Of all the diseases that are transmitted during intercourse, trichomoniasis is the most common. The main symptom of infection with vaginal Trichomonas is discharge due to trichomoniasis. If physiological leucorrhoea, which is present in healthy people, is transparent or white-yellow, odorless, then in case of infection with Trichomonas, the discharge is different. Therefore, if there are deviations in color and consistency, as well as the appearance of the smell of discharge or their abundance, you should definitely consult a doctor in order to identify in time the reasons for the appearance of such discharge.

In both women and men, trichomoniasis can occur without symptoms. It is leucorrhoea that can sometimes become the only short-term symptom that can alert a person. Discharge occurs in case of damage to the urethra - urethra, or vagina. Depending on which organs are affected, the symptoms of inflammation of the genitourinary system may be different.

Urethral lesion

In this case, women experience pain and pain during urination. In addition, the urge to urinate becomes more frequent. The pain intensifies during sexual intercourse, causing discomfort.

There may be dull, aching pain in the very bottom of the abdomen. The pain radiates to the back area. Severe itching and burning appears in the genitals and the skin around them. Both the skin and mucous membrane of the vulva are swollen, impressively red. At the same time, the mucous membrane of the vagina and cervix is ​​unchanged.

In men, Trichomonas urethritis is the most common pathology caused by these pathogens. The sponges of the urethra become swollen and inflamed. Over time, the resulting discharge from the urethra may disappear completely.

Discharge in women

  1. With this disease, leucorrhoea in women is greenish-yellow or white, or maybe gray.
  2. Their consistency is foamy.
  3. Quite often they have a specific fishy smell and can corrode the mucous membranes and the skin of the genitals.

The foaminess of leucorrhoea is explained by the ability of Trichomonas to release carbon dioxide. It is associated with vaginal dysbiosis - in this case, against the background of an imbalance of microflora, anaerobic bacteria rapidly develop, which are capable of producing gas that foams the secretions formed by Trichomonas infection. In women, vaginal discharge may be bloody - pink or brown, and it may also foam.

Depending on how much leucorrhoea there is, it becomes possible to determine in what form the disease occurs. In case of acute infection of leucorrhoea from the genital tract:

  • plentiful;
  • foamy;
  • with an unpleasant specific odor.

As for the chronic course of the disease, in this case:

  • discharge is more scanty;
  • worse after or before menstruation.

Discharge in men

In representatives of the stronger sex, discharge due to trichomoniasis manifests itself as follows:

  • they are white, transparent or grayish;
  • leucorrhoea in men is rarely foamy;
  • scanty episodic discharge appears in men in the morning in the form of a spherical drop.

Drop-shaped discharge in men is a classic symptom of trichomoniasis in the stronger sex. The discharge of mucus or pus from the urethra is accompanied by a burning sensation, as well as pain during urination. After this, the infection from the urethra moves to the prostate gland, where the inflammatory process begins and prostatitis occurs. After this, the infection spreads to the seminal vesicles.

What makes the symptoms worse?

  1. Drinking alcohol and spicy foods.
  2. Incorrect use of antibiotics.
  3. Period.
  4. Seasonal infections.
  5. Other sexually transmitted diseases.
  6. Exacerbations of chronic diseases of internal organs.

Why is trichomoniasis dangerous?

If women have a chronic form of trichomoniasis, serious consequences can occur.

  1. Infertility develops against the background of chronic inflammation in the area of ​​the uterine appendages and obstruction of the fallopian tubes.
  2. Characteristic sexual disorders are observed - anorgasmia, frigidity.
  3. During pregnancy, miscarriage and premature birth are possible.
  4. Malignant neoplasms appear in the cervical area.

In addition, Trichomonas are harbingers of the development of sweet disease, mastopathy and allergies. The same applies to cancer in the female reproductive system.

Self-examination

In order to determine the infection at the very beginning of the disease, the nature of the discharge should be examined. There may be air bubbles in them. Swelling of the vaginal walls in women should alert you. The same goes for the cervix. Red spots appear on their surface - this is a sign of an inflammatory process and irritation.

In any case, if such changes occur, you should undergo diagnostics at a women's health center or go to a clinic. A specialist examines a sample of the discharge using a microscope. It is very important to start treating the disease on time, otherwise serious consequences are possible, the pain will become more intense, and over time, even infertility is possible.

Trichomoniasis in women is an infectious disease caused by the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis. This pathogen is a single-celled organism.

Routes of transmission of trichomoniasis:

  • Unprotected sexual intercourse with a Trichomonas carrier.
  • Contact - household (extremely rare) - through personal hygiene products.
  • Failure to comply with personal hygiene rules.

A statistical study revealed that 10% of the world's population suffers from trichomoniasis and about 170 million people acquire Trichomonas every year.

It should be noted that Trichomonas remain viable for 1.5 hours on public seats, baths and swimming pools. There has been a tendency to increase the incidence of Trichomonas in women who smoke. A latent course of the disease is possible. Trichomonas infection increases the likelihood of contracting AIDS, and waste products have a toxic effect on the body.

According to localization, trichomoniasis in women is divided into:

1. Lower part of the urogenital tract.

  • Vulvitis
  • Colpitis
  • Bartholinitis
  • Endocervicitis
  • Urethritis and paraurethritis

2. Upper part of the urogenital tract.

  • Cervicitis
  • Salpingitis
  • Cystitis

The incubation period for this infection is about 10 days. Symptoms of trichomoniasis differ in women and men (see trichomoniasis in men). In men, the disease can be practically asymptomatic, which is the reason for late seeking medical help.

Symptoms of trichomoniasis in women.

Trichomoniasis in women in more than 90% of cases manifests itself as vaginitis; often (unlike other STDs) occurs with copious foamy liquid discharge, yellowish in color with an unpleasant odor.

