Dr. Startsev, a young talented doctor, comes to the city of S., where he meets the Turkin family. At the beginning of the story, he is cheerful, hardworking and reaches for the beautiful, sings romances, listens to Kotik's music and the novel of the mother of the family. He understands how primitive "art" is in this house. But he's so comfortable in his chair, the smell of fried onions coming from the kitchen. The thirst for comfort drowns out the natural desire to say how badly the daughter plays, how mediocre the “novel” of Vera Iosifovna is. Thus, spiritual laziness becomes the cause of the gradual degradation of the individual. A few years later, having met Ekaterina Ivanovna, he feels the flame of emotional experiences light up in his soul for a moment, but remembering how he counts banknotes in the evenings, the flame goes out. Gradually getting rich, getting rich at home, he becomes important and rude, reminiscent of a pagan god, in his life there is only one passion - money.

2. N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls"

The power of profit, enrichment deprives the human appearance of Stepan Plyushkin, a stingy landowner, whose image personifies complete necrosis human soul. Out of simple frugality grows a tremendous passion for hoarding. Plyushkin's life becomes a parody. Chichikov cannot recognize in the clumsy housekeeper with a hole in the dressing-gown on the back below the waist, the owner of the richest estate. He himself eats at home with his peasants, and tons of bread rot in the master's yard, food disappears, which he himself does not use and does not give to the peasants. He destroyed all relations with his own children, doomed them to a hungry existence. As a result, Plyushkin simply lost his human appearance.

3. A.S. Pushkin "The Queen of Spades"

Main character story - military engineer Hermann. He constantly rotates among the golden metropolitan youth, sees how every evening young people win and lose hundreds, thousands of rubles. Owning his father's inheritance (by the way, very decent), he wants to get rich. Upon learning that the grandmother of his friend Tomsky knows the secret of the three cards, he decides to get this secret by any means. As a result, he becomes the unwitting killer of the old countess, the cause of the suffering of Lizaveta Ivanovna, her pupil. But the cards, as expected, did not make Hermann happy: the old woman in the form of the Queen of Spades fell out to him in the last bet, and the loser lost all the money. Madness became a punishment for him for his thirst for profit.

4. I.A. Bunin "The Gentleman from San Francisco"

A wealthy US manufacturer, having accumulated what he thinks is enough money, decides to take a prestigious European cruise. His money is not earned in the sense in which it is commonly believed, the author ironically writes: “He worked tirelessly - the Chinese, whom he signed out to work for him by the thousands, knew well what that meant!” But his whole life is surrounded by splendor and luxury. His whole world is a world of expensive things: they crush him, squeeze him, but he forcefully stuffs his legs into stockings, then into shoes, trying with all his might to fasten the cufflink around the neck. He literally fights with her, she bites him, as if resisting. As a result, the stroke covers the gentleman, regardless of his wealth or the pathos with which he surrounded himself in this life. Thus ends the fate of a man who has spent all his strength on money-grubbing and hoarding.

Literary arguments to essay writing. USE, Russian.

1) What is the meaning of life?

1. The author writes about the meaning of life, and Eugene Onegin comes to mind in the novel of the same name by A.S. Pushkin. Bitter is the fate of the one who has not found his place in life! Onegin is a gifted person, one of the best people of that time, but he did nothing but evil - he killed a friend, brought misfortune to Tatyana who loved him:

Having lived without a goal, without labor

Until the age of twenty-six

Languishing in the idleness of leisure,

No service, no wife, no business

Couldn't do anything.

2. People who have not found the purpose of life are unhappy. Pechorin in M.Yu. Lermontov's "Hero of Our Time" is active, smart, resourceful, observant, but all his actions are random, activity is fruitless, and he is unhappy, none of the manifestations of his will has a deep purpose. The hero bitterly asks himself: “Why did I live? For what purpose was I born?

3.All over life path Pierre Bezukhov tirelessly searched for himself and the true meaning of life. After painful trials, he became able not only to reflect on the meaning of life, but also to perform specific actions that require will and determination. In the epilogue of Leo Tolstoy's novel, we meet Pierre, who is carried away by the ideas of Decembristism, protests against the existing social system and fights for the just life of the very people, of which he feels himself a part. According to Tolstoy, in this organic combination of the personal and the national, there is both the meaning of life and happiness.

2) Fathers and children. Upbringing.

1. Like Bazarov - positive hero in the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". Clever, bold, independent in judgment, an advanced person of his time, but readers are confused by his attitude towards his parents, who love their son madly, but he is deliberately rude to them. Yes, Eugene practically does not communicate with the elderly. How sad they are! And only to Odintsova did he say beautiful words about his parents, but the old people did not hear them themselves.

2. In general, the problem of "fathers" and "children" is typical for Russian literature. In the drama of A.N. Ostrovsky “Thunderstorm”, it acquires a tragic sound, as young people who want to live by their own mind come out from under the blind obedience to the house-building.

And in the novel by I.S. Turgenev, the generation of children in the person of Yevgeny Bazarov is already resolutely going his own way, sweeping away established authorities. And the contradictions between the two generations are often painful.

3) Insolence. Rudeness. behavior in society.

1. Human intemperance, disrespectful attitude to others, rudeness and rudeness are directly related to improper upbringing in the family. Therefore, Mitrofanushka in D.I. Fonvizin’s comedy “Undergrowth” speaks unforgivable, rude words. In the house of Mrs. Prostakova, rude abuse, beatings are a common occurrence. Here mother says to Pravdin: “... now I scold, now I fight; That's how the house holds up."

2. Famusov appears before us as a rude, ignorant person in A. Griboedov's comedy "Woe from Wit". He is rude to dependent people, speaks grouchily, rudely, calls servants in every possible way, regardless of their age.

