The abundance of wind, string and percussion instruments speaks of the cultural wealth of the ancient Russians. Absorbing the sounds of nature, people created simple rattles and whistles from scrap materials. Every child in Rus' had the skills to make and play simple musical instruments. It was an integral part folk culture and life since the times Ancient Rus'. Many of them are used to this day unchanged - others have been improved and formed the basis of folk orchestras.

Russian folk music (instruments):

Balalaika

The balalaika has become a symbol of Russian culture. This is a three-string plucked instrument with a triangular soundboard. The first mentions of the instrument date back to the 17th century. but the instrument became widespread only a hundred years later. The classical balalaika originated from the East Slavic domra with two strings and a round soundboard.

It was given the status of a folk instrument for a reason. The root of the word balalaika is the same as in the words balakat or balabolit, which mean meaningless, unobtrusive conversation. So the instrument most often served as an accompaniment for the leisure of Russian peasants.

Gusli

Another stringed folk instrument, but much older than the balalaika. The first historical evidence of the use of gusli dates back to the 5th century. The ancestor of the instrument has not been precisely established, but, according to the most common hypothesis, they originated from the ancient Greek cithara. There were several types of gusli with a resonator of various shapes and a number of strings from 5 to 30.

Gusli of all types (wing-shaped, helmet-shaped, lyre-shaped) were used to accompany the voice of the soloist, and the musicians were called guslars.

Horn

A small mouthpiece wind instrument with a bell at the end of the barrel and six playing holes (at the same time the name of a group of wind instruments). The traditional horn was carved from juniper, birch or maple. The ensemble and dance variety of the instrument originated from the signal horns of shepherds and warriors, who accompanied both leisure and work.

The first information about horns recorded on paper dates back to the 17th century, but in fact they began to be used much earlier. Since the 18th century, references to horn ensembles have appeared.

Domra

The traditional Slavic plucked string instrument is the ancestor of the balalaika. The fundamental differences from the first to the last lie in the configuration of the deck (oval and triangular, respectively). It became widespread in the 16th century, presumably evolving from Mongolian two-stringed plucked instruments.

There are three- and four-string versions of the instrument. Domra was considered an instrument of traveling buffoons (domra player - domrachey).

Accordion

Bayan is a Russian folk musical instrument with Bavarian roots. The constructive basis for it was the harmonica. The first instrument was created by master Mirwald in 1891, and the very next year button accordions appeared in Russia. However, the name of the instrument was first mentioned in 1903 (before that it was called chromatic harmony).

This is a solo concert or ensemble instrument. However, he often accompanies people's leisure time at public celebrations or family holidays.

Russian accordion

The hand accordion came to Russia musical culture along with the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars. Its ancestor was the Chinese instrument shen. The Chinese ancestor went a long way from Asia to Russia and Europe, but the harmonica received mass popular love after the 1830s, after the opening of the first production. But even with established production, most of the instruments were made by folk craftsmen, which contributed to a wide variety of designs.

Tambourine

It is almost impossible to establish the time and place of the appearance of the tambourine as a musical instrument - it was used in various rituals of many peoples. Ritual tambourines most often consist of a leather membrane on a round wooden frame - a shell. Bells or round metal plates were often suspended from the shell of Russian musical tambourines.

In Rus', any percussion musical instrument was called a tambourine. The military and ritual tambourine clearly stands out. They served as the basis for musical tambourines used during buffoon performances and other entertainment events.

Firewood

Percussion instrument with a telling name firewood “grew” from an ordinary bundle of firewood. Its operating principle is similar to a xylophone. The sound is extracted with a special beater made of wooden plates. A recess is selected at the bottom of each plate, the depth of which determines the pitch of the sound. After adjustment, the plates are varnished and bundled. Dried birch, spruce and maple are used to make firewood. Maple firewood is considered the most euphonious.

Whistle

A small ceramic wind instrument - a whistle - was often equipped with decorative elements. Bird whistles with decorative paintings were especially popular. Preferred creatures and designs often indicate the region where the tool was made.

The whistles make high trills. Some types of whistles are filled with water and then the trills are produced with a shimmer. Whistles were created as children's toys.

Ratchet

A series of wooden plates, fastened with cord, is the Slavic ratchet. Shaking such a bunch creates sharp popping sounds. Ratchets are made from durable wood - oak, for example. To increase the volume, spacers about five millimeters thick are inserted between the plates. The instrument was used at fairs and folk festivals to attract attention to a particular performance.