As a result of the irritating effect of the discharge, intense itching and other subjective sensations occur. The development of erosions is often observed; streaks of blood appear in the discharge.

The skin of the inner thighs, perineum, and groin areas may be involved in the process. However, in chronic cases, symptoms may be mild (small discharge, occasional genital itching).

Sometimes the urethra and cervix become secondarily infected; possible involvement of the paraurethral ducts (paraurethritis), the large gland of the vestibule (bartholinitis), uterine appendages, bladder, etc.

With genitourinary trichomoniasis in women, an adverse effect of trichomonas on the course of pregnancy with the possibility of premature birth has been noted.

Urogenital trichomoniasis is rare in children and affects girls (they become infected from sick mothers or during childbirth).

Foamy discharge due to trichomoniasis in women.

Let us highlight the main symptoms of trichomoniasis in women:

  • copious foamy vaginal discharge.
  • yellowish discharge with an unpleasant odor.
  • itching and burning of the genitals.
  • deterioration of general condition, increase in body temperature.
  • lower abdominal pain.
  • redness and swelling of the perineum.

In a chronic course, this disease is less pronounced. The most common complication is cervical erosion.

Trichomoniasis during pregnancy.

Infection of a woman during pregnancy significantly worsens the course of pregnancy. The most dangerous complication is premature birth. This infection can affect the health of the fetus by causing intrauterine infection. It is known that in women with this pathology, the incidence of ectopic pregnancy is almost 2 times higher.

Treatment of trichomoniasis in women.

  • Women were discussed in more detail in the previous article, but now let’s outline the main points:
  • The most effective is metronidazole, used according to different regimens: 250 mg 3 times a day for 7 days or 2 g once.
  • A prerequisite is the treatment of both partners.
  • Relapses of the disease are treated with high doses of metronidazole, 2 grams per day for 5 days.
  • There are recommendations for combined treatment - oral, vaginal and parenteral administration of drugs. Tinidazole and its analogues are often used in the treatment of the disease - 2 g per day once.
  • During pregnancy in the first trimester, metronidazole is not prescribed. Only local treatment with clotrimazole suppositories is used for 14 days.

The patient is considered curable if, after repeated studies, Trichomonas are not detected within 2-3 months.

PS: Dmitry Lubnin talks clearly and in detail about trichomonas infection.

Article trichomoniasis in women: symptoms, treatment of trichomoniasis in women.

Trichomoniasis how the disease develops after infection with vaginal Trichomonas, Trichomonas vaginalis, and the inflammation they cause. Microorganisms belong to single-celled protozoa, are capable of independently actively moving with the help of flagella and fixating on the epithelium of the vagina or urethra. Next, Trichomonas begin to multiply and secrete metabolic products that destroy cells and cause the formation of erosions and then ulcers. Destruction of integumentary tissue leads to an increased risk of infection by viruses during unprotected sexual intercourse.

Trichomonas vaginalis at the onset of the disease give a picture inflammation of the vagina (in women)and urethritis in men.

The main route of transmission of trichomoniasis is sexual, the contact-household route is somehow not considered, although there is a point of view that infection is possible through just used bath accessories, on which fresh discharge of a patient with trichomoniasis could remain.

Oral and anal infection is extremely rare, but possible in principle. Trichomonas remain motile outside the human body for two hours if the ambient temperature is no more than 40 degrees. Incubation period, which is defined as the period of time between infection and the appearance of the first signs of the disease, with trichomoniasis lasts from 4 days to 4 weeks, on average from a week to one and a half, however, as with any infection, it can extend to 1 - 1.5 months or shorten to 2-3 days.

In men pathogens are found in the urethra, prostate gland and seminal vesicles, from secretions - in semen and prostate secretions. In infected women– in the vagina and Bartholin glands, cervical canal, urethra. Neisseria and chlamydia are often found inside Trichomonas, and in these cases they accompany trichomoniasis, complicating the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Therefore, some microbiologists believe that the threat is not so much the Trichomonas themselves, but rather the pathogenic microbes that Trichomonas vaginalis transports.

Features of the causative agent of trichomoniasis

All these transformations make it difficult to diagnose trichomoniasis, patients do not receive the necessary treatment and very often the disease becomes chronic or a carrier of the infection. Mostly, men become carriers (and distributors) of Trichomonas, because the clinical manifestations of trichomoniasis are practically invisible in them.

Another unpleasant feature of Trichomonas is the ability to adapt to medicinal drugs, in particular antibiotics. Too often, patients with trichomoniasis do not attach importance to the micro-symptoms associated with the introduction and reproduction of pathogens and self-medicate. The result is either a chronic version of the disease with periodic exacerbations due to stress provocations, which include alcohol, smoking, hypothermia and any infectious diseases, including a common cold. In women, vaginal dysbiosis and hormonal changes contribute to exacerbation. During menstruation, Trichomonas reproduce especially actively, as with the onset of pregnancy, since the pH of the vaginal environment shifts slightly to the alkaline side and becomes very comfortable for the microorganism.

Trichomonas are sensitive to high temperatures (at a temperature of +43°C they live for a day, and at a temperature of +55°C they die in half a minute), drying and ultraviolet radiation, so after washing the patient’s clothes, it is enough to dry them in the sun and the trichomonas will die. But the microbe tolerates low temperatures (slightly above zero) remarkably well and can retain its properties for almost 5 days.

Periods and main symptoms of the disease

Considering the time periods of manifestations of the disease and their severity, trichomoniasis is divided into three clinical forms:

The acute phase is characterized by severe symptoms or (inflammation of the vagina), a rise in temperature and changes in the blood that are inherent in a violent inflammatory process (leukocytosis, increased ESR).

Chronic trichomoniasis develops if the disease lasts more than two months. Symptoms of inflammation of the organs of the urogenital system are erased, and concomitant sexually transmitted infections are often detected.