3. You can bring the image of the mayor from the comedy "The Government Inspector". A positive example: A. Bolkonsky.

4) The problem of poverty, social inequality.

1. With stunning realism, F.M. Dostoevsky depicts the world of Russian reality in the novel "Crime and Punishment". It shows the social injustice, hopelessness, spiritual impasse that gave rise to the absurd theory of Raskolnikov. The heroes of the novel are poor people, humiliated by society, the poor are everywhere, suffering is everywhere. Together with the author, we feel pain for the fate of children. To stand up for the disadvantaged - that's what ripens in the minds of readers when they get acquainted with this work.

5) The problem of mercy.

1. It seems that from all the pages of F.M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment”, disadvantaged people ask us for help: Katerina Ivanovna, her children, Sonechka ... The sad picture of the image of a humiliated person appeals to our mercy and compassion: “Love your neighbor …” The author believes that a person must find his way “to the realm of light and thought”. He believes that the time will come when people will love each other. He claims that beauty will save the world.

2. In the preservation of compassion for people, a merciful and patient soul, the moral height of a woman is revealed in A. Solzhenitsyn's story "Matryonin Dvor". In all degrading ordeals, Matryona remains sincere, sympathetic, ready to help, able to rejoice in someone else's happiness. This is the image of the righteous, the keeper of spiritual values. This is without it, according to the proverb, "there is no village, city, all our land"

6) The problem of honor, duty, feat.

1. When you read about how Andrei Bolkonsky was mortally wounded, you experience horror. He did not rush forward with the banner, he simply did not lie down on the ground like the others, but continued to stand, knowing that the core would explode. Bolkonsky could not help it. He, with his sense of honor and duty, noble valor, did not want to do otherwise. There are always people who cannot run, be silent, hide from dangers. They die before others, because they are better. And their death is not meaningless: it gives birth to something in the souls of people, something very important.

7) The problem of happiness.

1. L.N. Tolstoy in the novel “War and Peace” brings us, readers, to the idea that happiness is not expressed in wealth, not in nobility, not in glory, but in love, all-consuming and all-encompassing. Such happiness cannot be taught. Prince Andrei before his death defines his state as “happiness”, which is in the intangible and external influences of the soul, - “the happiness of love” ... The hero seems to return to the time of pure youth, to the ever-living springs of natural being.

2. To be happy, you need to remember five simple rules. 1. Free your heart from hatred - forgive. 2. Free your heart from worries - most of them do not come true. 3. Lead a simple life and appreciate what you have. 4. Give back more. 5. Expect less.

8) My favorite work.

They say that every person in his life should raise a son, build a house, plant a tree. It seems to me that in the spiritual life no one can do without Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace. I think this book creates in the soul of a person that necessary moral foundation on which one can already build a temple of spirituality. The novel is an encyclopedia of life; the fates and experiences of the heroes are relevant to this day. The author encourages us to learn from the mistakes of the characters in the work and live a “real life”.

9) Friendship.

Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" are people of "crystal honest, crystal soul." They constitute the spiritual elite, the moral core to the "marrow of the bones" of a rotten society. These are friends, they are connected by liveliness of character and soul. Both hate Carnival masks» of higher light, mutually complement each other and become necessary to each other, despite the fact that they are so different. Heroes seek and learn the truth - such a goal justifies the value of their lives and friendship.

10) Faith in God. Christian motives.

1. In the image of Sonya, F.M. Dostoevsky personifies “ God's man”, who in the cruel world has not lost his connection with God, his passionate desire for “Life in Christ”. In the terrifying world of Crime and Punishment, this girl is a moral light beam that warms the criminal's heart. Rodion heals his soul and returns to life with Sonya. It turns out that without God there is no life. So thought Dostoevsky, so Gumilyov later wrote:

2. The heroes of F.M. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" read the parable of the resurrection of Lazarus. Through Sonya prodigal son- Rodion returns to real life and God. Only at the end of the novel does he see "morning", and under his pillow lies the Gospel. Biblical stories became the basis of the works of Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol. The poet Nikolai Gumilyov has wonderful words:

There is God, there is the world, they live forever;

And the life of people is instantaneous and miserable,

But everything is contained by a person,

Who loves the world and believes in God.

11) Patriotism.

1. True patriots in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" do not think about themselves, they feel the need for their own contribution and even sacrifice, but do not expect rewards for this, because they carry in their souls a genuine holy feeling of the Motherland.

Pierre Bezukhov gives his money, sells the estate in order to equip the regiment. True patriots were also those who left Moscow, not wanting to submit to Napoleon. Petya Rostov rushes to the front, because "the Fatherland is in danger." Russian peasants, dressed in soldier's overcoats, fiercely resist the enemy, because the feeling of patriotism is sacred and inalienable for them.

2. In Pushkin's poetry we find sources of the purest patriotism. His "Poltava", "Boris Godunov", all appeals to Peter the Great, "slanderers of Russia", his poem dedicated to the Borodino anniversary, testify to the depth of popular feeling and the strength of patriotism, enlightened and sublime.

12) Family.

We, readers, are especially sympathetic to the Rostov family in L.N. moral purity and wholeness. The feeling of the family, which the Rostovs sacredly take in peaceful life, will turn out to be historically significant in the course of Patriotic War 1812.

13) Conscience.

1. Probably, we, readers, least of all expected from Dolokhov in L.N. Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" an apology to Pierre on the eve of the Battle of Borodino. In moments of danger, during a period of general tragedy, conscience awakens in this tough man. This surprised Bezukhov. We, as it were, see Dolokhov from the other side and one more time we will be surprised when he, with other Cossacks and hussars, releases a party of prisoners, where Pierre will be, when he will hardly speak when he sees Petya lying motionless. Conscience is a moral category, without it it is impossible to imagine a real person.

