The ancient genres that had developed before this turn were then vigorously rethought under its influence.

Notes

List of literary genres

• By shape
  • Short story
• content

Links

• Sysoeva O. A. Genre approach to the study of literature in the framework of additional education (on the example of Sasha Sokolov's novel "School for Fools")
• Theoretical poetics: concepts and definitions. Reader for students of philological faculties. Compiled by N. D. Tamarchenko

Literature

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See what "Literary genre" is in other dictionaries:

NOVEL (French roman, German Roman; English novel / romance; Spanish novela, Italian romanzo), the central genre (see GENRE) of European literature of the New Age (see NEW TIME (in history)), fictional, in difference from the adjacent genre of the story (see ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

An elegy (έλεγεία) is a lyrical poem of a sad, thoughtful mood: such is the content that is now usually put into a word that had a different meaning in the former poetics. Its etymology is debatable: it is derived from the supposed chorus έ λέγε ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

At present, the most popular and richest form of literary works, reflecting in itself modern life with all the variety of questions that concern her. To achieve such a universal meaning, the novel had to... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Crying is one of the ancient literary genres, characterized by lyric-dramatic improvisation on the themes of misfortune, death, etc. It can be made out both in verse and in prose. The style of crying is used, in particular, in some texts of the Bible ... Wikipedia

- (poetic) certain kind literary work. The main genres can be considered epic, lyrical and dramatic, but it is more correct to apply this term to their individual varieties, such as an adventure novel, a clownish comedy ... Literary Encyclopedia

Genre- GENRE (poetic) a certain type of literary work. The main genres can be considered epic, lyrical and dramatic, but it is more accurate to apply this term to their individual varieties, such as an adventure novel, ... ... Dictionary of literary terms

- (historical and special used in cinematography) a finished screenwriting work. It must contain a complete, consistent and specific description of the plot, consisting of developed scenes and episodes, dialogues and reveal images ... ... Wikipedia

GENRE- literary (from French genre - genus, type), historically emerging type of literary work (novel, poem, ballad, etc.); in the theoretical concept of Zh., features characteristic of a more or less extensive group of works are generalized ... ... Literary Encyclopedic Dictionary

Literature is an amoebic concept (in equal terms, as well as types of literature): throughout the centuries-old development of human civilization, it inevitably changed both in form and in content. One can confidently speak about the evolution of this type of art on a global scale or be strictly limited to certain periods of time or a specific region (ancient literature, the Middle Ages, Russian literature of the 19th century and others), nevertheless, one must perceive it as a true art of the word and an integral part of the global cultural process.

word art

Traditionally, when talking about literature, the individual means fiction. This concept (often used as a synonym - "the art of the word") arose on the fertile soil of oral folk art. However, unlike him, literature currently exists not in oral form, but in written form (from Latin lit(t)eratura - literally “written”, from lit(t)era - literally “letter”). Fiction uses words and constructions of written (natural human) language as a single material. Literature and other art forms are similar to each other. But its specificity is determined in comparison with the types of art that use other material instead of linguistic-verbal ( art, music) or together with it (songs, theater, cinema), on the other hand - with other types of verbal text: scientific, philosophical, journalistic, etc. In addition, fiction combines any author's (including anonymous) works, in unlike works of folklore that clearly do not have a specific author.

Three main genera

Types and types of literature are significant associations according to the category of the relationship of the "speech carrier" (speaking) to the artistic whole. There are three main genera:

Types and genres of literature

In the most common classification, all types fiction distributed within the framework They can be epic, which include a story, a novel and a short story; lyrical poems include; ballads and poems are lyrical; dramaturgy can be divided into drama, tragedy and comedy. Literary views can be distinguished from each other by the number of heroes and storylines, volume, functions and content. In different periods of the history of literature, one species can be represented in different genres. For example, philosophical and psychological novels, detective novels, social and picaresque. Theoretically, Aristotle began to divide works into types of literature in his treatise called Poetics. His work was continued in modern times by the French poet-critic Boileau and Lessing.

Literature typification

Editorial and publishing preparation, i.e., the selection of written essays for subsequent editions, is usually carried out by the publishing editor. But it is quite difficult for an ordinary user to accurately navigate in the boundless sea. It is more expedient to use a systematic approach, namely, you need to clearly distinguish between the types of literature and their purpose.

