How to write an essay - all the rules from “A” to “Z”. Examples (samples) of essay writing

In this article you will learn how to write an essay on social studies. Examples are attached.

First of all, it is necessary to understand that in order to learn how to write an essay in social studies, it takes quite a long time. Without preliminary preparation, it is impossible to write an essay that would be rated high by experts. Sustainable skills and good results appear after 2-3 months of work (about 15-20 essays written). It is systematic training and determination that bring high results. You need to hone your skills in practice with the direct help and careful supervision of a teacher.

Video - how to write an essay on social studies

If you haven't tried essay writing yet, watch the video.

Unlike an essay on literature or the Russian language, where the minimum amount of work is clearly specified and general reflection is allowed (“philosophizing” without specification), in an essay on social science the volume is not limited, but its structure and content are fundamentally different. A social studies essay is actually an answer to the question: “Do I agree with this statement and why?” That is why an essay on social science must contain strict argumentation, scientificity and specificity. At the same time, it should be noted that very paradoxical, unusual statements that require imaginative thinking and a non-standard approach to revealing the problem are often used as the topic of an essay. This inevitably leaves its mark on the essay writing style and requires maximum concentration of effort and attention.

I would also like to add that the exam essay is assessed by specific people. In order for an expert, who checks from 50 to 80 works a day, to mark an essay as worthy of attention, this essay must not only meet all the requirements below, but also be distinguished by a certain originality, originality and originality - this is implied by the genre of the essay itself. Therefore, it is necessary not only to present scientific and factual material on the topic, but also to pleasantly surprise you with the originality and flexibility of your thinking.

Algorithm for writing an essay during the Unified State Exam

First of all, during the exam you need to properly manage your time. Practice shows that writing an essay requires spending at least 1-1.5 hours out of the 3.5 hours allotted for the Unified State Exam in Social Studies. It is most advisable to start writing an essay after all other KIM tasks have been completed, because This type of work requires maximum concentration of the graduate’s efforts.
Carefully read all the topics offered to choose from.
Select topics that are understandable, i.e. – the student must clearly understand what this statement is about, what the author wanted to say with this phrase. In order to remove doubts about whether he understands the topic correctly, the graduate must restate the phrase in his own words, defining the main idea. The student can do this orally or in a draft.
From the selected understandable statements, it is necessary to choose one topic - the one that the student knows best. It is necessary to note the fact that examinees often choose topics that are easy, in their opinion, but which turn out to be difficult when covering the topic due to the limited scientific and factual material on this issue (in other words, the phrase itself says everything, nothing can be added). In such cases, the essay is reduced to a simple statement of the meaning of the statement in different versions and is rated low by experts due to poor evidence base. Therefore, you need to choose the topic of the essay so that the student, when writing it, can fully demonstrate the completeness of his knowledge and the depth of his thoughts (i.e., the topic must be winning).
When choosing a topic for an essay, you must also pay attention to what social science the statement belongs to. Practice shows that a number of phrases can refer to several sciences at once. For example, I. Goethe’s statement “Man is determined not only by natural qualities, but also by acquired ones” may belong to philosophy, social psychology, and sociology. Accordingly, the content of the essay should vary depending on this, i.e. must be consistent with said basic science.
There is no need to write the entire essay as a draft. Firstly, due to limited time, and secondly, due to the fact that at the time of writing an essay some thoughts come, and at the time of rewriting - others, and redoing a finished text is much more difficult than creating a new one. In the draft, the graduate makes only an outline of his essay, approximate short sketches of the meaning of the phrase, his argumentation, the points of view of scientists, concepts and theoretical positions that he is going to present in his work, as well as the approximate order of their arrangement one after another, taking into account the semantic logic of the essay.
Without fail, the student must express his personal attitude to the chosen topic in a clearly defined formulation (“I agree”, “I disagree”, “I don’t completely agree”, “I agree, but partially” or phrases that are similar in meaning and meaning) . The presence of a personal attitude is one of the criteria on the basis of which experts evaluate an essay.
Without fail, the graduate must state his understanding of the meaning of the statement. Those. The high school student explains in his own words what the author wanted to say with this phrase. It is more advisable to do this at the very beginning of the essay. And if you combine the requirements of this paragraph with the provisions of the previous one, then this is what, for example, the beginning of an essay on philosophy “Before talking about the benefit of satisfying needs, you need to decide what needs constitute the benefit” will look like: “I completely agree with the statement of the great Russian writer of the second halfXIX– beginningXXcenturies L.N. Tolstoy, in which he talks about real and imaginary needs."
You need to be very careful in selecting arguments to support your point of view. Arguments must be convincing and justified. Data from relevant sciences, historical facts, and facts from social life are used as arguments. Arguments of a personal nature (examples from personal life) are rated the lowest, so their use as evidence is undesirable. It should be remembered that any personal example can easily be “transformed” into an example from public life, from social practice, if you write about it in a third person (for example, not “The saleswoman in the store was rude to me, thereby violating my consumer rights”, A “Let’s say that the saleswoman was rude to citizen S. Thus, she violated his rights as a consumer.” The number of arguments in an essay is not limited, but 3-5 arguments are most optimal for revealing the topic. It should also be remembered that examples from history are most relevant in political science, partly in legal and sociological topics, as well as in philosophical topics related to the theory of social progress. Examples from social practice (public life) - in sociological, economic, legal topics. Data from the relevant sciences must be used when choosing any of the topics.
The use of terms, concepts, and definitions in an essay must be competent and appropriate in relation to the chosen topic and science. The essay should not be overloaded with terminology, especially if these concepts are not related to the chosen problem. Unfortunately, some graduates try to insert as many terms as possible into their work, violating the principle of expediency and reasonable sufficiency. Thus, they show that they have not learned to correctly use scientific terminology. The term should be mentioned appropriately; such a mention should indicate its correct understanding.
It is very welcome if a graduate in his essay indicates the points of view of other researchers on the issues under consideration, provides a link to different interpretations of the problem and different ways to solve it (if possible). Indication of other points of view can be direct (for example: “Lenin thought this way:..., and Trotsky thought differently:..., and Stalin did not agree with both of them:...”), but can be indirect, non-specific, non-personalized: “A number of researchers think this way:..., others think differently:..., and some suggest something completely different:....”
It is very welcome if the essay indicates who the author of this statement was. The indication should be brief but precise (see example in paragraph 8). If, when arguing your position on this issue, it is appropriate to mention the views of the author of the phrase, this must be done.
Arguments must be presented in strict sequence, the internal logic of presentation in the essay must be clearly visible. The student should not jump from one to another and return to the first again without explanation and internal connection, connecting the individual provisions of his work.
The essay must end with a conclusion that briefly summarizes the thoughts and reasoning: “Thus, based on all of the above, it can be argued that the author was right in his statement.”

Essay Examples on the topic of:

Philosophy “Revolution is a barbaric way of progress” (J. Jaures)

For the highest score

I completely agree with the statement of the famous French socialist, historian and political figure of the first half of the twentieth century, Jean Jaurès, in which he speaks about the features of the revolutionary path of social progress, about the distinctive features of the revolution. Indeed, revolution is one of the ways of progress, movement forward towards better and more complex forms of organizing the social order. But since a revolution is a radical disruption of the entire existing system, a transformation of all or most aspects of social life, occurring in a short period of time, this form of progress is always accompanied by a large number of victims and violence.