Wooden spoons

Another symbol of Russian culture is wooden spoons. This is the only percussion instrument that can be eaten. Ancient Russians used spoons to make rhythmic sounds as much as they used them to eat. Spoons made of different types of wood with characteristic paintings are used in sets of two to five. The most common option is with three - two are clamped in the spooner’s left hand, and with the third he hits the lower sides of the scoops.

Dilyara was in ninth grade when she heard a flute melody on TV. The magical sounds captivated the girl so much that she desperately wanted to learn how to play. Dilyara immediately tried to make the instrument herself, but her attempts were not crowned with proper success and, as a result, she bought a recorder (a type of longitudinal flute - author's note). I learned to play on my own: first I studied the notes, and then I trusted my ears.

My first flute was called a “Japanese shakuhachi”, I made it from a PVC pipe. It is believed that the shakuhachi was created for meditation. The sound of the flute harmonizes and brings the player into an even state, and by practicing monitoring your breathing while playing, you can bring this quality into life: a person becomes more conscious and contemplative. But all this will happen when you learn to play the flute, and while I was creating it, I suffered quite a lot,” recalls the Crimean craftswoman.

Guzheng. Photo by D. Abdureshitova

The neighborhood of pity and shakuhachi

At first the girl was unable to extract a sound from the flute. I thought I cut something wrong or connected it incorrectly. As it turns out, the Japanese shakuhachi is considered one of the most difficult flutes because there is no whistle, but instead there is an utaguchi (literal translation - “song of the mouth”). This is a cut with which the air flow is cut, resulting in sound. And when she understood how the flute works, the instrument began to play.

Dilyara is self-taught in everything: how to make her own flutes, how to play them. He says that by looking at photographs on the Internet, through trial and error, he learns how to make them. So I mastered musical notation on my own. “In Old Crimea, the music school is very far from my home, so it was inconvenient for me to get there. Now that I am studying in Simferopol, I no longer have time for this. And I don’t turn my hobby into either a profession or a business. I know a little sheet music, I can play at some concert, but I make flutes more for myself. It happens that someone orders, but I don’t advertise it too much,” admits Dilyara.

She somehow never thought about selling and making money on musical instruments. Although if we talk about price, then such handmade work will be valued at 1000 rubles and more.

Creating, creating, and then playing national instruments is what the Crimean beauty does for her soul. In life, Dilyara decided to follow the path of an economist. “Of course, this is not as interesting as my hobby, but I need to realize my diploma,” the craftswoman smiles.

In total, Dilyara’s collection contains about thirty different musical instruments. Of these, only ten types of flutes different nations peace.

These are the Japanese shakuhachi, Indian bansuri, Slavic zhaleika, Ukrainian sopilka, South American kena, South American samponyo, pimak (North American Indian flute), Belgorod pishik. I make plucked string instruments - a small Japanese koto and a large, almost a meter long, Chinese guzheng (relatives of the European zither). I think Udu is absolutely unique - an African clay drum-pot with two holes that produces drawn-out, almost otherworldly voices. African tribes believed that they heard the voices of their ancestors with whom they needed to communicate. I started making flutes such as hulusi and bawu - chinese instruments. In addition to flutes, I am working on strings, the most grandiose being the Celtic harp. I was inspired to make it when I heard Elizbar (Eduard Sirech) play, I really liked it! I have been making a harp since 2013, last summer I strung the strings and have almost learned to play. Now the kemane violin is in the process (a mandatory instrument in ensembles of professional traditional music of the East - author's note), the pegs have already been cut out, the base has been made... - the Crimean woman is immersed in the world of music.

A flute can be made from different materials, but the best and most convenient is bamboo. It has a wonderful warm sound. She grows light bamboo at home and buys dark bamboo in the store. By the way, in shops for fishermen you can choose fishing rods from the bamboo family. The girl also learned how to make flutes from lagenaria (a type of bottle-shaped pumpkin). Or made from wood using beeswax, essential oils, genuine leather and thread. If you properly care for the instrument (do not expose it to thermal or climatic changes, wipe the internal channel of the instrument after playing), then it can serve your grandchildren.

There are many beautiful legends associated with the history of the birth of flutes.

Since the 14th-15th centuries in Japan, the shakuhachi was played by wandering Buddhist monks komuso, distinctive feature who had a basket on their heads that completely hid their faces. It was believed that through playing the flute a monk could achieve self-realization, as it would organize consciousness and purify the mind.

But the North American Indian flute - pimak - is intended for love. With her help, Indian boys seduced beautiful girls. The pure and bewitching sounds of this instrument were supposed to convince her of the serious intentions of her chosen one and show all the advantages of the guy. One could say that the flutes carried out the entire conversation.