Without treatment, the chronic form can worsen or become hidden - carrier status Trichomonas. When carriers are present, there are no manifestations of infection, but trichomonas are always found in scrapings and discharge from the urethra or vagina.

Clinical symptoms of trichomoniasis and their severity depend on a combination of several factors:

  • Vaginal acidity (pH), which is associated with the activity of normal microflora, is in the range of 4.0-4.7 in a healthy woman. Deviations from the norm occur after taking antibiotics, hormonal changes (menstruation, menopause, pregnancy, oral contraceptives); when using spermicidal vaginal preparations, as well as after nervous strain or during rapid changes in climate zones.
    Acidity changes, indicators shift to neutral or slightly alkaline, the protective abilities of the mucous membrane decrease. With trichomonas colpitis, the pH is in the range of 5.5-6.0. These indicators still correspond to an acidic environment, however, such a pH already promotes the proliferation of not only Trichomonas, but also other opportunistic and pathogenic microorganisms.
  • Condition of the cells of the urethral or vaginal mucosa. Normally, the mucous membrane of the male urethra is covered predominantly by transitional epithelium, while the female urethra, like the vagina and cervix, is lined with non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium (MSE). When Trichomonas, carrying other pathogenic agents in its body, penetrates the cervix, dysplastic changes can occur in the MPE, during which cells lose the ability to differentiate, while the properties of the epithelium change and at the same time its protective function is disrupted.
  • Associated microflora: chlamydia and gonorrhea pathogens can be found inside Trichomonas. Accordingly, the manifestations of the disease change; the symptoms of trichomoniasis are joined by manifestations of chlamydia and gonorrhea.

The main symptoms of trichomoniasis are discharge from the urethra or vagina, the entry point of infection. Among women, this symptom is observed in approximately 8 out of 10, and in men – in half of cases of trichomoniasis.

Trichomoniasis in women

In women during the initial period of the disease, vaginal trichomoniasis. For the acute form of the disease characteristically abundant, having an unpleasant “fishy” odor and a yellowish-greenish color, which can change to gray-green streaked with blood. A gynecological examination reveals swelling and redness of the labia minora and majora, hyperemia and ulceration of the vaginal walls.

Trichomoniasis discharge has a characteristic color scheme

A common symptom of trichomoniasis is pain in the vaginal area during sexual intercourse., with urethritis, a local sensation is felt. There may be slight bleeding from the vagina and spread to the skin of the inner thighs. The accompanying symptoms of intoxication can be mistaken for fatigue: weakness, minor headaches and muscle pain, loss of strength, temperature 37.0-37.2.

The uterus, tubes and ovaries are affected by trichomoniasis less frequently than the urethra, vagina and cervix. However, Trichomonas, actively moving, can become a “transport” for gonococci and chlamydia. When released, these pathogens cause symptoms and inflammation of the ovaries -. The area of ​​distribution of Trichomonas above the cervix expands after abortion, childbirth and during menstruation, which leads to ascending inflammation with the formation of adhesions in the fallopian tubes and ovaries. The outcome may be infertility.

During pregnancy Trichomoniasis is detected more often than in non-pregnant women, which is associated with loosening of the vaginal epithelium for hormonal reasons. Infection of a child is possible during childbirth, when passing through the birth canal. During pregnancy, trichomoniasis can lead to spontaneous abortion, inflammation of the membranes, premature rupture of amniotic fluid and “dry labor”. This option is undesirable for mother and child, because an intact amniotic sac helps dilate the cervix and facilitates the final stage of labor. Also, pregnant women with trichomoniasis often experience inflammation of the glands of the vaginal vestibule - and proliferation of genital warts-condylomas, if trichomoniasis is accompanied by papillomavirus infection and they aggravate the negative impact of each other on the epithelium.

Only in 10% of all identified cases the cause of the disease was mono-infection Trichomonas vaginalis. The normal distribution of vaginal microflora is also disrupted: during illness, the proportion of yeast fungi (), strepto- and staphylococci increases, and the number of lactic acid bacteria decreases.

The reasons for increased symptoms of trichomoniasis in women can be a vulnerable immune system, concomitant inflammation, poor diet and hypovitaminosis. With trichomoniasis, all problems with the genitourinary organs become aggravated, the disease affects the condition of the skin: a pustular rash is possible on the face in the area around the lips.

Trichomoniasis in men

The differences between trichomoniasis in men are scant symptoms and a latent course; carriage is often observed. The first signs are associated with urethritis: burning and pain when urinating, possibly streaks of blood in the semen. Next, the infection from the urethra spreads to the prostate gland and its inflammation begins (), then to the seminal vesicles (). Trichomonas secrete substances that deprive sperm of motility, and with vesiculitis, the production of male germ cells is disrupted. Subsequently, everything can end in infertility.

An infected person may not suspect that he is the source of the infection and transmit Trichomonas to sexual partners or family members. Therefore, if a man has even the slightest signs of a urogenital infection, he needs to contact a urologist and get tested not only for trichomoniasis, but also for other STIs.

Signs of Trichomonas (and anyone else) prostatitis:

  1. Pain in the perineum, pubic area, groin and anus;
  2. Dull pain in the lower back, radiating to the inner thigh;
  3. Unpleasant sensations during defecation and urination;
  4. Discharge of mucus or pus from the urethra when the abdominal muscles are tense;
  5. Erection problems (occurring after inflammation of the nerves that pass through the prostate);
  6. Constant low-grade fever (37-37.2°);
  7. Persistent bad mood.

A note about mood: a characteristic symptom of chronic prostatitis is changes in the psyche like depressive neurosis. The man is always dissatisfied with everything, is very irritable, is concerned only with his own well-being and is absolutely devoid of the ability to think critically. In addition, due to illness, he eats less; Blood glucose drops, which is expressed by aggressive behavior. It is believed that for successful treatment of prostatitis, the doctor must be not only a good urologist, but also an excellent psychologist.