• The novel is an impressive form of work, having a huge number of characters with a fairly developed and closely connected system of relationships between them. A novel can be historical, family, philosophical, adventure and social.
• Epic - a series of works, less often single, invariably illuminating a significant historical era or major event.

• Novela - the primary genre of narrative prose, much shorter than a novel or short story. The collection of stories is usually called short stories, and the writer is called a short story writer.

Not the last of the significant

• Comedy is a creation that ridicules individual or social shortcomings, focusing on especially awkward and ridiculous situations.

• Song - ancient species poetry, without which the category "types of fiction" would not be complete. The work is a poetic form with many verses and refrains. There are: folk, lyrical, heroic and historical.

• A fable is a prose, but more often a poetic, work of a moralistic, moralistic and satirical nature.

• A story is a literary work of a certain, often small, size, which tells about separate event in the character's life.

• Myth - narration is also included in the section "types of literature" and carries to future generations the idea of ​​​​ancestors about the universe, heroes and gods.

• A lyric poem is an expression of the author's emotional experiences in a poetic form convenient for him.

• Essay - a narrative, a subspecies of the epic, which reliably tells about real events, facts.

• A story is a work similar in structure to a story, but differing in volume. The story can tell about several events from the life of the main characters at once.

• Melodrama - deservedly continues the list of the category "types of literature", this is a narrative dramatic work, distinguished by a categorical division of heroes into positive and negative.

Literature and modernity

Life itself every day more and more insistently convinces everyone that the level of consistency and unity of book publications, newspaper and magazine materials is one of the main criteria for the effectiveness of society education. Naturally, the initial stage of acquaintance with literature (not counting children's literature) starts at school. Therefore, any literature for teachers contains a variety of literature, which help to convey the necessary knowledge in an accessible form for the perception of the child.

individual choice

It is difficult to overestimate the role of literature in life modern man After all, books have brought up more than one generation. It was they who helped people comprehend both the world around them and themselves, stimulated the desire for truth, moral principles and knowledge, taught them to respect the past. Unfortunately, literature and other arts in modern society are often underestimated. There is a certain category of individuals who declare that literature has already outlived its usefulness, it has been fully replaced by television and cinema. But whether to take advantage of the opportunity that books provide or not is an individual choice for everyone.

At school, in literature lessons, they study stories, novels, novels, essays, elegies. In cinemas, various films are shown - action films, comedies, melodramas. And how can all these phenomena be united in one term? For this, the concept of "genre" was invented.

Let's figure out what a genre is in literature, what types of them exist and how to determine which direction a particular work belongs to.

The division of works by genre has been known since antiquity. What is a genre in ancient literature? It:

• tragedy;
• comedy.

Fiction was practically inseparable from the theater, and therefore the set was limited to what could be embodied on the stage.

In the Middle Ages, the list expanded: now it includes a short story, a novel and a story. The emergence of a romantic poem, an epic novel, as well as ballads belongs to the New Age.

The 20th century, with its tremendous changes in the life of society and the individual, gave birth to new literary forms:

• thriller;
• action movie;
• fiction;
• fantasy.

What is a genre in literature

The totality of some features of groups of literary forms (signs can be both formal and meaningful) - these are the genres of literature.

According to Wikipedia, they are divided into three large groups:

• by content;
• in form;
• by birth.

Wikipedia names at least 30 different directions. These include (of the most famous):

• story;
• story;
• novel;
• elegy,

and others.

There are also less common ones:

• sketch;
• opus;
• stanzas.

How to define a genre

How to determine the genre of a work? If we are talking about a novel or an ode, then we will not get confused, but something more complex - a sketch or stanzas - can cause difficulties.

So we have an open book. It is immediately possible to correctly name well-known literary forms, the definition of which we do not even need. For example, we see a three-dimensional creation that describes a large period of time in which many characters appear.

There are several storylines - one main and an unlimited number (at the discretion of the author) of secondary ones. If all these requirements are met, then every high school student will say with confidence that we have a novel.

If this is a short narrative, limited to a description of an event, while the author’s attitude to what he is talking about is clearly visible, then this is a story.

More difficult, for example, with opus.

The interpretation of the concept is ambiguous: most often it means something that causes ridicule, that is, an essay, story or story, the merits of which are doubtful.