If we remember the revolutionary year of 1917 in Russia, we will see that both revolutions entailed the most severe confrontation in society and the country, which resulted in a terrible Civil War, accompanied by unprecedented bitterness, millions of dead and injured, unprecedented devastation in the national economy.

If we remember the Great French Revolution, we will also see the rampant Jacobin terror, the guillotine, “working” seven days a week, and a series of incessant revolutionary wars.

If we remember the English bourgeois revolution, we will also see a civil war and repressions against dissidents.

And when we look at the history of the United States, we will see that both bourgeois revolutions that took place in this country took the form of war: first, the War of Independence, and then the Civil War.

The list of examples from history can go on and on, but wherever a revolution occurs - in China, Iran, the Netherlands, etc. – everywhere it was accompanied by violence, i.e. barbarism from the perspective of a civilized person.

And even though other thinkers exalted revolution (like, for example, Karl Marx, who argued that revolutions are the locomotives of history), even though reactionaries and conservatives denied the role of revolutions in social progress, the point of view of J. Jaurès is closer to me: yes, revolution is a way of progress, a movement for the better, but carried out using barbaric methods, that is, using cruelty, blood and violence. Happiness cannot be created through violence!

For a small point

In his quote, the author talks about revolution and progress. Revolution is a way of transforming reality in a short time, and progress is moving forward. Revolution is not progress. After all, progress is reform. It cannot be said that the revolution does not produce positive results - for example, the Russian revolution allowed workers and peasants to get rid of a difficult situation. But by definition, revolution is not progress, because progress is all that is good, and revolution is all that is bad. I disagree with the author who classifies revolution as progress.

Essay outline

Introduction
1) A clear indication of the problem of the statement:
“The statement I have chosen concerns the problem...”
“The problem with this statement is...”
2) Explanation of the choice of topic (what is the significance or relevance of this topic)
“Everyone is concerned about the question...”
“The RELEVANCE of this topic lies in...”
3) Reveal the meaning of the statement from the point of view of social science, 1-2 sentences
4) Introduction of the author and his point of view
“The author argued (said, thought) from such a point of view...”
5) Your own interpretation of this phrase, YOUR OWN POINT OF VIEW (DO YOU AGREE OR NOT)
“I think...” “I agree with the author of the statement...”
6) Expressing your position, moving on to the main part of the essay

P.S. It would be a plus if in the introduction you provide information about the author of the statement and insert a definition of the chosen field of the essay (philosophy, politics, economics, law, etc.)

Argumentation:
1) Theoretical argumentation of the problem. At least 3 aspects of the theoretical discussion of the topic must be presented.
For example: reveal the concept itself, give examples, analyze features, functions, classifications, properties.
2) Practical argument or example from public life

Ready-made essays on various topics.

“Banks are willing to give money to those who can prove that they do not need it.”

The bank provides its services to those who have funds and sources of income.
The banking system is a set of national banks and other credit institutions operating within the framework of a single financial and credit mechanism. The banking system consists of two levels: the Central Bank - the main bank of the country, and credit institutions. The functions of commercial banks can be divided into active and passive. One of the active functions of a bank is issuing loans. Credit – granting an individual or legal entity in need of money the right to carry out their expenses at the expense of the bank, subject to guaranteed compensation to the bank for the amounts spent. The basic principles of lending are: urgency, payment, repayment and guarantee. Loans may differ in the method of lending, in the terms, in the nature of the loan and in the subjects of lending. In this statement, the author raises the problem of the active functions of the bank. I agree with the author. Firstly, the wealthier a person is, the greater the likelihood that he will repay the loan on time. Secondly, it is more profitable for banks to work with wealthy clients, since they take out loans for larger amounts, thereby providing the bank with greater profit. Thirdly, working with wealthy clients is associated with minimizing risks and increasing the prestige of the bank.
In Russia, credit institutions must obtain a license to operate from the Central Bank. The development of the Russian banking system does not lag behind other countries. Mortgage loans are in particular demand, the volume of which in 2012 exceeded the pre-crisis level.
Due to my age, I cannot take out a loan, but I believe that if you approach this issue wisely and responsibly, you can, thanks to a loan, get out of a difficult financial situation.
It is more difficult for less wealthy people to get a loan than for rich people, but sometimes this is the only opportunity to solve their problems.
Cheloyants Naira, 10 A class.

“What makes a man rich is his heart”
L. Tolstoy.

You can't judge a person's wealth by the thickness of his wallet. Only the presence of high moral qualities allows a person to be considered truly rich.
Morality is the degree to which an individual has assimilated moral values and follows them in everyday life. A person may not commit bad deeds because he is afraid of punishment or values the opinions of other people. But the highest degree of development of spirituality is relying in one’s behavior on certain principles. If the desire for profit and pleasure turns into an irrepressible passion, a person’s whole life is subordinated to greed. Insatiable greed and acquisitiveness crowd out all moral qualities from the human soul. Such a person finds justification for all bad deeds or even crimes if they increase his treasures.
In the etymological dictionary, the word “rich” means “preserved by the gods.” According to Christian teaching, the Lord makes a person rich so that he can use his wealth for the benefit of other people. Then, according to the golden rule of morality, a person will receive respect and kind treatment from others. No material wealth can replace the beauty of the human soul, and this is what attracts other people to us and creates a wide circle of communication.
A striking example of moral behavior is the charitable activities of the Russian merchants. Generous donations for the development of culture and education, care for orphans, the disabled and the homeless - all this was a common expense item for Russian merchants in the second half of the 19th century. The most significant results of the charity of the Moscow merchants were: the Tretyakov Gallery, the Bakhrushinsky Theater Museum, the Alekseevskaya Hospital and many other institutions. Nowadays, the traditions of charity have begun to be revived.
I believe that we should continue this trend, and then the number of truly rich people will only increase. When I become economically independent, I plan to spend part of my money on charity.
Money and material values are not important in themselves. What makes a person rich is his kindness, his mercy, everything that a person values.

Pavel Zaitsev.

“Be more polite to the people you meet while climbing up, you will meet them again when you go down” W. Mizner.

Human life is unpredictable; there are not only ups, but also downs.

Throughout life, a person adapts to his environment. From infancy to old age, a person is involved in the process of socialization - the assimilation of social roles and cultural norms. A person’s position in society is never the same: we perform many social roles, belong to different strata, and have different social status. A person’s position in a stratum, in M. Weber’s opinion, is determined by four main criteria: income, power, education, prestige. The position in one or another stratum is not static. Sorokin introduced the concept of social mobility - a change in the place occupied by a person or group of people in the social structure. Social mobility can be individual or group. The reasons for group mobility can be social upheavals, wars, and natural disasters. Individual mobility may depend on education, abilities, change of place of residence, change in marital status. There is a distinction between vertical mobility - when a person moves up and down across strata, and horizontal - when movement occurs within the same stratum. Indicators of mobility are speed of movement and intensity. As a result of movement, a person may lose his previous status and be unable to adapt to the new stratum within which he finds himself. Such people are called marginalized. Depending on mobility, a distinction is made between open societies, closed societies, and mixed-type societies - when a change of stratum is prohibited by law, but in fact is possible. Throughout his life, a person can improve his education, repeatedly change his place of residence (migration and emigration), change his marital status, engage in entrepreneurial activity, and make a career. As a rule, other people help an individual move up the social ladder, and not just his personal abilities. But many, having reached the top, forget about those who once helped them, and begin to look down on their friends who are lower in social status. I believe that the behavior of a person who has achieved some heights in life largely depends on his upbringing and on the life principles that he adheres to. While at the top, you must always remember that life is unpredictable, and one day you may find yourself in the shoes of those you now laugh at and despise.