The risk of developing prostatitis with “dormant” trichomoniasis increases if factors that provoke inflammation of the prostate. These may include hypothermia, regular constipation, sedentary work and a lifestyle with limited movement. Prolonged sexual abstinence or excessive sexual activity, stress at work and at home, poor nutrition and fitful sleep, previous sexually transmitted diseases - all this can contribute to the occurrence of prostatitis. Mechanism associated with ascending infection with Trichomonas from the urethra, impaired blood supply to the pelvic organs (venous stagnation) and the proliferation of pathogens.

Complications of trichomoniasis

Trichomonas vaginalis can carry bacteria without rendering them pathogenic. In these cases, when another person is infected, not only trichomoniasis is transmitted to him, but also other sexually transmitted diseases, more often gonorrhea (more than 30% of cases of co-infection).

Diagnosis of trichomoniasis based on a traditional algorithm - survey, examination, analysis data. During survey listen to the patient’s main complaints, find out the connection between the appearance of symptoms and sex life, and try to determine the source of infection. In women, they find out the presence of chronic inflammation of the external and internal genital organs, whether there have been cases of miscarriage, abortion, complications during pregnancy and childbirth. They also ask if she has noticed signs of urethritis in her sexual partner. Men are asked about signs of urethritis and prostatitis, and erection problems.

Then proceed to inspection, assess the condition of the genital organs - whether there is hyperemia and swelling, erosion or areas of ulceration, hemorrhage and abscesses. They find out the location and nature of the discharge, take it, in women - from the cervical canal, vagina and urethra, in men - from the urethral opening. If necessary, a bacteriological analysis (tank culture) is prescribed.

Analyzes if trichomoniasis is suspected, the same as those done for any urogenital infection. A general clinical blood test may show signs of inflammation (leukocytosis, increased ESR) and anemia (with this disease in later stages, a decrease in hemoglobin is sometimes observed due to the loss of iron in red blood cells, which Trichomonas “love” so much).

In a urine test, the number of leukocytes and red blood cells may be present above the permissible level. The presence of casts in the urine indicates involvement of the bladder and kidneys in the pathological process, which is quite rare. Prostate secretion and sperm - leukocytes, traces of blood, sedentary sperm.

In a fresh smear from the urethra or cervix, motile Trichomonas are visible; in a stained fixed preparation, unicellular pear-shaped (less often round) organisms with or without flagella, but with a characteristic almond-shaped pink nucleus with pointed edges are visible. In a fixed specimen at high magnification it is difficult to confuse them with anything, although at low magnification the artifacts (flakes of squamous epithelium with collapsing nuclei) are very, very reminiscent of Trichomonas. The main difference between artifacts and Trichomonas is the rounded nuclei.

– culture on a nutrient medium, isolation of trichomonas and repeated culture to determine sensitivity to antibiotics. It takes time from 7 to 10 – 14 days, but in the future it facilitates treatment and increases its effectiveness. Sowing is indicated for chronic forms of trichomoniasis and suspected carrier status.

: about 100% accuracy (96.5%), if the answer is positive, no other confirmation of the diagnosis of trichomoniasis is required. To exclude concomitant sexually transmitted infections, a PCR test is performed for gonorrhea, chlamydia, as well as separate tests for HIV, HPV, hepatitis B and C.

Video: doctor about trichomoniasis and its diagnosis

Treatment

Treatment of trichomoniasis is carried out based on the detection of the pathogen, even if there are no symptoms of the disease. Needs treatment all at the same time

sexual partners, sex life and alcohol are strictly prohibited until complete recovery. For treatment acute uncomplicated

forms of the disease, antibiotics with antiprotozoal (against protozoa) action are used. The main drug is metronidazole (Trichopol), either a single dose of 2 g orally, or a course of 5-8 days of 400 mg x 2 per day. Take during or after meals, do not chew the tablets. Women are additionally prescribed suppositories or vaginal tablets with Trichopolum. The course of treatment is repeated after 3-4 weeks if the control PCR test was positive for Trichomonas. Treatment regimen for children During pregnancy: course of metronidazole for 10 days, the daily dose is divided into two doses. For children from 2 to 5 years 250 mg per day, up to 10 years 375 mg/day, over 10 – 500 mg/day.

metronidazole is prescribed once 2 g, but only starting from the second trimester. At chronic relapsing trichomoniasis use metronidazole 500 mg x 2 for 7 days, combined with the administration of the drug"Solkotrikhovak" Trichomonas vaginalis(vaccine against trichomoniasis) 0.5 ml IM. Only 3 injections, the interval between them is 3 weeks; a year later, another 0.5 ml is administered intramuscularly once. Swelling and hyperemia are possible at the injection site; they go away on their own within a few days. The vaccine normalizes the pH of the vagina and urethra, helps restore normal microflora and displace

along with concomitant infections. The protective effect of the vaccine is the prevention of re-infection, the therapeutic effect is the reduction of inflammatory manifestations in the vagina and urethra. Advantages – reduction of the toxic effects of pharmaceuticals. drugs on the body as a whole, reducing the risk of allergies and virtually zero load on the liver and kidneys. Women are prescribed vaginal balls or metronidazole tablets, 0.5 g x 1 per day, for a course of 6 days. Before insertion into the vagina, vaginal tablets should be dipped in a glass of water for 15-20 seconds so that the protective coating begins to dissolve. After administering the tablet, you need to lie down for at least half an hour. Vaginal medications are best used at night, before bed.

For instillations Protargol, 1-3% solution, is used in the urethra. It is also effective if trichomoniasis accompanies gonorrhea. The drug is good as an antiseptic, as an astringent and anti-inflammatory medicine. Sterile catheters are required for instillation and procedures are performed on an outpatient basis.