2. Conscientious means a decent, honest person, endowed with a sense of dignity, justice, kindness. The one who lives in harmony with his conscience is calm and happy. Unenviable is the fate of the one who missed it for the sake of momentary gain or renounced it out of personal egoism.

3. It seems to me that the issues of conscience and honor for Nikolai Rostov in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" are the moral essence of a decent person. Having lost a lot of money to Dolokhov, he promises himself to return it to his father, who saved him from dishonor. And once Rostov surprised me when he entered into an inheritance and accepted all the debts of his father. This is usually done by people of honor and duty, people with a developed sense of conscience.

4. The best features of Grinev from A.S. Pushkin's story “ Captain's daughter”, conditioned by upbringing, appear in moments of severe trials and help him to get out of difficult situations with honor. In the conditions of rebellion, the hero retains humanity, honor and loyalty to himself, he risks his life, but does not deviate from the dictates of duty, refusing to swear allegiance to Pugachev and make compromises.

14) Education. Its role in human life.

1. A.S. Griboyedov, under the guidance of experienced teachers, received a good initial education, which he continued at Moscow University. The writer's contemporaries were struck by the level of his education. He graduated from three faculties (the verbal department of the philosophical faculty, the natural-mathematical and law faculties) and received the academic title of candidate of these sciences. Griboyedov studied Greek, Latin, English, French and German, and was fluent in Arabic, Persian and Italian. Alexander Sergeevich was fond of the theater. He was one of the finest writers and diplomats.

2.M.Yu. Lermontov, we refer to the number of great writers of Russia and the progressive noble intelligentsia. He was called a revolutionary romantic. Although Lermontov left the university because the leadership found his stay there undesirable, the poet was distinguished by a high level of self-education. He began to write poetry early, drew beautifully, played music. Lermontov constantly developed his talent and left a rich creative heritage to his descendants.

15) Officials. Power.

1.I.Krylov, N.V.Gogol, M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin in their works ridiculed those officials who humiliate their subordinates and please their superiors. Writers condemn them for rudeness, indifference to the people, embezzlement and bribery. No wonder Shchedrin is called a prosecutor public life. His satire was full of sharp journalistic content.

2. In the comedy The Inspector General, Gogol showed the officials inhabiting the city - the embodiment of the passions rampant in it. He denounced the entire bureaucratic system, depicted a vulgar society plunged into general deception. Officials are far from the people, they are busy only with material well-being. The writer not only exposes their abuses, but also shows that they have acquired the character of a "disease". Lyapkin-Tyapkin, Bobchinsky, Strawberry and other characters are ready to humiliate themselves in front of the authorities, but they do not consider ordinary petitioners to be people.

3.Our society has switched to a new round of management, so the order has changed in the country, the fight against corruption, checks are being carried out. It is sad to recognize in many modern officials and politicians an emptiness covered with indifference. Gogol's types have not disappeared. They exist in a new guise, but with the same emptiness and vulgarity.

16) Intelligence. Spirituality.

1. I evaluate an intelligent person by his ability to behave in society and spirituality. Andrei Bolkonsky in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" is my favorite character who can be imitated by young men of our generation. He is smart, educated, intelligent. He has such character traits that make up spirituality, such as a sense of duty, honor, patriotism, mercy. Andrey is disgusted by the world with its pettiness and falseness. It seems to me that the feat of the prince is not only that he rushed with a banner to the enemy, but also that he deliberately abandoned false values, choosing compassion, kindness and love.

2. In comedy " The Cherry Orchard» A.P. Chekhov denies intelligence to people who do nothing, are not capable of work, do not read anything serious, only talk about the sciences, but understand little in art. He believes that humanity should improve its strength, work hard, help the suffering, strive for moral purity.

3. Andrei Voznesensky has wonderful words: “There is a Russian intelligentsia. Do you think no? There is!"

17) Mother. Motherhood.

1. With trepidation and excitement, A.I. Solzhenitsyn recalled his mother, who sacrificed a lot for the sake of her son. Persecuted by the authorities because of her husband's "White Guard", her father's "former wealth", she could not work in an institution where they paid well, although she knew foreign languages ​​very well, studied shorthand and typewriting. great writer I am grateful to my mother for the fact that she did everything to instill in him versatile interests, to give him a higher education. In his memory, his mother remained a model of universal moral values.

2. V.Ya. Bryusov connects the theme of motherhood with love and composes an enthusiastic glorification of a woman-mother. Takova humanistic tradition Russian literature: the poet believes that the movement of the world, humanity comes from a woman - a symbol of love, self-sacrifice, patience and understanding.

18) Labor is laziness.

Valery Bryusov created a hymn to labor, which also contains such passionate lines:

And the right place in life

Only to those whose days are in labor:

Only to the workers - glory,

Only to them - a wreath for centuries!

19) The theme of love.

Every time Pushkin wrote about love, his soul was enlightened. In the poem: "I loved you ..." the poet's feeling is disturbing, love has not cooled down yet, it lives in him. Light sadness is caused by an unrequited strong feeling. He confesses to his beloved, and how strong and noble his impulses are:

I loved you silently, hopelessly,

Either shyness or jealousy torment ...

The nobility of the poet's feelings, colored with light and subtle sadness, is expressed simply and directly, warmly and, as always with Pushkin, charmingly musically. This is the true power of love, which opposes vanity, indifference, dullness!

20) Purity of language.

1. Over its history, Russia has experienced three eras of clogging the Russian language. The first happened under Peter 1, when there were more than three thousand marine terms of foreign words alone. The second era came with the 1917 revolution. But the darkest time for our language is the endXX- StartXXIcenturies, when we have witnessed the degradation of the language. What is worth only one phrase that sounds on television: “Do not slow down - snickers!” Americanisms have overwhelmed our speech. I am sure that the purity of speech must be strictly monitored, it is necessary to eradicate clericalism, jargon, an abundance of foreign words that crowd out beautiful, correct literary speech, which is the standard of Russian classics.