Examples of essays on social studies for the Unified State Exam

Essay samples

“A child at the moment of birth is not a person, but only a candidate for a person” (A. Pieron).

It is necessary to understand what meaning A. Pieron put into the concept of man. At the moment of birth, the child is already a person. He is a representative of a special biological species, Homo Sapiens, who has the inherent specific features of this biological species: a large brain, upright posture, prehensile hands, etc. At the moment of birth, a child can be called an individual - a specific representative of the human race. From birth, he is endowed with individual traits and properties unique to him: eye color, body shape and structure, the design of his palm. This can already be defined as individuality. Why then does the author of the statement call the child only a candidate for a person? Apparently, the author had in mind the concept of “personality”. After all, man is a biosocial being. If a person is given biological traits from birth, then he acquires social ones only in a society of his own kind. And this happens in the process of socialization, when the child learns, through education and self-education, the values of a particular society. Gradually he turns into a personality, i.e. becomes a subject of conscious activity and has a set of socially significant traits that are in demand and useful in society. It is then that he can fully be called a human being. How can this assumption be confirmed? For example, on March 20, 1809, in Sorochintsy, a son was born into the family of the landowner Vasily Gogol - Yanovsky, baptized with the name Nikolai. This was one of the landowner's sons born on this day, named Nicholas, i.e. individual. If he had died on his birthday, he would have remained in the memory of his loved ones as an individual. The newborn was distinguished by characteristics characteristic only of him (height, hair color, eyes, body structure, etc.). According to the testimony of people who knew Gogol from birth, he was thin and weak. Later, he developed traits associated with growing up and an individual lifestyle - he began to read early, wrote poetry from the age of 5, studied diligently at the gymnasium, and became a writer whose work was followed by all of Russia. He showed a bright personality, i.e. those features and properties, signs that distinguished Gogol. Apparently, this is precisely the meaning that A. Pieron intended in his statement, and I completely agree with him. When a person is born, he must go through a long, thorny path in order to leave a mark on society, so that descendants will proudly say: “Yes, this man can be called great: our people can be proud of him.”

“The idea of freedom is connected with the true essence of man” (K. Jaspers)

What is freedom? Independence from the powers that be that money and fame can give? Lack of bars or overseer's whip? Freedom to think, write, create without regard to generally accepted canons and public tastes? This question can only be answered by trying to figure out what a person is. But here's the problem! Every culture, every era, every philosophical school gives its own answer to this question. Behind each answer is not only the level of a scientist who has comprehended the laws of the universe, the wisdom of a thinker who has penetrated the secrets of existence, the self-interest of a politician or the imagination of an artist, but there is also always hidden a certain position in life, a completely practical attitude towards the world. And yet. From all the various, contradictory ideas about man, one general conclusion follows: man is not free. He depends on anything: on the will of God or gods, on the laws of the Cosmos, the arrangement of stars and luminaries, on nature, society, but not on himself. But the meaning of Jaspers’s expression, in my opinion, is that a person cannot imagine freedom and happiness without preserving his personality, his unique, inimitable “I”. He does not want to “become everything,” but “wants to be himself in spite of the universe,” as the author of the famous “Mowgli” R. Kipling wrote. A person cannot be happy and free at the cost of trampling on his personality, renouncing his individuality. Truly ineradicable in a person is the desire to create the world and oneself, to discover something new, unknown to anyone, even if this is achieved at the cost of one’s own life. Becoming free is not an easy task. It requires from a person the maximum effort of all spiritual forces, deep thoughts about the fate of the world, people, about his own life; a critical attitude to what is happening around and to oneself; search for the ideal. The search for the meaning of freedom sometimes continues throughout life and is accompanied by internal struggle and conflicts with others. This is precisely where a person’s free will manifests itself, since from various life circumstances and options, he himself has to choose what to prefer and what to reject, what to do in this or that case. And the more complex the world around us, the more dramatic life is, the more effort is required from a person to determine his position and make this or that choice. This means that K. Jaspers was right in considering the idea of freedom to be the true essence of man. Freedom is a necessary condition for his activity. Freedom cannot be “gifted,” because unsought freedom turns out to be a heavy burden or turns into arbitrariness. Freedom, won in the fight against evil, vices and injustice in the name of affirming goodness, light, truth and beauty, can make every person free

“Science is merciless. She shamelessly refutes favorite and habitual misconceptions” (N.V. Karlov)

We can quite agree with this statement. After all, the main goal of scientific knowledge is the desire for objectivity, i.e. to study the world as it exists outside and independently of man. The result obtained should not depend on private opinions, preferences, or authorities. On the path to searching for objective truth, a person passes through relative truths and errors. There are many examples of this. Once upon a time, people were absolutely sure that the Earth was disk-shaped. But centuries passed, and the journey of Fernando Magellan refuted this misconception. People learned that the Earth is spherical. The geocentric system that existed for millennia was also a fallacy. The discovery of Copernicus debunked this myth. The heliocentric system he created explained to people that all the planets in our system revolve around the Sun. The Catholic Church forbade the recognition of this truth for more than two hundred years, but in this case, science really turned out to be merciless to people’s misconceptions. Thus, on the way to absolute truth, which is final and will not change over time, science passes through the stage of relative truths. At first, these relative truths seem final to people, but time passes and with the emergence of new opportunities for a person to study a particular area, absolute truth appears. It refutes previously acquired knowledge, forcing people to reconsider their previous views and discoveries.

“Progress only indicates the direction of movement, and it is indifferent to what awaits at the end of this path - good or evil” (J. Huizinga).

It is known that progress is the movement of the development of society from simple to complex, from lower to higher. But the long history of mankind proves that moving forward in one area leads to a rollback in another. For example, replacing an arrow with a firearm or a flintlock with an automatic rifle indicates the development of technology and related knowledge and science. The ability to kill a mass of people at once with deadly nuclear weapons is also unconditional evidence of the development of science and technology of the highest level. But can all this be called progress? And therefore, everything that has appeared in history as something positive can always be contrasted as something negative, and very much that is positive in one aspect can be said to be negative in another. So what is the point of the story? What is the direction of its movement? What is progress? Answering these questions is far from easy. The very abstract concept of progress, when trying to apply it to the assessment of certain events specifically - historically, will certainly contain an insoluble contradiction. This inconsistency is the drama of history. Is it inevitable? But the fact is that the main character of this historical drama is the man himself. Evil is, as it were, inevitable, because a person sometimes receives as a result something for which he did not strive at all, which was not his goal. And the objective fact is that practice is always richer, always exceeds the level of achieved knowledge, which gives rise to a person’s ability to use what has been achieved differently in other conditions. Evil, therefore, like a shadow, pursues good. Apparently this is what the author of this statement meant. But I would like to continue the discussion and encourage people, especially scientists, to think about their future discoveries. After all, to define what is truly progressive there is a concept developed throughout the history of mankind. Expressed by the word “humanism,” it denotes both the specific properties of human nature and the assessment of these properties as the highest principle of social life. What is progressive is what is combined with humanism, and not just combined, but contributes to its elevation.