A week after graduation full course treatment, and then twice more with a pause a month, prescribe control tests(PCR). Women are examined 3 cycles in a row, after menstruation. If PCR was negative for 1-2 months in men and 3-4 months. in women, the patients are considered cured.

Folk recipes

Folk remedies cannot cure trichomoniasis, but herbal infusions for douching, herbal teas as mild antidepressants and immunomodulators, and nutritional mixtures to replenish vitamin and mineral deficiencies are quite acceptable.

St. John's wort tea

A tablespoon of dried flowers and herbs is poured into 1 liter of boiling water and left for 1 hour. Take a glass three times a day. An excellent remedy for depression, which develops during a long-term illness, such as chronic prostatitis.

Aloe juice (not to be confused with agave)

Take before meals, three times a day. As an immunomodulator, it mobilizes the body's defense systems, has an anti-inflammatory effect, and accelerates the healing of ulcers and erosions.

Infusion for vaginal douching, for baths (for men)

1 tablespoon each of oak bark, chamomile flowers, 2 each of nettle and calendula flowers. The mixture is poured into 1 liter of boiling water and left for 2 hours. Apply once a day, for a course of 5-7 procedures. The action of the components is antiseptic, tanning, anti-inflammatory and analgesic.

Nutrient mixture

Dried fruits – prunes, dried apricots, figs; walnuts and whole lemons are taken in equal proportions and passed through a meat grinder. The mass is mixed with honey to obtain the consistency of a thick puree. Take 1 tablespoon in the morning. The mixture tones and gives energy.

Video: trichomoniasis in the program “Live Healthy!”

The insidiousness of trichomoniasis in women is that the onset of the disease can be practically asymptomatic (slight leucorrhoea, slight burning sensation when urinating). And the obvious signs: purulent, foaming, stale fish-smelling discharge - with trichomoniasis appear already at the chronic stage of infection, when the infection affects the mucous membranes not only of the vagina, but also of the reproductive organs.

The danger is that very often, along with trichomonas, gonococci, candida fungi, and chlamydia are introduced into cells, also “on the sly,” but quickly destroying the cells of the body.

To avoid unpredictable consequences (inflammatory processes, infertility, spontaneous miscarriages), you need to be checked with a gynecologist in a timely manner, at the slightest change in health.

How can you get infected?

The main condition for preventing infection is hygienic cleanliness of body and soul: avoid promiscuity, since transmission of trichomoniasis through semen is the most common cause of the disease.

However, there are other ways of transmitting infection from men to women, from women to children, since Trichomonas are able to actively live for a long time in biological (excreted by the carrier of the disease) fluids: saliva, vaginal fluid secretion, urine. The main routes of infection with trichomoniasis are:

Rarely, trichomoniasis appears in women during a visit to a provincial hospital, if there are no disposable instruments for examining the vagina, or insufficient sanitation of the surfaces of the chair and couch.

be careful

Among women: pain and inflammation of the ovaries. Fibroma, myoma, fibrocystic mastopathy, inflammation of the adrenal glands, bladder and kidneys develop.

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Distinctive symptomatic manifestations

Initially, after infection, it is not always possible to detect the disease: the incubation period can last more than a week or two. Then the following arise characteristic symptoms among women:

  • Increased urge to go to the toilet and the appearance of painful sensations during urination.
  • Burning, itching, pain in the vaginal and anal areas.
  • Formation of blisters, erosions, hyperemia, swelling of the mucous membranes of the genital organs. With oral infection with trichomoniasis, signs of stomatitis in the mouth are detected.
  • Pain during intercourse.
  • General malaise: fever, weakness.
  • Nagging pain in the lower back and abdomen.

Painful sensations and itching may be absent, but almost always when infected, women show clear distinctive signs: discharge of leucorrhoea from the vagina.

What discharge is typical?

Contact your doctor immediately at the slightest sign of illness! This will help you avoid complications in the future!

Distinctive signs of leucorrhoea with trichomoniasis, photos of discharge:

  • Thick white mucus is characteristic of the onset of trichomoniasis, which is not burdened by the addition of pathogenic bacteria, but may indicate simultaneous infection with the candida fungus.
  • Foamy discharge, white-yellow or with a greenish tint, appears in the case of purulent trichomoniasis. Additional infection with gonococci, streptococci, and staphylococci is possible.
  • Multi-colored discharge (pink, yellow, white) of a watery, viscous consistency occurs in chronic trichomoniasis with the development of extensive foci of erosion, due to bacterial infection or penetration of chlamydia into cells.
  • Purulent dense green discharge indicates massive damage to the vaginal mucosa by Trichomonas and gonococci at the same time.
  • Leucorrhoea with a brown tint is caused by the presence of dead red blood cells. May be an indicator of infection entering the uterine cavity.

In all cases, trichomoniasis in women is characterized by vaginal discharge, characterized by a repulsive (initially weak, then intensifying) smell of decomposing herring, but in case of additional infection with candidiasis, the aroma of sour kefir is added. And the addition of gonococci to Trichomonas is characterized by the stench of rotting flesh, as with gangrene, non-healing gunshot wounds or bedsores. After treatment, the discharge disappears.

Trichomoniasis cannot be left to chance, otherwise the consequences can be disastrous for both women and men: the spread of purulent infection throughout the body, infertility, or the birth of physically and mentally handicapped children.

Even if the characteristic symptoms of Trichomonas infection are not observed, do not be lazy to undergo examination by a gynecologist or urologist if your health deteriorates in the form of unusual vaginal discharge, the sudden appearance of pain during urination, as well as the formation of itchy blisters, erosions on the mucous membranes of the genital organs or mouth.

Trichomoniasis is an infectious disease that is sexually transmitted. Its causative agent is Trichomonas vaginalis. The most common diagnosis is vaginal trichomoniasis, which is observed in women of reproductive age. The disease is quite common, affecting approximately 17 million people every year. Almost half of patients infected with trichomoniasis have no symptoms of the disease.