In principle, many literary works can be attributed to the concept of "opus", if they do not differ in clarity of style, richness of thought, in other words, they are mediocre.

What are stanzas? This is a kind of poem-remembrance, a poem-reflection. Remember, for example, Pushkin's Stanzas, written by him on a long winter journey.

Important! In order to correctly classify this or that literary form, be sure to take into account both external signs and content.

Let's try to bring literary genres together, and for this we will collect the types of works known to us in a table. Of course, we will not be able to cover everything - the most complete literary trends are presented in serious philological works. But a small list can be made.

The table will look like this:

Types of genres by content

Before, we touched on the question of the form of writing and divided the genres of literature precisely on this basis. However, directions can be interpreted more broadly. The content, the meaning of what is written is very important. At the same time, the terms in both lists can "echo", intersect.

Let's say a story falls into two groups at once: stories can be distinguished by outward signs(short, with a clearly expressed attitude of the author), and in content (one bright event).

Among the areas divided by content, we note:

• comedy;
• tragedy;
• horror;
• drama.

Comedy is perhaps one of the most ancient genres. The definition of comedy is multifaceted: it can be a sitcom, a comedy of characters. There are also comedies:

• household;
• romantic;
• heroic.

Tragedies were also known to the ancient world. The definition of this genre of literature is a work, the outcome of which will certainly be sad, hopeless.

Genres of literature and their definitions

A list of literary genres can be found in any textbook for students of philology. Who cares to know in what directions literary forms stand out?

This information is needed by the following professionals:

• writers;
• journalists;
• teachers;
• philologists.

When creating a work of art, the author submits his creation to certain canons, and their framework - conditional boundaries - allow us to attribute the created to the group "novels", "essays" or "odes".

This concept is relevant not only to works of literature, but also to other types of art. Wikipedia explains: this term can also be used in relation to:

• painting;
• Photo;
• movie;
• oratory;
• music.

Important! Even the game of chess obeys its genre standards.

However, these are very large separate topics. We are now interested in what genres there are in literature.

Examples

Any concept should be considered with examples, and types of literary forms are no exception. Let's take a look at practical examples.

Let's start with the simplest - with a story. Surely everyone remembers Chekhov's work "I want to sleep" from school.

it scary tale, written in a deliberately simple, everyday style, it is based on a crime committed by a thirteen-year-old girl in a state of passion, when her mind was clouded from fatigue and hopelessness.

We see that Chekhov complied with all the laws of the genre:

• description practically does not go beyond one event;
• the author is "present", we feel his attitude to what is happening;
• in the story - one main character;
• The essay is short and can be read in a few minutes.

As an example of the story, we can take Turgenev's "Spring Waters". The author here argues more, as if helping the reader to draw conclusions, gently pushing him to these conclusions. In the story, an important place is given to issues of morality, ethics, inner world heroes - all these problems come to the fore.

– is also quite specific. This is a kind of sketch, where the author expresses his own thoughts on a specific occasion.

The essay is characterized by vivid imagery, originality, frankness. If you have ever read André Maurois and Bernard Shaw, you will understand what we are talking about.

Novels and their character traits- the length of events in time, multiple storylines, a chronological chain, the author's periodic digressions from a given topic - do not allow confusing the genre with any other.

In the novel, the author touches on many problems: from personal to acute social. At the mention of novels, “War and Peace” by L. Tolstoy, “Fathers and Sons”, “ gone With the Wind» M. Mitchell, Wuthering Heights by E. Bronte.

Types and groupings

In addition to grouping by content and form, we can take advantage of the proposal of philologists and subdivide everything created by writers, poets and playwrights by gender. How to determine the genre of a work - what kind can it belong to?

You can create a list of varieties:

• epic;
• lyrical;
• dramatic.

The first are distinguished by a calm narrative, descriptiveness. Epic can be a novel, essay, poem. The second is everything that is connected with the personal experiences of the heroes, as well as with solemn events. This includes an ode, an elegy, an epigram.

Drama is comedy, tragedy, drama. For the most part, the theater expresses the “right” to them.

Summarizing what has been said, we can apply the following classification: there are three major areas in literature, covering everything that has ever been created by prose writers, playwrights and poets. Works are divided by:

• form;
• content;
• the kind of writing.

Within the framework of one direction, there can be many completely diverse works. So, if we take the division by form, then here we will include stories, novels, essays, odes, essays, novels.