“Revolution is the transition from untruth to truth, from lies to truth, from oppression to justice, from deception and suffering to straightforward honesty and happiness.”

(Robert Owen)

A revolution is often called a social explosion, which is why, in my opinion, a revolution does not completely solve the problems that have arisen in life.

In Russia's historical past, the most significant revolution was the October 1917 revolution. Its most important result was the beginning of the construction of communism, which meant a radical change in the life of the entire country. And if this is the same truth, justice and honesty that Owen speaks of, then why is Russia now trying with all its might to join the Western model of development and doing everything to become a capitalist country in the full sense of the word? And this despite the fact that in Soviet times Russia achieved a lot: it became a superpower, was the first to carry out a human flight into space, and won the Second World War. It turns out that the revolution did not lead our country to the truth. Moreover, by the end of 1991, Russia found itself on the brink of economic disaster and famine.

Is it necessary to talk about social revolutions, if even during the scientific and technological revolution in the modern world many questions arise. Among them are environmental problems, rising unemployment, and terrorism.

On the one hand, during the scientific and technological revolution, healthcare is improved, the most hopeless patients are saved from death by the efforts of doctors, and on the other hand, weapons of mass destruction, including bacteriological ones, are produced. The media daily cover millions of events taking place in all corners of the planet, informing and educating people, but at the same time, the media act as a manipulator of human consciousness, will, and reason.

Many more examples of revolutions can be cited, but the conclusion remains clear: a revolution is a multilateral and contradictory process, during which the problems being solved are replaced by others, often even more complex and confusing.

Religion is wisdom justified by reason

I completely agree with this statement and want to prove the truth of this saying using the example of famous BOOKS that contain such wisdom that humanity will always turn to.

New Testament. It is already 2 thousand years old. With his birth, he created an unprecedented, unprecedented excitement in hearts and minds, which has not calmed down to this day. And all this because it contains wisdom that teaches humanity kindness, humanism, and morality. This book, written simply and without any embellishment, captures the greatest mystery - the mystery of human salvation. People can only fulfill these Great Wisdoms: do not kill, do not steal, do not offend your neighbor, honor your parents. Is this bad wisdom? And when people forget to implement these wisdoms, misfortune awaits them. In our country, during the years of Soviet power, people were excommunicated from this book. All this led to the destruction of the spirituality of society, and therefore to lack of will. And even the communists, when drawing up their law - the Moral Code of the Communist, took as a basis the moral principles contained in the Bible. They just exposed them in a different form. This proves that the wisdom of this book is eternal.

Koran. This is the main book of Muslims. What is she calling for? Particular attention is paid to nobility, which, in turn, implies respect for parents. The Koran teaches Muslims to be firm in word and obligatory in deeds and actions. It condemns such base human qualities as lies, hypocrisy, cruelty, and pride. Is this bad wisdom? They are reasonable.

The given examples prove the correctness of the above statement. All world religions contain such wisdom that instructs people only to do good deeds. Showing people the way at the end of the tunnel.

Science reduces our experiences of fast-flowing life.

One cannot but agree with this statement. Indeed, with the advent of science, the progress of mankind began to accelerate, and the pace of life of human society is accelerating every day. All this happens thanks to science. Before its appearance, humanity moved rather slowly along the path of progress. It took millions of years for the wheel to appear, but it was only thanks to scientists who invented engines that this wheel could be driven at a higher speed. Human life has accelerated dramatically.

For thousands of years, humanity has had to look for answers to many seemingly unsolvable questions. Science did this: the discovery of new types of energy, the treatment of complex diseases, the conquest of outer space... With the beginning of the scientific and technological revolution in the 50-60s of the 20th century, the development of science became the main condition for the existence of human society. Time requires a person to quickly solve global problems on which the preservation of life on Earth will depend.

Science has now come to each of our homes. It serves people by truly reducing the experiences of fast-paced life: instead of washing by hand - an automatic washing machine, instead of a floor rag - a washing vacuum cleaner, instead of a typewriter - a computer. And what can we say about the means of communication that have made our globe so small: in one minute you can receive a message from places located on different ends of the world. The plane takes us in a few hours to the most remote corners of our planet. But just a hundred years ago it took many days and even months. This is the meaning of this statement.

Political strength is strong if and only if it is based on moral strength.

Of course, this statement is correct. Indeed, a politician must act based on moral laws. But for some reason, many people associate the word “power” with the opposite opinion. There are many supporting examples of this in history, ranging from ancient Roman tyrants (for example, Nero) to Hitler and Stalin. And modern rulers do not shine with examples of morality.

What's the matter? Why do deeply moral norms, such as honesty, conscience, commitment, truthfulness, in no way fit into political power?

Apparently, a lot has to do with the nature of power itself. When a person strives for power, he promises people to improve their lives, restore order, and establish fair laws. But as soon as he finds himself at the helm of power, the situation changes dramatically. Many promises are gradually forgotten. And the politician himself becomes different. He already lives by different standards, he has new views. Those to whom he promised are increasingly moving away from him. And others appear nearby who are always ready to be at the right moment: to advise, to suggest. But they no longer act in the interests of society, but in their own selfish interests. As people say, power spoils a person. Perhaps this is so. Or maybe there are other reasons? Coming to power, a politician understands that he is unable to cope with the burden of problems that the state faces: corruption, the shadow economy, organized crime. In such difficult conditions, there is a retreat from moral principles. We have to act tough. It seems to me that it is better to rephrase this statement as follows: “A political fortress is strong if and only if it is based on the force of law.” For politics, this makes the most sense. Only the laws must also be moral...

Block "ECONOMY"

“Entrepreneurial activity serves not only the interests of the individual, but also of society as a whole”

(S. Kanareikin)

Many people have talked, written, and spoken out about entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship in general. This topic is relevant at all times, since entrepreneurial activity has been one of the main sources of income for the population for a long time. But there are very important things you need to know when doing business.

First of all, let's understand the concepts. Entrepreneurial activity or entrepreneurship (now most often called business) is an economic activity aimed at systematically generating profit (for example, by providing services or selling goods). By the word individual, the author means one person. It is compared to the whole society.

It is impossible not to agree with S. Kanareikin’s statement that entrepreneurial activity serves not only the interests of the individual, but also of society as a whole. The author wants to say that entrepreneurship cannot exist without society, it is dependent on it, it exists at the expense of society. The more interest the entrepreneur’s activities generates among consumers, the greater the profit the enterprise receives. This can be seen using the example of the Russian energy company Gazprom. There is probably no person who has never heard of it. The services of this company are used by millions of people around the world, that is, their activities are in great demand. You can also consider an ice cream stand on the street. Ice cream is a seasonal product; it is popular only in the hot season. Naturally, Gazprom's profits will be greater. An endless number of such examples can be given. The success of an enterprise depends on the number of consumers. That is why, before organizing his entrepreneurial activity, a person must be sure of the demand for the services provided so that the profit is maximized.

Economic competition is not war, but competition in each other's interests.

(Evin Cannan)

I agree with Alvin Cannan's statement that economic competition is not war, but competition in each other's interests. The word competition means competition, competition for the right to be the best at something, to have something special. That is, competition is a competition, the achievement of a goal by two or more contenders. Healthy competition exists in any society, in every area. And people do not view competition as a negative side of human relations. On the contrary, sometimes this type of rivalry is encouraged. So why shouldn't competition be considered war?