The ways of infection with trichomoniasis, its symptoms and treatment are of interest to many people who are sexually active. They also often wonder how Trichomonas manifests itself in the body.

Trichomonas

Trichomonas are the simplest microorganisms that cause the disease trichomoniasis. Their size does not exceed 30 microns. Trichomonas move with the help of flagella, they are very mobile and reproduce by fission. Trichomonas are omnivores and have no sexual characteristics.

The following can live in the human body:

  • Trichomonas vaginalis.
  • Pentatrichomonashominis.
  • Trichomonasthenas.

Note! Trichomonas vaginalis often becomes companions of other pathogenic organisms: gonococci, chlamydia, herpes and papilloma viruses, mycoplasma or yeast fungi.

They damage the epithelium, allowing other microbes to quickly enter the body, and protect them from attack by the immune system.

How is trichomoniasis transmitted?

Ways of contracting the disease trichomoniasis:

  • Sexually. Infection with Trichomonas occurs during vaginal, oral or anal sex without using a condom. A healthy man, upon contact with a carrier, will acquire the disease in 70% of cases, while a woman, after sex with an infected partner, will acquire the disease in 100% of cases.
  • By everyday means. You can become infected by using someone else's towels, washcloths or underwear. But the percentage of patients who acquired the disease in this way is small, since Trichomonas can live no more than two hours outside the human body. Women are more often infected due to the structure of their genital organs. Men rarely get the disease through contact.
  • Intravaginal route. In 5% of cases, a child may become infected with trichomoniasis when it passes through the birth canal of an infected mother. Most often, girls get the disease; boys become infected in very rare cases.

Manifestations

The duration of the incubation period ranges from 2 to 48 days. On average it lasts about two weeks. Trichomonas can cause an inflammatory process, and their waste products negatively affect the body and impair the functioning of the immune system.

If no more than two months have passed since the microbe entered the body, trichomoniasis is considered fresh. Later it becomes chronic. The disease can be complicated.

There is also Trichomonas carriage, when these microorganisms live in the human genital tract. They are transmitted to a partner, but do not cause any unpleasant symptoms in the carrier himself.

Only in 10% of cases trichomoniasis occurs as a monoinfection. In the rest, its companions are mycoplasmas, gardanella, chlamydia, and fungi of the genus Candida.

Symptoms in women

In women, unlike men, trichomoniasis occurs much more often. For different forms of the disease, the signs may differ. Most often, the disease affects the vagina and urethra. Before menstruation, the symptoms of trichomoniasis are more intense.

Acute form

The acute (complicated) form is characterized by the following signs of trichomoniasis:

  • Copious, foaming, acrid, foul-smelling discharge, yellow-greenish or white.
  • Sometimes streaks of blood appear in the urine and leucorrhoea.
  • Pain during sex.
  • The mucous membrane loses its elasticity, causing ulcers and erosions.
  • Itching in the vagina.
  • Itching of the vulva, which sometimes extends to the inner thighs.
  • Swelling and redness of the labia.
  • Dermatitis on the inner thighs.
  • Periodic aching pain in the lower abdomen.
ComplicationsWhat are the symptoms
Bacterial vaginosis
  • Foamy discharge with trichomoniasis acquires the characteristic smell of rotten fish, which intensifies after sexual intercourse.
Urethritis
  • Burning while passing urine.
  • Frequent urination.
  • Weak discharge from the urethra.
Vulvovaginitis
  • Swelling of the vulva increases.
  • Redness and scratching appear on the skin of the thighs and perineum.
  • Erosion occurs in the area of ​​the external genitalia.
Bartholinitis
  • Inflammation of the excretory duct of the Bartholin gland occurs.
  • Painful swelling and redness occurs near the external duct.
  • When pressed, purulent contents flow out of the duct opening.
  • The Bartholin gland protrudes and partially blocks the entrance to the vagina.
  • The temperature rises, chills, weakness appear and health worsens.

Uterine involvement is rare. This is explained by the fact that the secretion of the cervical glands has an alkaline reaction, which has a detrimental effect on pathogenic microorganisms. But after abortion or childbirth, it can penetrate inside, causing endometritis.

Note! Also, in very rare cases, the infection penetrates the fallopian tubes and ovaries, causing inflammation, adhesions and cysts.

Subacute form of the disease

In this case, the disease proceeds without complications. The first symptoms of the disease:

  • The discharge is yellow, foaming and has a bad odor.
  • Mild itching and burning during urine output.
  • Mild pain in the lower abdomen.
  • Pain in the vagina during sex.

Torpid (asymptomatic) form

With this form of the disease, the incubation period lasts more than two months. The disease may appear after a malfunction of the immune system or in addition to other gynecological problems. A woman experiences foamy discharge and itching in the vagina. They are not so significant, so often ladies do not pay any attention to it.

Chronic form of the disease

If the disease is not treated, after two months it becomes chronic, the signs of which are:

  • Discomfort during urination (in 4% of patients).
  • Pain during sex (in 8% of patients).

The chronic form of the disease can develop into trichomonas carriage, while the person remains the source of infection. When the immune system malfunctions, the disease worsens.

Trichomoniasis during menopause

Reduced levels of estrogen during menopause cause dysfunction of the vaginal mucosa. Accordingly, local immunity fails, and optimal conditions are created for the development of pathogenic microorganisms. The following symptoms are typical for trichomoniasis in women during menopause:

  • Abundant leucorrhoea in the form of mucus, sometimes mixed with pus or streaked with blood.
  • Itching of the vulva.
  • Light bleeding after sex.

In men

Most often in men the disease occurs in a latent form. The reason for this is that the urethra does not have such good conditions for the proliferation of trichomonas as in the female vagina.