The oldest instrument of the Indians of Peru, Chile and Bolivia, the quena, is, on the contrary, a flute of sadness. IN old times a young man in love, in order to never part with his tragically deceased beloved, decided to make a flute from the tibia of her leg. Having made this flute, the saddened young man carried it with him everywhere, and when he played, its melancholy sound reminded him of the voice and cry of his deceased beloved.

At the age of 16, Dilyara made a Tuvan ISIS violin. This musical instrument is always personified with the favorite pet of nomads - the horse. Therefore, in the old days, its strings were made from horse tail hair. Nowadays, synthetic materials such as nylon strings can also be used.

Individual sound


Flutes. Photo by D. Abdureshitova

Each instrument is individual, has its own distinctive sound and is created differently over time. For example, a pimak will not work if you cut the hole a little larger - the whistle will not be the same. You also need to be extremely careful with the material. Bamboo may crack during processing. “The fastest way to make an Indian bansuri is: to cut, process, select the tuning and decorate a brand new instrument, you will need about 6 hours of fruitful, intense work, well, if you don’t get distracted at all,” the craftswoman shares.

When everything is ready, the final touch remains - Dilyara puts her emblem and finalizes the design. A prairie ornament would suit a North American instrument; a harp would have Celtic knots, heroes of mythology.

I like to do something new all the time, to experience each instrument, which is distinguished by its musicality. Take the pitiful one - it has a high sound, while the Japanese shakuhachi has a low, deep sound,” the artist says about her creations and immediately begins to demonstrate their voices.

It seems that the girl lives only by creativity. When Dilyara is not creating instruments, she draws in the Zentangle style (an abstract design created on the basis of repeating patterns - author's note), embroiders handbags for Kjorana (an attribute of a wedding ceremony), knows a lot of computer programs, is engaged in photography, electronic music creation, and is interested in raster and vector graphics. And, of course, he is interested in music.

I like to listen to Irish folk music, Japanese motifs. When I work on an instrument, music accompanies me. But when I select the system, there must be silence,” the talented girl reveals her secrets.

Dilyara is not the only creative person in her family. “The abilities were passed on from my grandfather,” says the craftswoman. - This is a man with golden hands. He built the house himself, from the foundation to the wiring, he made amazing furniture! We still had to look for such a master!”


African balafon. Photo by D. Abdureshitova

When asked if she thought about donating or even creating a museum of musical instruments from different nations of the world from her collection, Dilyara replies that the instrument was created to be played. And if you don’t use it for its intended purpose, then you need to give the instrument as a gift or put it up for sale so that it benefits the owner and delights the listeners.

The world is full of different, amazing and unusual sounds. Merging together, they turn into a melody: calming and cheerful, cheerful and sad, romantic and alarming. Inspired by the sounds of nature, man has created musical instruments with the help of which he can recreate the most impressive, heart-warming melodies. And in addition to instruments known throughout the world, such as the piano, guitar, drum, saxophone, violin and others, there are musical instruments that are no less interesting appearance, and in sound. We invite you to familiarize yourself with the ten most interesting musical instruments in the world.

Whistle

This musical instrument is the basis of Irish culture. It is rare that Irish music is complete without the sound of this authentic instrument: cheerful jig motifs, fast polkas, soulful airs - the voice of the whistle can be felt in each of the presented directions.

The instrument is an oblong flute with a whistle on one end and 6 holes on the front side. As a rule, whistles are made from tin, but instruments made of wood, plastic and silver also have a right to exist.

The history of the appearance of the whistle goes back to the 11th-12th century. It is from these times that the first memories of this instrument date back. A whistle is easy to make from scrap materials, which is why the instrument was especially valued among the common people. Closer to the 19th century, a general standard for the whistle was established - an oblong shape and 6 holes used for playing. The greatest contribution to the development of the instrument was made by the Englishman Robert Clark: he proposed making the instrument from light metal - tinplate. Thanks to its hoarse and perky sound, the whistle became very popular among the Irish people. Since then, this instrument has become the most recognizable folk instrument.

The principle of playing the whistle is very simple, so much so that even if you have never picked up this instrument, after 2-3 hours of hard training you will be able to play your first melody. The whistle is both a simple and complex instrument. The complexity lies in its sensitivity to breathing, and the simplicity lies in its easy fingering to achieve.

Vargan

This ancient reed instrument has remained virtually unchanged in appearance over the centuries of its existence. From the Old Slavonic “vargi” means “mouth”. It is in the name of the instrument that the method of extracting sounds from the instrument is hidden. Jew's harps are most common among the peoples of the north: Eskimos, Yakuts, Bashkirs, Chukchi, Altaians, Tuvinians and Buryats. With the help of this unusual instrument, local residents express their emotions, feelings and moods.