We determine belonging to any direction by the "external structure" of the work: its size, the number of storylines, the author's attitude to what is happening.

The division by birth is lyrical, dramatic and epic works. Lyrical can be a novel, a story, an essay. The genus epic includes poems, fairy tales, epics. Dramatic - these are plays: comedies, tragicomedies, tragedies.

Important! The new time makes adjustments to the system literary trends. AT recent decades The genre of the detective, which originated in the 19th century, was developed. In contrast to the utopian novel that arose in the late Middle Ages, dystopia was born.

Useful video

Summing up

Literature continues to evolve today. The world is changing at a tremendous speed, and therefore undergo changes in the form of expression of thoughts, feelings, the speed of perception. Perhaps in the future, new genres will form - so unusual that it is still difficult for us to imagine them.

It is possible that they will be located at the junction of several types of art at once, for example, cinema, music and literature. But this is in the future, but for now our task is to learn how to understand literary heritage which we already have.

In contact with

As you know, all literary works, depending on the nature of the depicted, belong to one of the three genera: epic, lyric or drama .

1 ) Joke2) Apocrypha3) Ballad a4) Fable5) Bylina

6) Drama7) Life 8) Riddle9) Historical songs

10) Comedy11) Legend12) Lyric13) Novella

14) Ode 15) Essay16) Pamphlet17) Tale

18) Proverbs and sayings 19) Poems 20) Story21) Romance

22) Fairy tale23) Word 24) Tragedy25) Chastushka26) Elegy

27) Epigram 28) Epic29) Epic

Video lesson "Literary types and genres"

EPOS(from the Greek "narrative") is a generalized name for works depicting events external to the author.

LYRICS(from the Greek "performed to the lyre") is a generalized name for works in which there is no plot, but the feelings, thoughts, experiences of the author or his lyrical hero are depicted.

DRAMA(from the Greek. "action") - a generalized name of works intended for staging on stage; the drama is dominated by the dialogue of the characters, the author's beginning is minimized.

Varieties of epic, lyrical and dramatic works are called types of literary works.

Type and genre - concepts in literary criticism very close.

Genres are variations in the type of literary work. For example, a genre version of a story can be fantastic or historical tale, and the genre variety of comedy is vaudeville, etc. Strictly speaking, literary genre- this is a historically established type of work of art, containing certain structural features and aesthetic quality inherent in this group of works.

TYPES (GENRES) OF EPIC WORKS:

epic, novel, story, short story, fairy tale, fable, legend.

EPIC - large piece of art, telling about significant historical events. In ancient times - a narrative poem of heroic content. In the literature of the 19th and 20th centuries, the epic novel genre appears - this is a work in which the formation of the characters of the main characters occurs in the course of their participation in historical events.

ROMAN is a large narrative work of fiction with complex plot, in the center of which is the fate of the individual.

A STORY is a work of art that occupies a middle position between a novel and a short story in terms of the volume and complexity of the plot. In ancient times, everything was called a story. narrative work.

STORY - a work of art of a small size, which is based on an episode, an incident from the life of a hero.

FAIRY TALE - a work about fictional events and heroes, usually with the participation of magical, fantastic forces.

FABLE (from “bayat” - to tell) is a narrative work in poetic form, small in size, moralizing or satirical in nature.

TYPES (GENRES) OF LYRICAL WORKS:

ode, hymn, song, elegy, sonnet, epigram, message.

ODA (from the Greek “song”) is a choral, solemn song.

HYMN (from Greek “praise”) is a solemn song based on programmatic verses.

EPIGRAM (from Greek “inscription”) is a short satirical poem of a mocking nature that arose in the 3rd century BC. e.

ELEGY - a genre of lyrics dedicated to sad thoughts or a lyrical poem imbued with sadness. Belinsky called an elegy "a song of sad content." The word "elegy" is translated as "reed flute" or "mournful song". The elegy originated in Ancient Greece in the 7th century BC e.

MESSAGE - a poetic letter, an appeal to a specific person, a request, a wish, a confession.

SONNET (from the Provencal sonette - "song") - a poem of 14 lines, which has certain system rhymes and strict stylistic laws. The sonnet originated in Italy in the 13th century (the creator is the poet Jacopo da Lentini), appeared in England in the first half of the 16th century (G. Sarri), and in Russia in the 18th century. The main types of the sonnet are Italian (from 2 quatrains and 2 tercetes) and English (from 3 quatrains and the final couplet).