2. Pushkin did not have a chance to save the Fatherland from enemies, but it was given to decorate, elevate and glorify his language. The poet extracted unheard-of sounds from the Russian language and "hit the hearts" of readers with unknown force. Centuries will pass, but these poetic treasures will remain for posterity in all the charm of their beauty and will never lose their strength and freshness:

I loved you so sincerely, so tenderly,

How God forbid you be loved to be different!

21) Nature. Ecology.

1. For the poetry of I. Bunin, a careful attitude to nature is characteristic, he worries about hercprotection, for purity, therefore, in his lyrics there are many bright, rich colors of love and hope. Nature feeds the poet with optimism, through her images he expresses his life philosophy:

My spring will pass, and this day will pass,

But it's fun to wander around and know that everything passes

Meanwhile, as the happiness of living forever will not die ...

In the poem "Forest Road" nature is a source of happiness and beauty for a person.

2. The book by V. Astafiev "Tsar-fish" consists of many essays, stories and short stories. The chapters "Dream of the White Mountains" and "King-Fish" describe the interaction of man with nature. The writer bitterly names the reason for the destruction of nature - this is the spiritual impoverishment of man. His combat with the fish has a sad outcome. In general, in his reasoning about man and the world around him, Astafyev concludes that nature is a temple, and man is a part of nature, and therefore is obliged to protect this common home for all living things, to preserve its beauty.

3. Accidents at nuclear power plants affect the inhabitants of entire continents, even the entire Earth. They have long-term consequences. Many years ago, the worst man-made disaster occurred - the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The territories of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia suffered the most. The consequences of the disaster are global. For the first time in the history of mankind, an industrial accident has reached such a scale that its consequences can be found anywhere in the world. Many people received terrible doses of radiation and died a painful death. Chernobyl pollution continues to cause an increase in mortality among the population of all ages. Cancer is one of the typical manifestations of the consequences of radiation exposure. The accident at the nuclear power plant led to a decrease in the birth rate, an increase in mortality, genetic disorders ... People should remember Chernobyl for the sake of the future, be aware of the danger of radiation and do everything so that such disasters never happen again.

22) The role of art .

My contemporary, poet and prose writer Elena Takho-Godi, wrote about the influence of art on a person:

And you can live without Pushkin

And without the music of Mozart too -

Without everything that is spiritually dearer,

No doubt you can live.

Even better, calmer, easier

Without absurd passions and anxieties

And safer, of course,

But how to make this deadline? ..

23) About our smaller brothers .

1. I immediately remembered the amazing story “Tame Me,” where Yulia Drunina talks about an unfortunate, trembling from hunger, fear and cold, an unneeded animal in the market, which somehow immediately turned into a domestic idol. He was joyfully worshiped by the whole family of the poetess. In another story, the title of which is symbolic, “In response to all whom she has tamed”, she will say that the attitude towards “our smaller brothers”, towards creatures that are completely dependent on us, is a “touchstone” for each of us .

2. In many works of Jack London, man and animals (dogs) go through life side by side and help each other in all situations. When for hundreds of kilometers of snowy silence you are the only representative of the human race, there is no better and more devoted assistant than a dog, moreover, unlike a person, it is not capable of lies and betrayal.

24) Motherland. Small home.

Each of us has our own small homeland - the place from which our first perception of the world begins, the comprehension of love for the country. The poet Sergei Yesenin has the most precious memories associated with the Ryazan village: with the blue that fell into the river, the raspberry field, the birch grove, where he experienced “lake melancholy” and aching sadness, where he overheard the cry of the oriole, the conversation of sparrows, the rustle of grass. And I immediately imagined that beautiful dewy morning that the poet met in childhood and which gave him a holy “feeling of the homeland”:

Weaved over the lake

Scarlet light of dawn...

25) Historical memory.

1.A. Tvardovsky wrote:

The war has passed, the suffering has passed,

But pain calls out to people.

Come on people never

Let's not forget about it.

2. The works of many poets are dedicated to the people's feat in the Great Patriotic War. The memory of the experience does not die. A.T. Tvardovsky writes that the blood of the fallen was not shed in vain: the survivors must keep the peace so that the descendants live happily on earth:

I bequeath in that life

you happy to be

And motherland

Thanks to them, the heroes of the war, we live in peace. The Eternal Flame burns, reminding us of the lives given for the motherland.

26) Beauty.

Sergei Yesenin in his lyrics sings of everything beautiful. Beauty for him is peace and harmony, nature and love for the motherland, tenderness for his beloved: “How beautiful the Earth and the man on it!”

People will never be able to overcome the sense of beauty in themselves, because the world will not change endlessly, but there will always be something that pleases the eye and excites the soul. We freeze with delight, listening to eternal music born of inspiration, admiring nature, reading poetry... And we love, worship, dream of something mysterious and beautiful. Beauty is everything that gives happiness.

27) Philistinism.

1. In the satirical comedies "Klop" and "Bath" V. Mayakovsky ridicules such vices as philistinism and bureaucracy. In the future, there is no place for the protagonist of the play "The Bedbug". Mayakovsky's satire has a sharp focus, reveals the shortcomings that exist in any society.

2. In the story of the same name by A.P. Chekhov, Jonah is the personification of a passion for money. We see the impoverishment of his spirit, the physical and spiritual "renunciation". The writer told us about the loss of personality, the irreparable waste of time - the most valuable asset human life about personal responsibility to oneself and society. Memories of credit papers hewith such pleasure he takes it out of his pockets in the evenings, extinguishing in him feelings of love and kindness.