Jew's harps are made of wood, metal, bones and other exotic materials, which influence the sound of the instrument in their own way. The reliability and durability of the jew's harp also depends on the material used.

It is almost impossible to describe the sound of an instrument - it is better to hear its melody once than to read its description 10 times. But we can still confidently say that the melody emanating from playing the harp is velvety, soothing, and thought-provoking. But learning to play the harp is not so easy: in order to extract a melody from the instrument, you need to learn how to control your diaphragm, articulation and breathing. After all, during the playing process it is not the instrument itself that sounds, but the musician’s body.

Glass harmonica

Perhaps one of the rarest musical instruments. It is a structure of glass hemispheres of different diameters strung on a metal rod. The structure is fixed in a resonator box. Play the glass harmonica with slightly moistened fingertips by rubbing or tapping.

The first information about the glass harmonica has been known since the mid-17th century. Then the instrument was a set of 30-40 glasses, which were played by gently touching their edges. While playing, the musicians produced such unusual, exciting sounds that it seemed as if hundreds of glass marbles were falling to the ground.

After the grand tour of the Irishman Richard Puckrich across England in 1744, the instrument became so famous and desirable that others began to learn to play it. famous musicians. Moreover, the great composers of that time, Mozart, Beethoven and Richard Strauss, captivated by the beauty of the sound of the harmonica, wrote the best compositions especially for this instrument.

However, in those days it was believed that the sound of a glass harmonica had a negative effect on the human psyche: it disrupted the state of mind, caused premature birth in pregnant women, and led to mental disorder. In this regard, in some German cities the instrument was banned at the legislative level. And at the beginning of the twentieth century, the art of playing the glass harmonica was forgotten. But everything well forgotten someday returns. This is what happened with this wonderful instrument: Victor Kramer, St. Petersburg director, in Glinka’s opera, presented in Bolshoi Theater, successfully used the glass harmonica, returning it to its rightful place in modern art.

Hang

An amazing musical instrument, one of the newest inventions of our time. Hang was invented in Switzerland in 2000 by Felix Rohner and Sabine Scherer. The creators of the instruments claim that the basis of playing on exotic percussion instrument is the feeling, sensation of the music and the instrument itself. And the owner of the hang must have an ideal ear for music.

The hang consists of a pair of metal hemispheres that together form a disk similar to a flying saucer. The upper part (also the front) of the hang is called DING; on it there are 7-8 tonalities enclosed in a musical circle. They are indicated by small depressions, and in order to obtain a certain key of the melody, you need to hit one or another depression.

The lower part of the instrument is called GU. It has a deep hole in which the musician’s fist should be located. The structure of this disc acts as a resonance and modulation of sound.

Bonang

Bonang is an Indonesian percussion instrument. It consists of a set of bronze gongs, which are secured with cords and placed horizontally on a wooden stand. At the top of the central part of each gong there is a bulge - pencha. It is this that makes the sound if you knock on it with a wooden stick with a cotton cloth or rope wrapped around its end. Balls of burnt clay suspended under gongs often act as resonators. Bonang sounds soft and melodious, its sound fades slowly.

Kazoo

The kazoo is an American folk instrument. Used in skiffle style music. It is a small cylinder, tapering towards the end, made of metal or plastic. A metal plug with a membrane made of tissue paper is inserted into the middle of the instrument. Playing the kazoo is very simple: just sing into the kazoo, and the tissue paper will do its job - change the musician’s voice beyond recognition.

Erhu

Erhu is a bowed musical instrument, also known as an ancient Chinese two-string violin that uses metal strings.

Scientists cannot say exactly where and when the first erhu instrument was created, since it is a nomadic instrument, which means that it changed its geographical location along with the nomadic tribes. It has been established that the approximate age of the erhu is 1000 years. The instrument became popular during the Tang Dynasty, which fell between the 7th and 10th centuries AD.

The first erhu were somewhat shorter than modern ones: their length was 50-60 cm, and today it is 81 cm. The instrument consists of a hexagonal or cylindrical body (resonator). The body is made of high quality wood and snakeskin membrane. The neck of the erhu is where the strings are attached. At the top of the neck there is a curved head with a pair of pegs. Erhu strings are usually metal or animal sinew. The bow is made in a curved shape. The string for the bow is made of horsehair, and the rest is made of bamboo.

The main difference between the Erhu and other violins is that the bow should be attached between two strings. Thus, the bow becomes one and inseparable from the base of the instrument. While playing, the erhu is held in a horizontal position, resting the instrument's leg against one's knee. Play with a bow right hand, and at this time, press the strings with the fingers of the left hand so that they do not touch the neck of the instrument.