LYROEPIC TYPES (GENRES):

Genre concept. Principles of genre classification

Literary genres (French genre - genus, type) are the types of works that have developed in the process of development of fiction. Obviously, the problem of the genre is in the general form can be formulated as a problem of classifying works, identifying common - genre - features in them. The main difficulties of classification are associated with the historical change in literature, with the evolution of genres.

Quantity and nature genre features(the volume of the genre) is a variable in the history of literature, which is reflected in the variety of genre theories that replace each other, as well as the ideas about the Jeans that dominate writers' and readers' practice. So, for the tragedy in the realistic drama of the XIX-XX centuries. many signs of a classic tragedy are not obligatory. In the era of realism, any dramatic work that reveals a tragic conflict and expresses the corresponding pathos is considered a tragedy. Thus, we can talk about a decrease in the genre volume of the tragedy from classicism to realism.

Most genres originated in ancient times. Evolving into Lit. process, they nevertheless retain some stable content and formal features that make it possible to speak of a genre tradition. The genre designations themselves, often included in the text of a work, in its title (“Eugene Onegin. A novel in verse”), are signs of lit. traditions; they evoke a certain genre expectation in the reader.

When studying genres, one should distinguish between their most stable and transient features. As part of the theoretical and literary course, the main attention is paid to the characterization of the most stable genre features. However, it is important to remember that lit. process, the genre always appears as an element genre system, the principles of which depend on the specific historical features of artistic thinking. Thus, in ancient literatures, the development of the author's self-awareness was slow, determined by the stability of traditions and the general pace of national life. Therefore, the genre systems of ancient literatures, differing in complexity and branching, are characterized by greater stability in comparison with the literatures of modern times.

Genuine liberation from the cruel genre regulations became possible only with the development of realism, it was associated with overcoming subjective one-sidedness in creativity itself. And in realistic literature, which correlates the development of characters with circumstances in their historical concreteness, following the tradition of genres could be carried out much more freely, which generally led to a decrease in their volume. In all European literatures of the XIX century. there is a sharp restructuring of the genre system. Genres began to be perceived as aesthetically equivalent and open to creative search types of works. This approach to genres is characteristic of our time.

Basic principles of genre classification of literary works. Genre characteristics, which have the most stable, historically repeatable character, form the basis of the literary classification of works. As literary terms, traditional genre designations are mainly used - a fable, a ballad, a poem, etc. - which spontaneously arose in literature and acquired a wide range of associations in the process of genre evolution.

The most important genre feature of works is their belonging to one or another literary genus: epic, dramatic, lyrical, lyrical-epic genres stand out. Within the genera, types are distinguished - stable formal, compositional and stylistic structures, which it is advisable to call generic forms. They are differentiated depending on the organization of speech in a work - poetic or prose, on the volume of the text. In addition, the basis for highlighting generic forms in the epic may be the principles of plot composition, in poetic lyrics - solid strophic forms (sonnet, rondo, triolet), in drama - one or another attitude to the theater (drama for reading, for puppet theater) etc.

epic genres. Due to the breadth and versatility of the depiction of characters in epic works, in comparison with drama and lyrics, their genre problems stand out especially clearly and vividly. It is revealed in a variety of generic forms. So, a song, a fairy tale, and a story can be national-historical in their problems.

In the classification of generic forms, differences in the volume of texts of works are important. Along with small (story) and medium (story) prose forms, a large epic form is distinguished, which is often called novels. The volume of the text of the work in the epic is determined by the completeness of the reconstruction of characters and relationships, and hence the scale of the plot. Unlike the story, the story is not characterized by a detailed system of characters, there is no complex evolution of characters and detailed individualization.

Heroic folk song.

Novels, short stories (novels, essays)

Satirical, household tales, fables

dramatic genres. With their characteristic brevity of the time of performance on stage and the resulting unity and concentration of the conflict, they create fertile ground for expressing certain types of pathos in the actions and experiences of the characters. Therefore, the division of drama into genres is connected with the pathos of the play. But pathos stems from conflict.

An additional substantive criterion for division in drama is the features of genre problems.

