the depicted people and objects.