First you need to understand the difference between the concepts of war and competition. War implies a struggle, military actions directed against each other, to destroy the opponent. War is always negative, destruction. Competition is the same struggle, but not with the goal of destroying your opponent (both morally and physically), but a struggle to obtain some benefit, and by identifying the strongest of the rivals. Most often, competition occurs in the economic sphere. So, if two or more companies are competitors, then each of them tries to offer more favorable conditions for its customers, win their favor and gain markets. If it were not competition, but war, firms would not strive to improve their products, but to destroy their rival.

Why is competition mutually beneficial? Because competitors strive to become better, increase their potential, thereby promoting progress. Monopoly in any industry is destructive, as it does not stimulate growth and allows you to remain in place and not move forward.

A striking example of the lack of competition in the economy is the policy of “War Communism” pursued by Lenin at the beginning of the 20th century. The absence of small and large private owners, and, consequently, competition between them, led the Russian economy to decline.

Very often competition is used as a psychological factor. From a biological point of view, competition - as a driving form of evolution - is inherent in every person, that is, everyone has an inherent desire to prove themselves better than their opponent. Each of the competitors tries to master the best qualities, skills, and features. This has a positive effect on both the development of the personal qualities of one person and the improvement of production as a whole.

To summarize, I think we can say with confidence that competition is not only not a war, but even an engine of development. Largely thanks to this open type of competition, high labor indicators are observed in every sphere of society, and high quality production is achieved by organizations and individuals. That is, we can talk about the positive impact of competition on society.

“Every person should be given an equal right to pursue his own advantage, and the whole society benefits from this” (A. Smith)

I agree with this statement by A. Smith. It perfectly reflects the basic principle of a market economy. The main principle of a market economy is competition. And, as you know, competition is the engine of progress.

What do we mean by competition? Competition is rivalry between people to obtain their own benefit. Competition helps to establish order in the market, which guarantees the production of high-quality goods in large quantities. The higher the level of competition between sellers, the better and more profitable for us buyers.

For example, about fifteen years ago, cell phones appeared on the markets. At that time it seemed like an unimaginable luxury, and not everyone was able to afford it. But now almost everyone has a mobile phone. What is this connected with? Firstly, with the development of new technologies. Secondly, of course, the phenomenon of competition and, as a consequence of it, a decrease in prices for phones is clearly making itself felt. In this case, the buyer wins, which means the whole society benefits.

Only in conditions of equal competition can we talk about the benefits of society. After all, only if all members of society receive the benefit they strived for, then the wealth of society increases. The Italian economist Vilfred Pareto shared the same point of view.

The desire to “snatch” the best piece is at the forefront of competition. Both sellers and buyers strive to gain maximum benefit for themselves, and as a result of all these efforts, we receive benefits for society. This means that Adam Smith was absolutely right in his statement and I fully support it.

“Economic freedom, social responsibility and environmental stewardship are absolutely essential to prosperity.” (Paris Charter for a New Europe, 1990)

The first time I read this phrase, it was difficult for me to understand its essence. But as soon as I took it apart, I began to understand its meaning.

Let's start from the beginning: what is economic freedom? It can be described as a certain opportunity for a person to freely choose certain living conditions: choosing a life path and his goals, where to direct his knowledge and skills, opportunities; free choice of how to distribute your expenses, place of residence, place of work. True, he will be personally responsible for all these actions. And all this, of course, is controlled by law.

What is social responsibility? Having looked up the meaning of the word “responsibility” in the dictionary, we can see that the word is interpreted as a certain state in which there is a feeling of anxiety for what has been done. That is, in general, social responsibility can be considered as the action of any object that takes into account the interests of society, and at the same time assumes full responsibility for the impact of their activities on people and society.

And the final link is a responsible attitude towards environmental protection. I believe that any self-respecting person, and indeed any part of society, should be attentive to what surrounds us. Especially when it is dependent on this surrounding world.

Based on the above, it becomes clear that I completely agree with the author’s statement. I also believe that these three points are small but sure steps on a long and pleasant path to prosperity. After all, only when the understanding of preserving nature and all that majesty that we and nature have built reaches the mind of every person, only then can we boldly assert that we are on the right path, that we are moving towards meeting our goal. And until everyone understands the importance of the problem, we will not be able to begin to fight it. After all, as they say: one in the field is not a warrior.

“Bargaining is a great thing! Every kingdom is rich in merchants, and without merchants no small state can exist...” (I. T. Pososhkov)

I think everyone will agree with this expression. After all, trade in the modern world is one of the most popular areas of business. And not only in the modern world. She was popular before.

Crafts and trade have always developed primarily in cities. Even in ancient times, Russian lands established their relations with neighboring states through trade. Trade has always been a means of enrichment: states exchanged goods that they did not produce on their own land, which they could only obtain abroad. Such relationships are beneficial both for one party who purchases the product and for the other who sells it.

Trade is one of the surest ways to determine the level of culture of a people. If it occupies one of the most important places in the life of a people, then the level of its culture is quite high. In any country, trade plays a very important role - bringing goods to the buyer. It connects producers of goods from different countries, and shows that these countries are dependent on each other.

An example is the modern world. No person can do without trade even in everyday life. We go to grocery stores every day. Each of us buys new things in stores, be it clothes, electronics, or even simple household items. And it is even impossible to imagine what we would do if things could not be so easily purchased in stores. It is impossible to imagine our life without trade.

I. T. Pososhkov’s thought is certainly correct. States would not be so closely interconnected if they did not maintain economic relations. Trade is a great thing. Without it, countries and cities would not have the opportunity to develop.

Undoubtedly, trade is of great importance in the life of every person and in the life of every state.

“Economics is not just the science of using limited resources, but also the science of rational use of limited resources” (G. Simon)

I agree with G. Simon's statement. Economics is a truly important science about the rational use of limited resources, because it teaches us how to use our monetary resources, which are limited by many factors, more correctly, more accurately and more profitably. Economics tells us how to overcome these factors, reduce them, or live with them and find compromises.

Economics as a science is very important. If it were not for her, we would not be able and would not know how to profitably use our financial capabilities: how to increase our capital, increase its volume, how and in what situation to save.

For example, if you spend the financial resources of charitable foundations to solve the problem of malaria, then in three years (according to scientists’ estimates) you can save 500 thousand people and solve the problem. If you spend money on AIDS prevention, you can stop the epidemic and then save on expensive, ineffective treatment for those who are sick. Or if we consider the rational use of monetary resources from an everyday point of view: a mother buys herself a sweater on sale for half the amount from a new collection, and with the remaining money buys a shirt for her son. In such a situation, as they say, the wolves are fed and the sheep are safe.

Economics is a science that studies the use of various kinds of limited resources in order to meet people's needs and the relationships between various parties that arise in the economic process.

Economy is a set of production relations corresponding to a given stage of development of the productive forces of society, the dominant mode of production in society.

Economics is an art, and everyone tries to use the economy correctly and for good, but not everyone can master it. Mastery of economics is a talent given to man by nature. Not everyone can masterfully manipulate numbers, formulas, lay out and create logical chains to improve their financial picture, environment and situation; Only a smart and talented person can calculate actions several steps ahead in order to avoid mistakes and not lose everything that is available at this stage.

The goal of economics is to use resources in such a way as to obtain a positive or useful result: either an increase in these same resources, or the satisfaction of human needs in a rational and profitable way.