1) Tragedy - the conflict between personal aspirations and superpersonal "laws" of life occurs in the minds of the protagonist (heroes) and the entire plot of the play is created to develop and resolve this conflict. The hero of the tragedy is in a state of conflict not only with other characters, he fights primarily with himself. The tragedy ends with the usual death of the hero, although, as Belinsky wrote, "The essence of the tragic is not in the bloody denouement."

A) moral descriptive - in the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles, the characters act as carriers of certain moral and civil norms, reflect the clashes of old and new, more human, moral norms.

B) national-historical ("Persians" by Aeschylus, "Boris Godunov" by Pushkin)

2) Drama is the most diverse in terms of subject matter, characterized by a large breadth of depicted life conflicts. The pathos of drama is generated by the clashes of the characters with the forces of life that oppose them from the outside. However, the conflict in the drama can also be very serious and sharp and can lead to suffering, and sometimes to the death of the hero.

A) national-historical conflict ("Voevoda" by Ostrovsky, "Enemies" by Gorky)

B) socially everyday (romantic) (“The Merchant of Venice” by Shakespeare, “Vassa Zheleznova” by Gorky).

3) Comedy - a play filled with humorous or satirical pathos. Such pathos is generated by the comic contradictions of the recreated characters. The comic nature of the characters is revealed through plot conflicts, often based on chance. At the same time, the characters of comedy characters themselves do not change in connection with the course of events. There is no character development in comedy. The image of the internal inconsistency, absurdity, inferiority of comic characters, their satirical or humorous denial - this is the main ideological orientation of the comedy.

lyrical genres. The originality of the lyrics is that it brings to the fore the inner world of the lyrical hero, his experiences. This is clearly seen not only in works that lack any visual images of the outside world, but also in descriptive, narrative lyrics, here the experience is conveyed through the emotional expression of speech, the nature of the tropes, etc. Therefore, the basis of the meaningful genre division in the lyrics is the character itself. experiences. But the experience in lyrics can be subjects of typology in another respect. As in epic and drama, in lyrics one can trace differences in genre issues - national-historical, moralistic, romantic, which are manifested here through the typification of the very experience of the lyrical hero.

The genres of literary lyrics were formed on the basis of folk lyric song, in its various varieties.

1) Ode - a poem expressing enthusiastic feelings that some significant object excites in the poet. In the ode, the poet joins, first of all, collective feelings - patriotic, civil. Genre issues in an ode can be national-historical or moralistic.

2) Satire - a poem expressing indignation, indignation of the poet with the negative aspects of society. Satire is moralistic in terms of genre issues, the poet in it is, as it were, the mouthpiece of the advanced part of society, preoccupied with its negative state.

3) Elegy - a poem full of sadness, dissatisfaction with life. Sadness can be caused by some reason ("Sorrowful Elegies" by Ovid). But an elegy is possible in which the recreated experience does not have a specific motivation (“I experienced my desires ...” by Pushkin).

4) Epigram, epitaph, madrigal - small forms of lyrics. In the history of literature, the broad (ancient Greek) and narrow (later) meanings of the epigram are known. The ancient Greek epigram (literally "inscription") originates from inscriptions on cult objects. The type of epigram was an epitaph - an inscription on a tombstone. The content and emotional tone of ancient Greek epigrams were different. The originality of thought and the laconism of its expression - that's what has always been appreciated in the epigram. The second, narrow meaning of the epigram, which has been attached to it since the 1st century AD, is a short humorous or satirical poem, most often ridiculing a certain person. The antipode of the epigram (higher meaning of the word) is the madrigal - a short half-joking poem of a complimentary nature (usually addressed to a lady).

Lyric-epic genres. The combination of lyrical meditation and epic narration is often found in works of different genres (for example, in a romantic poem). But there are genres whose nature is always lyrical-epic.

1) A fable is a moral descriptive genre that contains a brief allegorical narrative and a lesson (“morality”) arising from it. Even if the teaching is not "Formulated" in the text of the fable, it is implied; the relationship of teaching with the plot of the fable is its lyrical-epic basis.

2) Ballad - a small poetic plot work in which the narration itself is permeated with lyricism. Unlike a fable, where it is possible to single out the lyrical (“moral”) and epic (plot) parts, the ballad represents an indissoluble fusion of the lyrical and epic beginnings. Genre issues in a ballad can be national-historical and romantic.