28) Great people. Talent.

1. Omar Khayyam is a great, brilliantly educated person who lived an intellectually rich life. His rubaiyat is the story of the ascent of the poet's soul to the high truth of being. Khayyam is not only a poet, but also a master of prose, a philosopher, truly great person. He died, and his star has been shining in the “firmament” of the human spirit for almost a thousand years, and its light, alluring and mysterious, does not grow dim, but, on the contrary, becomes brighter:

Be I the Creator, the Ruler of heights,

Would incinerate the old firmament.

And I would pull on a new one, under which

Envy does not sting, anger does not scurry.

2. Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn is the honor and conscience of our era. He was a participant in the Great Patriotic War, was awarded for the heroism shown in battles. For disapproving remarks about Lenin and Stalin, he was arrested and sentenced to eight years in labor camps. In 1967, he sent to the Congress of Writers of the USSR open letter calling for an end to censorship. His, famous writer, were persecuted. In 1970 he was awarded Nobel Prize in the field of literature. The years of recognition were difficult, but he returned to Russia, wrote a lot, his journalism is considered to be a moral sermon. Solzhenitsyn is rightly considered a fighter for freedom and human rights, a politician, an ideologist, public figure who served the country honestly, selflessly. His the best works- this is the "Gulag Archipelago", "Matryonin Dvor", "Cancer Ward" ...

29) The problem of material support. Wealth.

The universal measure of all the values ​​of many people, unfortunately, has recently become money, a passion for hoarding. Of course, for many citizens this is the personification of well-being, stability, reliability, security, even a guarantor of love and respect - no matter how paradoxical it sounds.

For such as Chichikov in N.V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" and many Russian capitalists, it was not difficult at first to "curry favor", flatter, give bribes, be "pushed around" in order to "push around" themselves and take bribes, live luxuriously .

30) Freedom-non-freedom.

I read E. Zamyatin's novel "We" in one breath. Here one can trace the idea of ​​what can happen to a person, society, when they, obeying an abstract idea, voluntarily renounce freedom. People turn into an appendage of the machine, into cogs. Zamyatin showed the tragedy of overcoming the human in a person, the loss of a name as the loss of one's own "I".

31) The problem of time .

For a long creative life L.N. Tolstoy was constantly running out of time. His working day began at dawn. The writer absorbed the morning smells, saw the sunrise, awakening and .... created. He tried to be ahead of time, warning mankind against moral catastrophes. This wise classic either kept pace with the times, or was one step ahead of it. Tolstoy's work is still in demand all over the world: Anna Karenina, War and Peace, Kreutzer Sonata...

32) Morality.

It seems to me that my soul is a flower that leads me through life so that I live according to my conscience, and the spiritual power of a person is that luminous matter that is woven by the world of my sun. We must live according to the commandments of Christ in order for humanity to be humane. To be moral, you need to work hard on yourself:

And God is silent

For a grave sin

Because they doubted God

He punished love of all,

What would have learned to believe in agony.

33) Space.

Hypostasis of T.I. Tyutchev is the world of Copernicus, Columbus, a daring personality, going out to the abyss. This is what makes the poet close to me, a man of the age of unheard-of discoveries, scientific daring, and the conquest of the cosmos. He instills in us a sense of the infinity of the world, its greatness and mystery. The value of a person is determined by the ability to admire and be amazed. Tyutchev was endowed with this "cosmic feeling" like no other.

34 Favorite city.

In the poetry of Marina Tsvetaeva, Moscow is a majestic city. In the poem "Over the blue of the groves near Moscow ....." the ringing of Moscow bells pours like a balm on the soul of the blind. This city is sacred for Tsvetaeva. She confesses to him the love that she absorbed, it seems, with her mother's milk, and passed it on to her own children:

And you do not know that the dawn in the Kremlin

Breathe easier than anywhere else on earth!

35) Love for the Motherland.

In the poems of S. Yesenin, we feel the complete unity of the lyrical hero with Russia. The poet himself will say that the feeling of the Motherland is the main thing in his work. Yesenin does not doubt the need for changes in life. He believes in future events that will wake dormant Russia. Therefore, he created such works as "Transfiguration", "O Russia, flap your wings":

Oh Russia, flap your wings,

Put another support!

With other names

Another steppe rises.

36) Historical memory.

1. “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy, “Sotnikov” and “Obelisk” by V. Bykov - all these works are united by the theme of war, it bursts into an inevitable disaster, dragging into the bloody whirlpool of events. Its horror and senselessness, bitterness was clearly shown by Leo Tolstoy in his novel "War and Peace". The writer's favorite heroes are aware of the insignificance of Napoleon, whose invasion was only the entertainment of an ambitious man who found himself on the throne as a result of a palace coup. In contrast, he is shown the image of Kutuzov, who was guided in this war by other motives. He fought not for glory and wealth, but for the sake of loyalty to the Fatherland and duty.

2. 68 years of the Great Victory separate us from the Great Patriotic War. But time does not reduce interest in this topic, draws the attention of my generation to the distant front-line years, to the origins of the courage and feat of the Soviet soldier - a hero, a liberator, a humanist. When the cannons thundered, the muses were not silent. While instilling love for the Motherland, literature also instilled hatred for the enemy. And this contrast carried the highest justice, humanism. The golden fund of Soviet literature included such works created during the war years as “The Russian Character” by A. Tolstoy, “The Science of Hatred” by M. Sholokhov, “The Unsubdued” by B. Gorbaty ...

Text from the exam

(1) Deadly boredom was written on the well-fed, shiny face of the gracious sovereign. (2) He had just emerged from the arms of the afternoon Morpheus and did not know what to do. (3) I didn’t want to think or yawn ... (4) I got tired of reading back in time immemorial, it’s too early to go to the theater, I’m too lazy to ride ... (5) What to do? (6) What would be fun?