“Money either dominates its owner or serves him.” Horace.

The famous poet Horace in this statement raises the question of the influence and role of money in human life and society. The problem put forward by the author is relevant in the modern world. The meaning of Horace's statement is that money can both serve a person and dominate him. If a person manages them skillfully, then in the future he will be able to increase his capital. However, money can make a person greedy and greedy if it dominates him.

Money is a commodity of a special nature, playing the role of a universal equivalent. If a person wants money to serve him, then he must have a good understanding of economics, know the functions of money: it can be a measure of the value of goods, a means of circulation, a means of accumulation.

Many cases can be found in history when rich nobles brought their fortunes to bankruptcy, and peasants became wealthy thanks to their labor.

An example of the negative influence of money on a person is Chichikov from the work of N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls". All his life he earned money, this was the goal of his life, he destroyed himself because he could not manage it correctly.

To summarize, I would like to note that money should not influence a person, but on the contrary, a person should be able to influence money, be able to use it correctly.

“The welfare of the state is ensured not by the money it annually releases to officials, but by the money it annually leaves in the pockets of citizens.” (I. Eotvos)

I. Eotvos wanted to say that the well-being of the citizens of any country does not depend on how much it will allocate funds to officials, who in turn must monitor the appropriate distribution of these funds, but on how much of the allocated money reaches and remains in the pockets of citizens .

Having mentioned the expedient distribution, we would like to believe in the honesty of our officials, as the state apparatus of the executive branch. Let us remember that the state is an organization of sovereign power in society, which has a special coercive apparatus and the right to make laws. And the state apparatus is a system of special bodies and institutions through which the state administration of society and the protection of its basic interests are carried out. So, officials must monitor the rational distribution of funds allocated by the government. But very often, unfortunately, we are faced with what we see and hear in the media, how officials steal the very money whose task is to improve any area of society. And therefore the statement that I. Eotvos made is very relevant today. Let's not forget about the funds themselves, or money. Money is a specific product that is a universal equivalent to the cost of other goods or services. Functions of money: 1. Measure of value, 2. Means of payment, 3. Medium of circulation, 4. World money, 5. Means of accumulation.
I agree with this quote, I. Eotvos very subtly emphasized that the state will prosper if the people prosper, but this cannot be achieved if such a thing as corruption occurs in modern society. Corruption (in the modern concept) is a term that usually denotes the use by an official of his powers and the rights entrusted to him for personal gain, contrary to the law and moral principles. What kind of welfare of an entire state can we talk about if each of us strives to profit at the expense of another person? We can never call this full-fledged, fortunately wealthy.
Let us turn to history and remember that the most striking example is the well-known country of Singapore, which occupies one of the leading positions in the ranking of countries with a minimal level of corruption. From 1959 to 1990, Singapore, deprived of rich natural resources, was able to solve many internal problems and made the leap from a third world country to a highly developed country with a high standard of living.
In the modern world, England tops this list, then New Zealand, etc.
We come to the conclusion that if the state wants to prosper, then it needs to take care of every citizen inhabiting this country, individually, it is necessary to fight corruption and all its manifestations. It is necessary to pursue a targeted policy towards the development of the country.

“Almost all taxes on production ultimately fall on the consumer.”

(David Ricardo)

I agree with the statement of David Ricardo, since I believe that taxes on producers of goods are those taxes that contribute to the high cost of goods produced.

The essence of taxes on production is that production pays taxes to finance the state budget. Mandatory payment of taxes consists of tax calculation and payment.

Article 52 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation establishes the procedure for calculating tax. How taxes are calculated depends on costs, expenses, losses, and economic rules that determine income, value, and taxation. The taxpayer bears full responsibility for timely and correct calculation of the amount. When calculating the amount of tax, the following elements of taxation must be taken into account:

Taxable period

Tax rate

Tax base

Tax benefits

Paying taxes requires that the taxpayer must pay the tax at a certain time, which is set by the state. The declaration must indicate information on income, expenses and all production information for a given period. Afterwards, a document confirming its payment is issued.

A tax is a payment that is mandatory and free of charge, with the help of which the state’s financial budget is provided.

Production is a type of activity of an individual or organization that produces material goods that are needed for the development of society.

A consumer is a person who wants to purchase a type of service to satisfy his needs.

Cost is the price of a product or service.

Payment is the amount that needs to be paid.

For example, VAT leads to an increase in prices for goods, and this leads to a decrease in the production program, profits, and because of this, the condition of the enterprise in the market worsens.

We have known since ancient times, for many years in history, that peasants, artisans, merchants and colonial residents had to pay taxes to the state.

Taxes take into account the characteristics of the country and the stage of economic development of the state.

“The surest profit is that which is the result of frugality.” (Publius Sir. Economics.)

Publius Sirus, a Roman poet of mimicry under Caesar and Augustus, a younger contemporary and rival of Laberius, wanted to say with this statement that only the person who carefully spends his wealth can make a good profit. After all, if a person throws away his wealth, he can very quickly fall down and not even notice that he has become poor. Therefore, everyone should be able to use wealth wisely.

I agree with the opinion of the author. The validity of Publius Sir's point of view is confirmed by numerous examples from public life, personal experience and economic theory. Firstly, in economic theory there is a definition that profit is the amount of income where revenue exceeds the costs of economic activity, the production of goods. And if this revenue is spent carefully, then there will be more profit and, as a result, an enterprising person will, at least slowly, get rich.

Secondly, I want to note that in the history of Russia in the 19th century there are cases where rich nobles brought their fortunes to bankruptcy through feasts and revelry, and some peasants, thanks to their hard work and, of course, thrift, could even buy themselves out of the nobles.

Thirdly, I would like to give an example from Dostoevsky’s work “Crime and Punishment”, where the heroine Alena Ivanovna, thanks to her entrepreneurial spirit, received a good profit, took care of it and met her old age comfortably.

I would also like to note that my mother is very careful about our family’s budget. Therefore, we have no shortage or problems in financial matters.

In modern life, people who save on needs they can live without also make a profit. These people, who do not throw money away, are rational consumers. If you are not a rational consumer, a situation may arise where expenses will exceed income.

I believe that the statement of Publius Sirus is relevant. I think that a thrifty person will always have wealth, that is, profit.

“He who buys what he needs ends up selling what he needs” (B. Franklin)

I completely agree with the words of one of the founding fathers of the United States, Benjamin Franklin. Considering that in the modern world in general there is no shortage of goods, and new ones are also appearing. Old goods of the same type become cheaper, and people have the opportunity to purchase not only what they need, but also additional goods.

But it often happens that when people spend money on unnecessary goods, they also spend funds that were allocated for necessary goods. To expand on this topic, you need to turn to the definition of rational buyer behavior. So, rational buyer behavior is behavior that involves first recognizing the need for a purchase, then searching for information about a product or service, then assessing possible purchase options, and finally making a decision to purchase. That is, if a consumer realizes that he needs to buy, for example, food, then he looks for a store with cheaper prices, inquires about discounts, and ultimately buys what he needs.

But if the consumer realizes that he does not yet need a product, for example a new TV, but at the moment he has extra money and he buys this TV, then his behavior will be irrational. Moreover, soon after buying a TV, he may need money, for example, for medicine, but he will not have it, and the person may go into debt.