Studies have shown that on the second day after sexual contact with an infected woman, trichomoniasis infection occurs in 70% of men, and after five days this figure drops to 30%.

The first signs of trichomoniasis in men:

  • Pain and burning sensation in the urethra during the outflow of urine.
  • The urge to urinate, which appears frequently and suddenly, usually in the morning.
  • Foamy discharge from the penis that is white or yellowish in color.
  • Sometimes there is blood in the urine or semen.

Long-term trichomoniasis leads to trichomonas lesions of the scrotum, causing epididymitis. The disease begins slowly with pain localized in the genital area and abdomen. After a couple of days, the inflamed appendage increases in size and thickens. Edema and hyperemia occurs, body temperature rises to 38 degrees.

If the infection affects the prostate gland, causing trichomonas prostatitis, the man experiences the following symptoms:

  • Pain during bowel movements radiating to the tailbone and thigh.
  • Pain in the scrotum and lower abdomen.
  • Frequent urge to urinate at night.
  • Cloudy urine, sometimes streaked with blood.

With Trichomonas balanoposthitis, a man may exhibit the following symptoms:

  • Itching of the head of the penis.
  • Cracks and sores appear on the head of the penis and foreskin.
  • The mucous membrane becomes thinner.
  • The head looks swollen and red.
  • The foreskin narrows, making it difficult to expose the head.

Note! The symptoms of trichomoniasis in men are similar to the symptoms of gonorrhea, so differentiated diagnosis is necessary.

In children

Trichomoniasis is transmitted to the baby as it passes through the birth canal. In 90% of cases, female infants suffer from it, since the structure of the genital organs allows the infection to quickly penetrate the body. The disease is very rarely transmitted to boys.

Trichomoniasis in children manifests itself in the form of redness, swelling and itching in the genital area, as well as weak mucous discharge. But most often the disease is asymptomatic.

In older girls infected through domestic contact, the disease progresses in the same way as in adults.

Trichomoniasis in pregnant women

Most doctors agree that Trichomonas does not cause significant harm to the fetus, since these microorganisms do not penetrate the placenta. But it is necessary to treat the disease, since if it is neglected, it can cause premature birth.

During pregnancy, an exacerbation of the chronic form of the disease often occurs. It is accompanied by symptoms such as pain, burning during urination, foamy discharge, redness and itching of the vulva.

Note! Since many medications, which help cope with infection during pregnancy, it is prohibited to take, the disease must be treated under the supervision of a doctor, after passing all the necessary tests.

Intestinal Trichomonas symptoms

Intestinal Trichomonas can be present in any part of the intestine and cause the following symptoms:

  • Diarrhea, which is characterized by thin, watery or foamy stool mixed with mucus.
  • Frequent urge to defecate, more than ten of them are observed per day.
  • Diarrhea is accompanied painful sensations and abdominal cramps.

Oral Trichomonas, symptoms

Oral trichomoniasis becomes a disease manifested as:

  • White or yellowish plaque in the mouth.
  • Purulent discharge from gum pockets.
  • Erosion on the mucous membranes of the mouth.
  • Bad breath.
  • A sore throat.

Factors contributing to the exacerbation of the disease

Exacerbation of the disease can occur in the following cases:

  • Decreased immunity due to chronic diseases or surgical interventions.
  • Infectious diseases.
  • Oncological diseases.
  • Venereal diseases.
  • Violation of personal hygiene rules.
  • Pregnancy.
  • Hormonal imbalances as a result of endocrine diseases.

Most often in females, the disease worsens before menstruation. At this time, the amount of estrogen in the body decreases, so the acidity of the vagina increases, creating a suitable environment for the development of Trichomonas.

Diagnostics

Trichomonas are well adapted to exist in the human body. They can change their shape and disguise themselves as lymphocytes and platelets. Trichomonas often attract other microorganisms, evading the attack of the immune system.

In order to confirm the disease, the doctor takes a medical history. He clarifies the symptoms, finds out when they appeared and what is connected with them. The specialist also asks the patient about details of his personal life, how often the patient changes sexual partners and whether he uses condoms.

Then the patient’s genital organs are examined and the presence of inflammation is determined. During this process, the doctor takes a smear for bacterioscopic analysis. In men, material is collected from the urethra, in women from the vagina. Prostate secretions are also taken from males.

Trichomonas are very mobile, so they can easily be seen under a microscope. The result of the analysis becomes known within half an hour.

If there are no pronounced symptoms, but there are suspicions of other sexually transmitted diseases, bacterial culture is performed. The material is placed in a special nutrient medium, where pathogenic microorganisms begin to actively multiply. This makes it possible not only to determine their presence, but also sensitivity to drugs.

The most accurate method by which Trichomonas can be identified is the polymerase chain reaction PCR. The analysis is done in 1 - 2 days, and its accuracy is 95%. During this procedure, the DNA of Trichomonas cells is isolated. It also allows you to identify gonococci, mycoplasma, ureaplasma, chlamydia and other pathogenic microorganisms present in the smear.

Note! In controversial cases, the method of direct immunofluorescence PIF is used, which detects antibodies to the infectious agent.

Treatment

The goal of treating the disease is to eliminate infectious agents from the body, restore microflora and improve the functioning of the immune system. If, in addition to Trichomonas, other pathogenic microorganisms are identified in the body, treatment should be comprehensive and, in addition to antiprotozoal agents, antibiotics should be prescribed.

Pills

Metronidazole (Trichopol) has been used as the main remedy that helps cope with Trichomonas for a long time. It belongs to nitroimidazole derivatives and has antiprotozoal and antimicrobial effects. When taken orally, it is quickly absorbed and accumulates in the body in a dose that helps cope with the disease.

To combat trichomoniasis in men, on the first day you need to take 2 tablets of Metronidazole (500 mg each) three times a day. Then the daily dose is reduced by 2 tablets. Treatment is carried out for a week.