Nikelharpa

Nyckelharpa is a Swedish folk musical instrument of the bowed string variety. Due to the fact that its development lasted more than 600 years, the instrument has several modifications. The first mention of the nyckelharpa is on the gate leading to Szczelyunge Church on the island of Gotland: it depicts two musicians playing this instrument. This image was created back in 1350.

The modern modification of the nyckelharpa has 16 strings and about 37 wooden keys that slide under the strings while playing. Each key moves upward along the slide, where, reaching its top, it clamps the string, changing its sound. The player moves a short bow along the strings and presses the keys with his left hand. Nyckelharpa allows you to play melodies in a range of 3 octaves. Its sound is similar to a regular violin, but it sounds with much more resonance.

Ukulele

One of the most interesting musical instruments is the ukulele, a plucked string instrument. The ukulele is a miniature ukulele with 4 strings. It appeared back in 1880 thanks to three Portuguese who arrived in Hawaii in 1879 (so the legend says). In general, the ukulele is a consequence of the development of the Portuguese cavaquinho plucked instrument. Outwardly it resembles a guitar, with the only difference being its smaller shape and the presence of only 4 strings.

There are 4 types of ukulele:

  • soprano – instrument length 53 cm, the most common type;
  • concert instrument - 58 cm in length, slightly larger, sounds louder;
  • tenor – relatively new model(created in the 20s of the last century) 66 cm long;
  • baritone - the largest model with a length of 76 cm, appeared in the 40s of the last century.

There are also custom ukuleles in which the 8 strings are paired and tuned in unison. The result is a full, surround sound of the instrument.

Harp

Perhaps the most amazing, interesting and melodic instrument is the harp. The harp itself is large, but its sound is so exciting that sometimes you just don’t understand how it can be so amazing. To prevent the instrument from seeming sloppy, its frame is decorated with carvings, making it elegant. Strings of different lengths and thicknesses are pulled onto the frame so that they form a grid.

In ancient times, the harp was considered an instrument of the gods, in middle times - of theologians and monks, then it was considered an aristocratic predilection, and today it is considered a magnificent instrument on which absolutely any melodies can be performed.

The sound of the harp cannot be compared with anything: it is deep, exciting, unearthly. Thanks to the capabilities of the instrument, the harp is an indispensable member of symphony orchestras.

There are many amazing musical instruments in the world. And they all sound special, creating melodies that touch the soul. Each of the tools presented above is certainly worth considering. But still, we should not forget about the violins, guitars, pianos, flutes and other equally beautiful and interesting instruments that are well known to us. After all, they are the basis of human culture and The best way expressions of feelings and emotions.

Ershov Sergey

Bayan is a Russian folk instrument. This is our history, our achievements and victories, inscribed in the history of world culture. And we must know the history of our people and the history of our culture

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Municipal budgetary educational institution

"Secondary school No. 40"

Research project on the topic:

« Musical instruments peoples of the world. Accordion"

Completed:

Ershov Sergey

8th grade student "a"

Teacher:

Moskvina Tatyana Alekseevna

Music teacher

MBOU Irkutsk Secondary School No. 23

  1. Introduction
  2. Chapter 1. History of the creation of the button accordion
  3. Chapter 2. Chinese roots.
  4. Chapter 3. Why does sound occur?
  5. Chapter 4. Varieties of button accordion
  6. Conclusion
  7. Bibliography

Introduction.

Bayan is a Russian folk instrument. This is our history, our achievements and victories, inscribed in the history of world culture. And we must know the history of our people and the history of our culture(Slide 2).

Relevance. I myself play the button accordion and I see that many people are interested in this instrument. Lots of people are playing it now. That's why I chose the topic of the button accordion.

Target - bring the history of the button accordion to the masses.

Tasks:

  1. Tell the story of the creation of the button accordion.
  2. Where did the button accordion come from, its roots.
  3. Consider what types of button accordion there are.

Chapter 1. The history of the creation of the button accordion.

Bayan is a type of harmonica. It differs from the accordion in the keyboard structure (buttons instead of keys) and some other design details(Slide 3.)

Bayan - a large harmonica with a complex system of frets(Slide 3).

In September 1907, St. Petersburg master Pyotr Egorovich Sterligov made a musical instrument, which he worked on for more than two years, for the outstanding harmonica player Yakov Fedorovich Orlansky-Titarenko. Orlansky-Titarenko named this instrument in honor of the ancient Russian singer-storyteller Boyan, mentioned in the poem “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign,” and first began using it on his posters in early May 1908 in Moscow. The master himself also called this harmonica under the influence of the stories of the workers who often visited him about the cruiser “Bayan” that they were building at the Novo-Admiralty Shipyard. He jokingly said to the workers: “You are building your own “Bayan”, but I will build another “Bayan” - a large, improved harmonica!”