Therefore, you need to make smart purchases. And if you buy something you don’t need today, then tomorrow you may have enough to buy something vital.

“Palaces cannot be safe where huts are unhappy.” (B. Disraeli)

I agree with the statement of Benjamin Disraeli, because the well-being of the “palaces” depends on the well-being of the “huts”.

In this quote, the role of rich people is represented by palaces, and the role of poor people is represented by huts. What is meant here is that when society is stratified into rich and poor, the rich cannot live peacefully in a world where the poor, from an unhappy life, can either rebel or simply cannot do their job efficiently. For example, if the working class rebels against the rich, a lot of people, both workers and rich, could die. And if the rich pay their workers little, then the workers, from exhaustion, will do their work poorly, as a result of which the rich will also receive little profit, which will affect their lives.

Benjamin Disraeli in this quote speaks of rich people as palaces, and compares poor people to huts. Rich people look just like palaces, they are as arrogant as palaces are tall, they are dressed just like palaces are decorated. Poor people look like huts: they are modest, like small huts, dressed as unremarkably as huts are inconspicuous.

There are many cases in history when the poor could not withstand the onslaught of the rich, and a rebellion broke out. An example of this is the many revolutions that took place not only in Russia, but throughout the World. For example, the October Revolution of 1917, which began for reasons related to the deterioration of the situation of the people due to the long-lasting world war, the unresolved labor, agrarian and national issues and general dissatisfaction with the activities (rather inactivity) of the provisional government.

Conclusion:

This quote is typical not only for the time when Benjamin Disraeli lived, but it is also quite relevant now. Nowadays there are a lot of companies. Some of which quickly go out of business because the people who open them don't value the workers they hire and they leave them. Others, on the contrary, flourish and exist safely in the economic market, because employers do not allow their people to become completely impoverished.

Block "PHILOSOPHY"

“A child at the moment of birth is not a person, but only a candidate for a person” (A. Pieron).

How can this assumption be confirmed? For example, on March 20, 1809, in Sorochintsy, a son was born into the family of the landowner Vasily Gogol - Yanovsky, baptized with the name Nikolai. This was one of the landowner's sons born on this day, named Nicholas, i.e. individual. If he had died on his birthday, he would have remained in the memory of his loved ones as an individual. The newborn was distinguished by characteristics characteristic only of him (height, hair color, eyes, body structure, etc.). According to the testimony of people who knew Gogol from birth, he was thin and weak. Later, he developed traits associated with growing up and an individual lifestyle - he began to read early, wrote poetry from the age of 5, studied diligently at the gymnasium, and became a writer whose work was followed by all of Russia. He showed a bright personality, i.e. those features and properties, signs that distinguished Gogol. Apparently, this is precisely the meaning that A. Pieron intended in his statement, and I completely agree with him. When a person is born, he must go through a long, thorny path in order to leave a mark on society, so that descendants will proudly say: “Yes, this man can be called great: our people can be proud of him.”

“The idea of freedom is connected with the true essence of man” (K. Jaspers)

This question can only be answered by trying to figure out what a person is. But here's the problem! Every culture, every era, every philosophical school gives its own answer to this question. Behind each answer is not only the level of a scientist who has comprehended the laws of the universe, the wisdom of a thinker who has penetrated the secrets of existence, the self-interest of a politician or the imagination of an artist, but there is also always hidden a certain position in life, a completely practical attitude towards the world. And yet. From all the various, contradictory ideas about man, one general conclusion follows: man is not free. He depends on anything: on the will of God or gods, on the laws of the Cosmos, the arrangement of stars and luminaries, on nature, society, but not on himself.

But the meaning of Jaspers’s expression, in my opinion, is that a person cannot imagine freedom and happiness without preserving his personality, his unique, inimitable “I”. He does not want to “become everything,” but “wants to be himself in spite of the universe,” as the author of the famous “Mowgli” R. Kipling wrote. A person cannot be happy and free at the cost of trampling on his personality, renouncing his individuality. Truly ineradicable in a person is the desire to create the world and oneself, to discover something new, unknown to anyone, even if this is achieved at the cost of one’s own life.

Becoming free is not an easy task. It requires from a person the maximum effort of all spiritual forces, deep thoughts about the fate of the world, people, about his own life; a critical attitude to what is happening around and to oneself; search for the ideal. The search for the meaning of freedom sometimes continues throughout life and is accompanied by internal struggle and conflicts with others. This is precisely where a person’s free will manifests itself, since from various life circumstances and options, he himself has to choose what to prefer and what to reject, what to do in this or that case. And the more complex the world around us, the more dramatic life is, the more effort is required from a person to determine his position and make this or that choice.

This means that K. Jaspers was right in considering the idea of freedom to be the true essence of man. Freedom is a necessary condition for his activity. Freedom cannot be “gifted,” because unsought freedom turns out to be a heavy burden or turns into arbitrariness. Freedom, won in the fight against evil, vices and injustice in the name of affirming goodness, light, truth and beauty, can make every person free

“Science is merciless. She shamelessly refutes favorite and habitual misconceptions” (N.V. Karlov)

Thus, on the way to absolute truth, which is final and will not change over time, science passes through the stage of relative truths. At first, these relative truths seem final to people, but time passes and with the emergence of new opportunities for a person to study a particular area, absolute truth appears. It refutes previously acquired knowledge, forcing people to reconsider their previous views and discoveries.

Philosophy,
Economy,
Political science,
Jurisprudence.

historical facts;
personal experience and observations;

3. Theoretical part

4. Factual part

5. Conclusion

remember, that

remember the terminology

write straight away

If you are “swimming” in the topic

Essay similar to an essay, usually has a free composition and a small size. Although the task should seem easy, for some reason it frightens the students and takes them by surprise.

You will need

- educational literature;
- computer.

Instructions

Think over a rough work plan. As a rule, an essay consists of a short introduction, which reveals the essence of the topic; the main part, which sets out the opinions of scientists on the subject of the story; the attitude of the author of the work to these opinions, as well as the conclusion, which provides brief conclusions about the research done. The last page of the essay indicates the sources used.

Select the required material. Write down the various points of view of scientists on the chosen topic on paper and note the order in which statements are used in your work.

Video on the topic

note

Check that all literature used is up to date. Textbooks should be no older than 8-10 years, periodicals - no older than 3-5 years.

To avoid being branded as a plagiarist, provide all citations with links indicating the author, title of the publication, and imprint.

Helpful advice

When writing an essay, you should not use a lot of literature so that the work does not turn out to be too long and overloaded with unnecessary information.

When working with literature, it is not necessary to copy notes onto paper; you can immediately make them on the computer. This makes it easier to edit text.

When writing an essay, be careful and try not to make mistakes. After finishing the work, read it and correct any mistakes.

Essay By statement This is a short essay in which you can demonstrate your knowledge not only in a specific discipline, but also information from related scientific subjects.

Instructions

Choose one statement from those proposed as topics for the examination paper on which you will write an essay. It is important that it is clear and close to you. Remember that to justify your position regarding these words, you will need to make clear arguments, and not just appeal to the fact that “this is immoral” or “this makes no sense in modern life.” Think about what areas of knowledge you have in order to justify this information.

Reveal the meaning of the statement. To do this, simply describe what exactly the author wanted to say with these lines, as you see it. For each person, the same things mean different things, so your version cannot be correct or incorrect, any adequate thought has to exist. precisely in the context given by the scientific subject on which the essay is written. For example, you should not disclose value added tax in the sense if in the statement it is mentioned exclusively in the economic aspect.