- (7) Some young lady came! Yegor reported.

- (8) He asks you!

- (9) A young lady? Um ... (10) Who is this?

(11) A pretty brunette quietly entered the office, dressed simply ... even very simply. (12) She entered and bowed.
- (13) Sorry, - she began with a trembling treble.
- (14) I, you know ... (15) I was told that you ... you can only be found at six o'clock ...

(16) I ... I ... the daughter of the court adviser Paltsev ...

- (17) Very nice! (18) How can I be useful? (19) Sit down, don't be shy!

- (20) I came to you with a request ... - the young lady continued, awkwardly sitting down and fiddling with her buttons with trembling hands. - (21) I came ... to ask you for a ticket for free travel to your homeland. (22) You, I heard, give ... (23) I want to go, but I have ... I’m not rich ... (24) I’m from St. Petersburg to Kursk ...

- Hm ... (25) So, sir ... (26) Why do you need to go to Kursk? (27) 3 Is there something you don't like here?

- (28) No, I like it here. (29) I'm to my parents. (30) They haven’t had it for a long time ... (31) Mom, they write, is sick ...
- Um ... (32) Do you serve or study here?

(33) And the young lady told where and with whom she served, how much she received a salary, how much work there was ...

- (34) They served ... (35) Yes, sir, it cannot be said that your salary was great ...

(36) It would be inhumane not to give you a free ticket ... Hm ... (37) Well, I suppose there is Cupid in Kursk, huh? (38) Amurashka ... (39) Groom? (40) Have you blushed? (41) Well, well! (42) It's a good thing. (43) Ride yourself. (44) It's time for you to get married ... (45) And who is he?

- (46) In officials.

- (47) It's a good thing. (48) Go to Kursk ... (49) They say that already a hundred miles from Kursk it smells of cabbage soup and cockroaches crawl ... (50) I suppose boredom in this Kursk? (51) Yes, you throw off your hat! (52) Egor, give us tea!

(53) The young lady, who did not expect such an affectionate reception, beamed and described to the gracious sovereign all the Kursk entertainments ... (54) She said that she had an official brother, cousins-gymnasium students ... (55) Egor served tea.

(56) The young lady timidly reached for a glass and, afraid of smacking, began to swallow silently ...

(57) The gracious sovereign looked at her and grinned ... (58) He no longer felt bored ... - (59) Is your fiancé handsome? - he asked. - (60) And how did you get along with him?

(61) The young lady embarrassingly answered both questions. (62) She trustingly moved towards the gracious sovereign and, smiling, told how suitors wooed her here in St. Petersburg and how she refused them ... (63) She ended up taking a letter from her parents from her pocket and read it to the gracious sovereign. (64) Eight o'clock struck.
- (65) And your father has good handwriting ... (66) With what squiggles he writes! (67) Hehe...
:
(68) But, however, I have to go ... (69) It has already begun in the theater ... (70) Farewell, Marya Efimovna!
- (71) So can I hope? - asked the young lady, rising.
- (72) What for?
- (73) That you will give me a free ticket ...

- (74) Ticket?.. (75) Um... (76) I don't have tickets! (77) You must be mistaken, madam ...

(78) Heh heh heh ... (79) You got to the wrong place, to the wrong entrance ... some kind of railway worker lives next to me, and I serve in a bank, sir! (80) Egor, tell me to lay it down! (81) Farewell, Marya Semyonovna! (82) Very glad ... very glad ...

(83) The young lady got dressed and went out ... (84) At the other entrance, she was told that he had left at half past seven for Moscow.

(According to A.P. Chekhov)

Introduction

In life, we often encounter injustice, with a dismissive attitude of people who have some kind of power over others. People who are financially secure do not understand the poor, do not consider it necessary to take into account their opinion, simply do not perceive them as equals. Simple, "little" people become the subject of ridicule and insults from those in power.

Comment

The presented text raises the topic of relationships between people of different classes - a young poor girl asking for money, and a bored "gracious sovereign" who does not know what to do with himself in the coming day.

The girl urgently needs to go home, and she, having heard somewhere that the master is distributing free tickets all those in need, came to him for help. He elicits all the details of her personal life, the reasons why she is in such a hurry to Kursk. The “young lady”, in her naivety, shares her hopes and dreams, rejoicing at such a warm welcome. However, in the end it turns out that she made the wrong entrance, and the “gracious sovereign” just talked to her out of boredom.

Instead of somehow helping the interlocutor, he leaves away. She acted as a kind of toy for a bank employee, and he is not at all worried about her future fate.

Soon the girl learns that the railroad worker from the neighboring entrance is no longer at home. So she remains with nothing.

topic, problem, idea

In Russian literature, the theme of the little man has become a classic. Satirical writers denounced the imperfections of the social structure of our Motherland thought a lot about this. A.P. was no exception. Chekhov, who thought a lot about the social order, looked closely at many typical images of his time - officials of various ranks, landowners, peasants, poor people, beggars.

The text raises the problem of social inequality, in other words, the problem of a small person.

Author's position

Chekhov clearly has a negative attitude towards the "gracious sovereign." This can be seen already from the first phrase of the text, which speaks of "a well-fed, shiny physiognomy." The girl, on the contrary, arouses sympathy in the author. Her descriptions are pleasant, without caricature: "a pretty brunette", "pulling her buttons with trembling hands." We can say that Chekhov is on the side of the "little people" who are afraid of everything in life, and condemns the inhumanity of the highest circles.

own position

I really want to agree with the author, because, knowing all the life difficulties of a young brunette, a bank employee could at least give her money, if it didn’t work out with a ticket. The trouble is that rich people are looking for benefits only for themselves in everything, and the environment does not bother them. They seem to be dead inside. Chekhov, in my opinion, by raising this problem, wants to shake up society, to force people of high rank to look at themselves from the outside.