The bayan refers to reed keyboard-pneumatic instruments with a full chromatic scale on the right keyboard, bass and ready-made (chord) or ready-chosen accompaniment on the left keyboard.

Keyboard pneumatic instruments containa special pneumatic device, in other words, a device that operates with the force of compressed air. In the button accordion, air is pumped by bellows, it vibrates elastic metal plates-reeds, which produce sound.

The button accordion is a type of harmonica, which is complemented by a chromatic scale on the keys on the right, bass and chords on the left keyboard.

In Russia, harmonics began to appear in the 40s of the 19th century ( Slide 5). Disputes about the reason for the appearance of harmonicas in Russia are still going on: one version says that rich people bought them abroad, and through servants, harmonicas appeared in the villages. The second version says that the harmonicas could have been produced by foreign craftsmen assigned to Tula arms factories.

In Russia, a definite impetus for the spread of harmonicas was the acquisition by Ivan Sizov of a hand-held harmonica at the Nizhny Novgorod fair in 1830, after which he decided to open a workshop for their production.

Also, by the 1940s, handicraft production of harmonicas became widespread.(Slide 6). Especially in the Tula, Tver, Novgorod, Vyatka, Vologda provinces. Some harmonics

created in some provinces, were brought to other provinces and modernized there by local craftsmen, and then transported further across the country and became increasingly widespread.

A representative of one of the first Russian harmonicas is the Tula eight-key harmonica(Slide 7). Her main feature What happened was that when the same key was pressed, sounds of different tones arose (when the bellows was compressed, one was heard, and when the bellows was unclenched, another). This harmonica was called the “harmonica of the Russian system.” Subsequently, this harmonica was brought to the Vyatka province, where it was improved.

By the 40s of the 19th century, the first factory of Timofey Vorontsov appeared in Tula, which produced 10,000 harmonics per year. This contributed to the spread of the instrument, and by the middle of the 19th century. The harmonica becomes a symbol of a new folk musical instrument. She is an obligatory participant in all folk festivals and festivities, especially in rural areas.

The first hand-held harmonica with a full chromatic scale was designed by the Bavarian master Mirwald from the German city of Ziletuye in 1891(Slide 8). Such a harmonica had a full chromatic scale over a range of 4 octaves. The right keyboard keys were in three rows. Each key, when opening and closing the bellows, produced the same sound. The left keyboard consisted of major triads, but then it was improved: it became three-row (the 1st row had 12 bass notes. The second row had major chords. The third had minor chords.)(Slide 9). Already in 1892, such a harmonica became known in Russia.

Double row accordion

Chapter 2. “Chinese roots.”

The harmonica originates from an Asian instrument called the shen(Slide 10).

Shen was known back in Ancient China. Some scientists believe that shen is more than two thousand years old. Over time, it was improved, and it was already possible to play it in 12 keys; a special harmony textbook was even made for it(Slide 11).

The shen itself consisted of a wooden body and bamboo tubes inserted into it around the circumference, at the bottom of which metal plates with tongues cut into them were attached. Shen was usually played with chords by clamping several holes at the bottom of the tubes.

Shen in Russia was known in the 10th-13th centuries during the period of Tatar-Mongol rule. Some researchers claim that the shen traveled from Asia to Russia (it is reliably known that in the mid-18th century in St. Petersburg, the court musician and designer Johann Wilde was fond of playing the shen), and then to Europe, where it was improved and became widespread, truly popular throughout Europe, a musical instrument - the harmonica.

Shen ↓

Chapter 3. Why does sound occur?

If you take a thin school notebook, press its pages with your lips and blow between them, the notebook will probably “sing”(Slide 12). Let's clench our lips tighter and continue to blow - the notebook will "squeak" in a thin voice, loosen our lips - the sound will be lower. Such “music” will certainly be produced if you take two ordinary sheets of paper. Why does sound occur?(Slide 13). Because paper pages vibrate, creating sound vibrations in the air. In approximately the same way, metal plates-tongues inaccordion, button accordion, accordionand harmonica(Slide 14).

All these tools are similar in design. Their sound source is oscillating metal tongues mounted on a metal frame. As we already know, these tongues vibrate under the flow of air that occurs when the bellows is compressed and stretched.

Tongue ↓

Chapter 4. Varieties of button accordion (Slide 15).