In order to get rid of trichomoniasis, women take 250 mg of Metronidazole in the morning and evening, additionally placing a suppository containing 500 mg of the active substance in the vagina before bed. Treatment should last for ten days. If necessary, it is repeated after a month.

Tinidazole is also used to combat the disease. It, like Metronidazole, is a related imidazole and damages the DNA structure of Trichomonas. In order to get rid of trichomoniasis, take 4 tablets (500 mg each) once. If necessary, the medication is repeated.

  • In case of hypersensitivity to their components.
  • In case of severe impairment of liver and kidney function.
  • For severe diseases of the nervous system.
  • In the first trimester of pregnancy.
  • During lactation.

When using these drugs, nausea, vomiting, indigestion, dizziness, and headache may occur. As well as urticaria, itching, leukopenia, convulsions and general weakness. During the period of use of the products, the color of urine may change to darker.

Note! In order to improve the restoration of the immune system, vitamin complexes are prescribed: Vitrum, Duovit, Supradin.

Candles and ointments

In the complex treatment of trichomoniasis in women, suppositories are prescribed that contain the same metronidazole: Trichopolum, Klion, Metronidazole or the combined agents Terzhinan or Mikozhinax. They are inserted into the vagina once a day before bedtime. Treatment is continued for 7 to 10 days.

Men are prescribed metronidazole for topical use in the form of an ointment or gel (Metrogyl), which is applied to the head of the penis twice a day. The course of treatment will be agreed with the doctor.

Vaccination

In order to get rid of the infection and prevent re-infection not only with Trichomonas, but also with other pathogenic microorganisms, the Solcotrichovac vaccine is used. It allows you to normalize the vaginal microflora and restore its acid-base balance. Under its influence, the amount of discharge decreases and other symptoms of the disease are eliminated.

For basic immunization, 0.5 ml of the drug must be administered intramuscularly. A second injection is prescribed after 2 weeks, and the next one after a month. Revaccination is carried out after a year. With the help of Solcotrichovac, all stages of trichomoniasis in women are cured.

Treatment of oral and intestinal Trichomonas

Metronidazole-based products are also used to combat these diseases. For intestinal trichomonas, tablets are taken orally for a week. In severe cases, the drug Metrogyl is administered intravenously.

To treat the oral cavity, the drug is used in the form of Metrogil-dent gel. Miramistin spray is also used.

Folk remedies

The following folk remedies are used to treat trichomoniasis:

  • Garlic tincture. 4 large cloves of garlic are crushed, pour in 50 ml of vodka and leave for a day. Strain and take 15 drops in the morning and evening for ten days.
  • Aloe. The leaves of the plant are cut off, wrapped in paper and placed in the refrigerator for a day. Then they wash it, squeeze out the juice, which is used to soak a tampon from a sterile bandage and place it in the vagina overnight. Treatment is continued for a week.
  • Chamomile and calendula. Mix 10 g of flowers, pour a liter of boiling water and leave until the product cools to a comfortable temperature. The product is used for washing and douching.
  • Oak bark. Pour 10 g of raw material into 250 ml of water and simmer over low heat for 5 minutes. After it has cooled to a comfortable temperature, strain and use for douching or washing.

In order to get rid of trichomoniasis and prevent relapse it is necessary:

  • Treat not only the patient, but also his sexual partner, since he is a carrier of the disease and will be re-infected when he resumes sexual activity.
  • During the period of treatment it is necessary to stop sexual activity.
  • In order for the treatment to be successful, you need to follow all the doctor’s instructions and take your medications on time.
  • While taking the medications, you should not drink alcohol, as this will lead to a disulfiram-like reaction, which causes redness of the skin, fever, burning, dizziness, rapid heartbeat, and loss of consciousness.

Complications of trichomoniasis

The active activity of Trichomonas in the body causes some complications. These microorganisms are able to absorb gonococci while leaving them alive. Treatment of gonorrhea with trichomoniasis becomes ineffective.

Note! Trichomonas disrupt the immune system, allowing other pathogenic microorganisms to freely penetrate and multiply. With trichomoniasis, the risk of contracting the immune deficiency virus greatly increases.

Trichomonas waste products accumulate in the body and cause intoxication. The disease leads to exhaustion, anemia, and hypoxia. Against this background, there is an exacerbation of chronic kidney or bladder diseases.

In men, trichomoniasis can become a provocateur of inflammatory processes in the prostate gland and testicle. All this can negatively affect reproductive function.

In women, trichomoniasis can be complicated by various inflammatory processes in the genitourinary tract and can also cause infertility.

Prevention of trichomoniasis

In order to prevent infection with trichomoniasis it is necessary:

  • Avoid promiscuity.
  • When having sex with new or untrustworthy partners, use condoms.
  • When visiting public toilets, it is recommended to use toilet covers.
  • Do not use other people's washcloths or towels.
  • Children should provide their own soap and towel.
  • If trichomoniasis is detected during pregnancy, it must be treated before delivery.
  • In order to prevent infection with Trichomonas after unprotected sexual intercourse, it is necessary to use products based on Chlorhexidine or Miramistin.
  • A month after unprotected contact, you must consult a venereologist and get tested.
  • Trichomonas cannot exist outside the human body for a long time; you can get rid of them using disinfectants or a solution of ordinary washing soap.
  • In order to strengthen your immune system, you need to eat right. The diet should consist of vegetables, fruits, lean meat and fish. It is better to avoid eating heavy food, as it negatively affects the state of the digestive system and the body as a whole.
  • It is also recommended to get rid of bad habits. Drinking alcohol can trigger an exacerbation of the chronic form of the disease, and smoking has a bad effect on the immune system.

If you identify signs of the disease, even after finding out everything about trichomoniasis, you should not self-medicate. The doctor should prescribe medications and their regimen after a face-to-face consultation.