Arguments and examples

The literature has repeatedly raised the topic of social inequality, the relationship of the poor with the rich, people without rights with people of high status.

F.M. Dostoevsky in the novel "Crime and Punishment" presents a gallery of people who are below the poverty line. The main plot action is tied just in the collision of a poor student and an old money-lender who profits from the misfortunes of other poor people.

Poverty brings Raskolnikov to thoughts of murder. By this action, he seems to be trying to prove to himself that he is not simple " small man", which is not able to influence anything, and "having the right" - who decides the fate of people.

I think that such a terrible act of Raskolnikov was initially caused by his desire to save the people around him from social injustice in the person of the money-lender.

Many examples and real life. According to statistics, more than half of the population of Russia lives in very difficult living conditions, often without work, without money and, in fact, without rights. Remember how many homeless people froze on the street last winter, how many sick grandparents live in landfills. The worst thing is that it is very difficult for them to get out of poverty, because the rest do not respect them, they consider them people without a future.

Conclusion

Unfortunately, as long as people in society are divided into poor and rich, as long as social inequality flourishes, in our society there is a place for callousness, immorality, and indifference. However, I would like to believe that people will become kinder and more tolerant of each other, because we are all equal before God!

Arguments for an essay in the Russian language.
Reading. Books. Literature.
The problem of reading, the role of reading, the role of literature, attitudes towards literature, the choice of books, the displacement of books, the influence of books on a person, language, the perception of literature and language.


What is the role of reading in human life? What is the role of literature in human life?

Each person is obliged to take care of his intellectual development. This is his duty to the society in which he lives and to himself. The main way of their intellectual development is reading.

How to love reading
Argument from D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful."
Reading, in order to be effective, must interest the reader. Interest in reading must be developed in oneself. Interest can be largely the result of self-education. Literature gives us a colossal, vast and profound experience of life, makes you wise. But all this is given only when you read, delving into all the little things. Because the most important thing is often in the details. And such reading is possible only when you read with pleasure, not because this or that work needs to be read, but because you like it. A person should have favorite works that he refers to repeatedly. "Disinterested", but interesting reading - that's what makes you love literature and what broadens a person's horizons.

How to choose the right books?
Argument from D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful."
Reading should not be random. This is a huge waste of time, and time is the greatest value that cannot be wasted on trifles. You should read according to the program, of course, not strictly following it, moving away from it where there are additional interests for the reader. You need to draw up reading programs for yourself, consulting knowledgeable people, with existing reference books of various types. But try to choose a book to your liking, take a break from everything in the world for a while, sit comfortably with a book, and you will understand that there are many books that you cannot live without, which are more important and interesting than many programs.
Therefore, one must read contemporary literature. Don't just jump on every trendy book. Don't be fussy. Worldliness makes a person recklessly spend the largest and most precious capital that he possesses - his time.

How to read?
Argument from D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful."
The danger of reading is the development (conscious or unconscious) in oneself of a tendency to "diagonally" view texts or to different kind speed reading methods.
"Speed ​​reading" creates the appearance of knowledge. It can be allowed only in certain types of professions, being careful not to create in oneself the habit of speed reading, it leads to a disease of attention. Works read in a calm atmosphere make a great impression.
Know how to read not only for school answers and not only because this or that thing is read by everyone now - it is fashionable. Be able to read with interest and slowly.

Why is TV replacing books?
Argument from D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful."
Yes, because the TV makes you slowly watch some kind of program, sit back comfortably so that nothing bothers you, it distracts you from worries, it dictates to you how to watch and what to watch. I'm not saying stop watching TV. But I say: look with a choice. Spend your time on something that is worthy of this waste. Decide for yourself your choice, in accordance with the role that your chosen book has acquired in the history of human culture in order to become a classic. This means that there is something significant in it. Or maybe this essential for the culture of mankind will be essential for you?

What does book boom mean?
Argument from D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful."
Today, personal libraries are found in so many homes. There is even such a thing as a book boom. The book boom is great! And the fact that people are interested in books, buying them, standing in line for books is good, it speaks of some kind of cultural upsurge in our society. But they can tell me that books don't get to those who need them. Sometimes they serve as decoration; are acquired because of beautiful bindings, etc. But this is not so scary either. A book will always find someone who needs it. We remember how people began to be interested in literature - through the libraries that they found with their father or with their relatives. So the book will someday find its reader.

How to build a personal library?
Argument from D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful."
As for the personal library, this issue must be approached very responsibly. Not only because the personal library is considered calling card owner, but because it sometimes becomes a prestigious moment. If a person buys books only for prestige, then he does it in vain. In the first conversation, he will give himself away. It will become clear that he himself did not read the books, and if he did, he did not understand. Don't make your library too big. At home there should be re-reading books, classics (and, moreover, favorite ones), and most of all reference books, dictionaries, bibliography. They can sometimes replace an entire library. Be sure to keep your own bibliography and note on the cards of this bibliography what you think is important and necessary in this book.
I repeat. If you need a book for a one-time reading, you should not purchase it. And the art of building personal libraries is to refrain from acquiring such books.

How can books affect a person?
Argument from Ray Bradbury's dystopian novel Fahrenheit 451
A prime example that shows the value of books is Ray Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451. The main character Guy Montag works as a firefighter, but not in the usual sense for us: instead of putting out fires, he burns down houses that contain books. Books in this society are under the strictest prohibition, because it is easier for the government to control people who do not have knowledge and a free mind. Everything changes in Montag's life when he gets acquainted with the world of books: he begins to think critically, he has his own opinion. So the hero turns into an agent of resistance. At the end of the novel, there remains the hope that perhaps it is he and people like him who will change the terrible reality.