In 1913, P. E. Sterligov manufactured the first in Russia, and possibly in the world, five-row button accordion with two auxiliary rows of buttons on the right keyboard, like a modern button accordion. Following Sterligov, other masters began to make five-row button accordions - the Generalov brothers, V. Samsonov and others(Slide 16).

The improvement of the button accordion led to the creation of three versions with different accompaniments:

  • Ready – with fixed chords - major and minor triads, seventh chords.
  • Elective – “mirrors” the right keyboard.
  • Ready-elective –combines selectable and fixed keyboards.

The ready-made type of button accordion is more convenient, but it is more difficult to play.(Slide 17).

In 1951, Moscow masters Seleznev and Figanov made a multi-timbre, four-voice ready-made button accordion, commissioned by accordion player Yuri Ivanovich Kazakov. Y. Kazakov was an artist who, with his concerts, began the triumphant spread of the button accordion throughout the planet.

Russian masters created a number of varieties of accordion: Tula Slide 18) , Saratov, Vologda(Slide 19), Vyatka (Slide 20) and others. There are so many of them that it is difficult to list them all. They are still common today. Harmon is an indispensable participant in Russian folk music ensembles.

Such brands of accordion appeared as “Rus”, “Mir”, “Ogonyok”, “Rubin”, “Etude”, “Jupiter”, “Tula” and many others(Slide 21-24).

Conclusion.

So, we looked at the history of the creation of the button accordion, learned about its Chinese roots, about the varieties of button accordion, and answered the question, why does sound arise?(Slide 25).

Bayan introduced into educational process at all professional levels music training. It is played solo, in ensembles and orchestral groups. A lot of educational and methodological literature and theory for the button accordion have appeared. Many composers write original works for the button accordion. He is famous all over the world.

The button accordion is recognized at the level of a “classical” instrument! A. Mirek/From the history of the button accordion/2002

  • A.S. Klenov. “I explore the world: Children's encyclopedia. Music". Moscow, 1998
  • S.I. Ozhegov. Dictionary of the Russian language. Moscow “Russian language”, 1984
  • S.V. Istomin. Encyclopedia “I explore the world. Music". Astrel. Moscow, 2002
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    Russian folk musical instruments ( MHC lesson 8th grade “Musical instruments of the peoples of the world” according to the textbook by Danilova G.I.) Author: Korshikov Alexander, 8th grade student of the Municipal Educational Institution Sidorovskaya Secondary School Samara Region Head: Korshikov V.A. teacher MHC MOU Sidorovskaya secondary school




    The name “balalaika”, sometimes found in the form “balabaika”, is a folk name, probably given to the instrument in imitation of the strumming, “balakan” of the strings during playing. “To chatter”, “to joke” in the popular dialect means to chat, to make idle calls. Russian origin can only be attributed to the triangular outline of the body or body of the balalaika, which replaced the round shape of the domra.


    At first, the balalaika spread mainly in the northern and eastern provinces of Russia, usually accompanying folk dance songs. But already in the middle of the 19th century, the balalaika was very popular in many places in Russia. It was played not only by village boys, but also by serious court musicians such as Ivan Khandoshkin, I.F. Yablochkin, N.V. Lavrov. However, by the middle of the 19th century, the harmonica was found almost everywhere next to it, which gradually replaced the balalaika.


    Domra is an ancient Russian musical instrument. Scientists suggest that the ancient ancestor of our Russian domra was an Egyptian instrument, which received the name “pandura” from Greek historians, and was in use several thousand years before our time. This instrument, called “tanbur,” may have come to us through Persia, which traded with Transcaucasia.


    Due to their performing capabilities, domras in the orchestra constitute the main melodic group. In addition, the domra finds its use as a solo instrument. Concert plays and works are written for her. Unfortunately, the domra is not particularly popular as a folk instrument in Russia; it is almost never found in villages.


    Gusli Gusli, Russian plucked instrument. Known in two varieties. The first has a wing-shaped (triangular in later samples) shape, from 5 to 14 strings tuned in steps of the diatonic scale, the second has a helmet-shaped shape and 1030 strings of the same tuning.










    The harmonica comes from an Asian instrument called the shen. Shen in Russia was known a very long time ago in the 10th-13th centuries during the period of Tatar-Mongol rule. Some researchers claim that the shen traveled from Asia to Russia, and then to Europe, where it was improved and became a widespread, truly popular musical instrument throughout Europe - the harmonica.