Give reasons for your opinion. To do this, use the knowledge gained in the process of other sciences, but do not “get hung up” on this information. Additional justification is good if it only emphasizes your rightness. For example, when writing an essay on the statements of political figures, be sure to remember what historical events might have influenced his beliefs.

Formulate your own point of view regarding the statement. If you partially or completely disagree, suggest your own version of the phrase. Be sure to give reasons for exactly what you disagree with and why your position is more appropriate. Rely on your own experience, on the facts of social life.

Sources:

how to make an aphorism

Writing an essay is the last task in the Unified State Exam in social studies. And when preparing for an exam, it is this that raises the most questions. What are the requirements for the work, how is it assessed, and how to get the maximum score for a social studies essay?

What is a task

A mini-essay on the Unified State Exam in social studies is an alternative task. This means that the exam participant can choose from several proposed options the one that is closer and more interesting to him.

Essay topics are short quotes - aphorisms related to the five blocks of the curriculum, one for each. The thematic areas of statements are as follows:

Philosophy,
Economy,
Sociology, social psychology,
Political science,
Jurisprudence.

Of the five statements, you need to choose only one (the closest or most understandable) and write a mini-essay that reveals the meaning of the chosen aphorism and contains illustrative examples.

The “weight” of the social studies essay in the final points is quite small: about 8% of the total points. A perfectly written paper can earn only 5 primary points out of 62 possible, about 8%. Therefore, you should not approach the work as fundamentally as when writing essays on the Russian language or essays on literature.

The compilers of the Unified State Examination themselves suggest taking 36-45 minutes to write an essay on social studies (this is exactly the time period indicated in the specification). For comparison: an essay on the Russian language takes 110 minutes, and a full-length essay on literature takes 115.

All this suggests that the approach to social science should be different: there is no need to create a “masterpiece”, there are no mandatory requirements for presentation style (or even literacy), and even the volume of work is not regulated. Here it is not necessary to write 150-350 words of text: after all, the task is positioned as a “mini-essay” and if you manage to reveal the idea briefly and succinctly, this will be welcome.

It is enough to simply demonstrate knowledge of the subject and the ability to find suitable examples to support your point of view - and express your thoughts coherently and convincingly on the exam form.

Criteria for assessing essays in social studies on the Unified State Exam

The essay is scored based on three criteria in total. To earn the maximum five points, you must meet the following "required minimum":

Reveal the meaning of the original statement, or at least demonstrate that you correctly understood what its author meant (1 point). This is a key point: if you did not understand the quote and received 0 points on the first criterion, the work will not be assessed further.

Demonstrate knowledge of theory(2 points). Here, to get a high grade, it is necessary to analyze the meaning of the statement, using the knowledge acquired during the study of the school social studies course, remember the main points of the theory, and use the terminology correctly. Incomplete compliance with the requirements, deviation from the original topic or semantic errors will result in the loss of one point.

Ability to find relevant examples(2 points). To receive the highest mark on this criterion, you must illustrate the problem with two (at least) examples - facts that confirm the main idea of the essay. Moreover, they must be from sources of different types. Sources can be

examples from fiction, feature films and documentaries;
examples from popular science literature, the history of various branches of science;
historical facts;
facts gleaned while studying other school subjects;
personal experience and observations;
media reports.

If only personal experience is used as examples or examples of the same type are given (for example, both from fiction), the score is reduced by a point. A zero for this criterion is given if the examples do not correspond to the topic or if there is no information at all.

Social studies essay writing plan

There are no strict requirements for the structure of the essay - the main thing is to reveal the meaning of the statement, demonstrate knowledge of the theory and support it with facts. However, given that you don’t have much time to think about it, you can stick to a standard essay plan that includes all the necessary elements.

1. The optional part is the introduction. General statement of the problem (one or two sentences). In an essay on social studies, this point of the plan can be omitted and go straight to the interpretation of the proposed aphorism, but schoolchildren often find it difficult to deviate from the usual compositional scheme, when the “gist of the matter” is preceded by general reasoning. Therefore, if you are used to starting with an introduction, write it, if this is not important for you, you can omit this point, the points will not be reduced for this.

2. Revealing the meaning of the original statement– 2-3 sentences. There is no need to quote in full; it is enough to refer to its author and state the meaning of the phrase in your own words. It must be remembered that, unlike an essay in Russian, where it is necessary to isolate a problem, an essay in social science can be devoted to a phenomenon, a process, or simply a statement of fact. To reveal the meaning of a statement, you can use templates like “In the proposed statement, N.N (a famous philosopher, economist, famous writer) considers (describes, talks about ...) such a phenomenon (process, problem) as ..., interpreting it as ... " or “The meaning of the statement ( expressions, aphorisms) N. N is that...”

3. Theoretical part(3-4 sentences). Here it is necessary to confirm or refute the author’s point of view, relying on the knowledge gained in class and using special terminology. If you agree with the author’s point of view, then, by and large, this part is a detailed translation of the original phrase into “textbook language.” For example, if the author called children’s games in the yard a “school of life”, you will write about what institutions of socialization are and the role they play in the process of an individual’s assimilation of social norms. Here you can also quote quotes from other philosophers, economists, etc., confirming the main idea of the text - however, this is not a mandatory requirement.

4. Factual part(4-6 sentences). Here it is necessary to give at least two examples confirming the theses put forward in the previous paragraph. In this part it is better to avoid “general words” and talk about specifics. And do not forget to indicate sources of information. For example, “experiments devoted to” have been repeatedly described in popular science literature; “as we know from the school physics course...”, “writer N,N. in his novel “Untitled” he describes the situation…”, “on the shelves of the supermarket opposite my school you can see...”.

5. Conclusion(1-2 sentences). Since an essay on social studies on the Unified State Exam is, by and large, a proof of a certain theoretical position, you can complete the essay by summing up what has been said. For example: “Thus, both real-life examples and reading experience suggest that...”, followed by a restatement of the main thesis.

remember, that the main thing is to correctly reveal the meaning of the statement. Therefore, when choosing from the proposed options, take a quote whose interpretation is beyond your doubts.

Before you start writing the text, remember the terminology on this topic. Write them down on a draft form so you can use them later in your work.

Choose the most suitable examples on this topic. Remember that examples from literature may not be limited to works of the school curriculum - in the social studies exam you can use any literary works as arguments. We should not forget that relying on reading experience in the case of social studies is not a priority: remember cases from life; news heard on the radio; topics discussed in society, and so on. Also write down the selected examples on the draft form.

Since literacy, style and composition of the text are not graded, if you are confident enough to express your thoughts in writing, it is better not to waste time writing a full draft. Limit yourself to drawing up a thesis plan and write straight away- this will help save time.

Start the essay after you have answered all other questions.– otherwise you may not fit in the time limit and lose more points than you gain. For example, the first four tasks with detailed answers (based on the text read) can give a total of 10 primary points (twice as much as an essay), and formulating answers to them usually takes much less time than writing a mini-essay.

If you are “swimming” in the topic and you feel that you cannot write an essay with maximum points - do this task anyway. Every point is important - and even if you only manage to correctly formulate the topic and give at least one example “from life” - you will receive two primary points for your social studies essay on the Unified State Exam, which is much better than zero.