How does literature affect a person's life?

Literature makes a person spiritually developed. In the anti-utopian story, M. Gelprin paints the reader a terrible picture of reality, in which literature could not get along with progress and completely died out. Literature was what shaped minds, it defined inner world man, his spirituality. “Children grow up spiritually, that's what's scary,” exclaimed one of the few remaining teachers of literature, Andrei Petrovich. Most people didn't realize the problem. The exception was the robot tutor, who realized that children were growing up without spirituality, and secretly from his masters came to one of the few teachers of literature to learn the basics. His goal was to educate children. A robot named Maxim, who came into contact with the world of literature, "at first deaf to the word, not perceiving, not feeling the harmony embedded in the language, every day comprehended it and learned it better, deeper than the previous one." As a result, he was disposed of, but his sacrifice was not in vain, he taught Anya and Pavlik, the children of the owners, to love literature. And this means that not all is lost.

What is literature?
Argument from Michael Gelprin's story "".
The protagonist of the story "on the table" by M. Gelprin, teaching the robot Maxim, talks about what literature is. “Literature is not only about what is written ... It is also how it is written. Language ... the very tool used by great writers and poets. In other words, in literary works not only the intricate plot is important, but also the richness of the language, which becomes a tool that awakens life in the reader. Language is harmony. The purpose of literature is the education of minds, and the beauty of the literary language helps to achieve this main goal.

How to learn to perceive the beauty of the artistic word?
Argument from D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful."
The art of the word is the most complex art, requiring the greatest internal culture, philological knowledge and philological experience from a person. This Greek word can be translated as follows - "love of the word." But in reality, philology is wider. At different times, philology was understood as different areas of culture: namely culture, and not just science. Therefore, the answer to the question of what philology is can only be given through a detailed, painstaking historical study of this concept, starting from the Renaissance.
The role of philology is precisely binding, and therefore especially important. It combines literary criticism and linguistics in the field of studying the style of a work - the most difficult area of ​​literary criticism. It requires deep knowledge not only in the history of languages, but also knowledge of the realities of a particular era, the aesthetic ideas of their time, the history of ideas, etc.
I will give examples of how important a philological understanding of the meaning of words is. A new meaning arises from the combination of words, and sometimes from their simple repetition. Here are a few lines from the poem "Away" by a good Soviet poet, and, moreover, simple, accessible - N. Rubtsov:
And everything sticks out.
A neighbor sticks out at the door,
Awakened aunts stick out behind him,
Words stick out
A bottle of vodka sticks out
A meaningless dawn sticks out in the window!
Again window glass in the rain,
Again fog pulls and chills ...
If it were not for the last two lines in this stanza, then the repetitions “sticks out”, “stick out” would not be full of meaning. But only a philologist can explain this magic of words...
The fact is that literature is not only the art of the word, it is the art of overcoming the word, the acquisition by the word of a special “lightness” from what combinations the words enter into. Above all the meanings of individual words in the text, above the text, there is still a certain super-sense, which turns the text from a simple sign system into an artistic system. Combinations of words, and only they give rise to associations in the text, reveal the necessary shades of meaning in the word, create the emotionality of the text. Just like dancing overcomes gravity human body, in painting, the uniqueness of color is overcome due to combinations of colors, in sculpture, the usual dictionary meanings of the word are overcome. The word in combinations acquires such shades that you will not find in the best historical dictionaries of the Russian language.
It is absolutely clear that one cannot engage in literature without being at least a little linguist, one cannot be a textual critic without delving into the hidden meaning of the text, the entire text, and not just individual words of the text.
Words in poetry mean more than they are called, "signs" of what they are. These words are always present in poetry - whether when they are included in a metaphor, in a symbol, or they themselves are, or when they are associated with realities that require some knowledge from readers, or when they are associated with historical associations.
Each intelligent person should be at least a bit of a philologist. This is required by the culture.
You may ask me: well, I call everyone to be philologists, to become all specialists in the field of the humanities? I do not call to be specialists, professionals in the humanities. Of course, all professions are needed, and these professions must be evenly and expediently distributed in society. But ... every specialist, every engineer, doctor, every nurse, every carpenter or turner, driver or loader, crane operator and tractor driver must have a cultural outlook. There should not be those who are blind to beauty, deaf to words and real music, callous to good, forgetful of the past. And for all this, knowledge is needed, intelligence is needed, which is given by the humanities. Read fiction and understand it, read history books and love the past of mankind, read travel literature, memoirs, read art literature, visit museums, travel with meaning and be spiritually rich. Yes, be philologists, that is, "lovers of the word," for the word stands at the beginning of culture and completes it, expresses it.

What role do books play in our lives?
Argument from L. Ulitskaya's novel "The Green Tent"
The book is a man's friend. With the help of books, children learn about the world, and adults return to their childhood memories. In the novel by L. Ulitskaya, the book occupies an exceptional place in the life of the main characters: Micah, Sanya and Ilya. Even at school, the guys join a circle of lovers of Russian literature, are fond of Pushkin and Tolstoy, re-read the letters of the Decembrists and compose their first poems. The love of reading does not fade in them over the years: in student years they try to get the forbidden books, carefully pass from hand to hand, copy and photograph passages. Thoughts and theories gleaned from books become food for long nightly conversations. In them, the guys learn about new trends and "get acquainted" with an alternative position prohibited by official literature. It can be said that books define their lives. Ilya becomes a dissident and distributes samizdat, and Mikha is published in banned literary and political journals. In the final chapter of the novel, the already elderly Sanya, who is in exile, goes to visit Joseph Brodsky to listen to his poems for the last time.