    Contrary to the opinion that the accordion is an invention of German masters, Academician A. M. Mirek managed to prove it Russian origin. Harmonic in modern form- with sliding bellows (pneuma) and with a large number of notched metal tongues inside two side strips - appeared in St. Petersburg. Her father, the Czech engineer Frantisek Kirshnik, lived in Russia at that time, and demonstrated his new instrument, with much greater sound power than the sheng, to the people of St. Petersburg in 1783. He also gave his brainchild a Czech name: harmonica. But now this name, like “accordion,” has become colloquial in Russian. Official name This musical instrument is the accordion.




    The button accordion is also a Russian invention. In 1907 it was made by Pyotr Sterligov. The master himself did not boast that he had invented a new instrument. And the new four-row chromatic accordion was given the name of the famous storyteller-musician of Ancient Rus' Bayan. This name is inherited by all instruments of this type. The keyboard, invented by the master and located on the right side of the instrument, was called the Sterligov system.


    Nowadays, composers write original works for the button accordion, including compositions of large forms of sonatas and concertos. In musical educational institutions There are accordion playing classes that train qualified accordion players. The button accordion remains a folk instrument on which folk music was played and continues to be played.




    The first written evidence about the horn appears in the second half of the 18th century. In them, the horn appears as a widespread, native Russian instrument: “This instrument was almost invented by the Russians themselves.” The horn is a conical straight tube with five playing holes on top and one on the bottom. There is a small bell at the lower end, and a glued-in mouthpiece at the upper end. The total length of the horn ranges from 320 to 830 mm


    The word “zhaleika” is not found in any ancient Russian written monument. The first mention of pity is in the notes of A. Tuchkov, dating back to the end of the 18th century. There is reason to assume that the zhaleika was present before this in Zhaleika is a small tube made of willow or elderberry, 10 to 20 cm long, into the upper end of which a squeak with a single tongue made of reeds or goose feather is inserted, and at the lower end there is a bell made of cow horn or from birch bark. The tongue is sometimes cut on the tube itself. There are from 3 to 7 playing holes on the barrel, thanks to which you can change the pitch of the sound. appearance of another instrument.




    The flute is a Russian instrument of the longitudinal flute type. Mention of flutes is found in ancient greek myths and legends. This type of instrument has existed among different peoples since ancient times. In Europe, in court music playing (18th century), its name “longitudinal flute” was strengthened. The flute is a simple wooden (sometimes metal) pipe. At one end there is a whistle device in the form of a “beak”, and in the middle of the front side there are cut out a different number of playing holes (usually six). The instrument is made from buckthorn, hazel, maple, ash or bird cherry.


    Kugikly (kuvikly) or tsevnitsa is a wind musical instrument, a Russian type of multi-barrel flute. As a rule, it consists of three to five hollow tubes of the same diameter, but of different lengths from 100 to 160 mm. The upper ends of the tubes are open and the lower ends are closed. Kuvikly are not distributed throughout Russia, but only in the Kursk, Bryansk and Kaluga regions. The sound is produced by blowing on the cut edges of the open ends located on the same line. Usually the flute tubes are firmly fastened together, but the quvikles have distinctive feature in them the pipes are not held together, but are held loosely in the hand. Use from 2 to 5 tubes. A set of five pipes is called a "pair". The performer playing the “pair” must not only be able to blow the pipes, but also reproduce the missing notes with his voice
    The time of the emergence of spoons as a musical instrument in Rus' has not yet been established. The first fairly detailed information about them appears at the end of the 18th century and indicates their wide distribution among peasants. In appearance, musical spoons are not much different from ordinary wooden table spoons, only they are made from harder wood.


    The tambourine is a percussion musical instrument of indefinite pitch, consisting of a leather membrane stretched over a wooden rim. Some types of tambourines have metal bells attached to them, which begin to ring when the performer strikes the membrane of the tambourine, rubs it, or shakes the entire instrument.


    The rattle is a folk musical instrument, an idiophone that replaces clapping of hands. Ratchets consist of a set of thin planks (usually oak) cm long. They are connected to each other by a thick rope threaded through the holes in the upper part of the planks. To separate the planks, small wooden plates approximately 2 cm wide are inserted between them at the top. There is no written evidence of whether this instrument was used in Ancient Rus' as a musical instrument. At archaeological excavations in Novgorod in 1992, 2 tablets were found, which, according to V.I. Povetkin, were part of a set of ancient Novgorod rattles in the 12th century.


    Russian birches - ensemble of folk instruments Accent Sentimentos - duet "Bayan-Mix" Einsamer-Hirte - Gheorghe-Zamfir log.nl/etherpiraat/piraten_muziek_2040/index.html V. Vlasov - If only the accordion could do Dmitry Kuznetsov - Pipe. Zhaleika Ratchets Audio encyclopedia (Folk instruments)


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