From the “Philosophy” of globalization to the ideology of globalism: the fate of Russia. Globalization concept

THE CONCEPT OF GLOBALIZATION

A.V. Zolin

For two decades, the concept of “globalization” has been criticized, identified with globalism, internationalization, and often Westernization, even to the point of a certain technology whose goal is to undermine the foundation of the nation-state. Most authors see globalization as the modern stage of development of capitalism in the conditions of a post-industrial, information society. American sociologist and political scientist E. Hoffman believes that “globalization is the reproduction on a global scale of what national capitalism created in different countries in the 19th century.” M. Castells defines globalization as a “new capitalist economy” developing through “network structures” of production and distribution management.

V. Martynov connects globalization with the “expansion of world capitalism” with the dominance of “American-centricity”1. According to B. Kagarlitsky, director of the Institute of Globalization, “globalism” and “anti-globalism” as terms appeared in the mid-1990s to divert attention from objective reality - capitalism. The subject of discussion, capitalism, has been replaced by disputes about globalism and anti-globalism. In reality, we are talking about capitalism, people’s rights and attitudes towards it in this regard. In other words, “globalization is the power of financial capital, and anti-globalization is the resistance of civil society, and not at all the actions of nationalist elements”2.

A detailed definition of globalization is offered by M. Ercher, who sees in it a multilateral process leading to increasing global interdependence of structure, culture and subject and accompanied by the erasing of traditional boundaries. Globalization appears as interconnectedness or, more precisely, mutual integration of various elements of an integral world. Such interpretations of global

Balizations show one of the most important aspects of this process, the meaning of which is understandable only in a broader context. Moreover, contexts can be very diverse. This is, for example, global social transformation (I. Wallerstein) or a set of megatrends of the modern era (D. Nesbit). Perhaps, in its broadest form, the contextual vision is outlined by R. Robertson in his characterization of globalization as a certain condition of human existence, which is not reducible to individual dimensions of human life and activity 3. In such definitions, ideas about globalization, in our opinion, dissolve in extremely broad theoretical contexts, and the process of globalization is accordingly contextualized. The question arises: why are researchers unable to find a “golden mean” in understanding and defining this process? In our opinion, this is due to certain aspects: it is extremely difficult to separate the “essence” of globalization from other processes of the same order, but not identical; globalization is inherently multifaceted and multifaceted; the subject of globalization is not clear; the historical roots, dynamics, boundaries, consequences of globalization also give rise to debate.

It is the contextualization or dissolution of the globalization process in the multi-layered structure of modern processes of internationalization, integration, and unification that raises many questions in relation to the process and phenomenon of globalization itself. Can we say that the process of globalization really exists? If the answer is yes, then how does globalization differ from other single-order processes? In other words, what is new about this process? In our opinion, there is no doubt that the process of globalization is real and objective. Leader of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation G. Zyu-

Ganov in his work “Globalization: a dead end or a way out” notes: “Globalization is an objective, necessary process that accompanies humanity throughout its history”4. Note that many researchers (A.S. Panarin, V.A. Kutyrev, A.I. Utkin, etc.) note the historical aspect of globalization. This suggests that this process is not some completely new phenomenon in the history of mankind. On the one hand, we have “observed” the “symptoms” of globalization - integration, exchange of information, economic relationships and much more - in the history of almost all countries of the world. But, on the other hand, these processes were not on the scale that we see today. This is primarily due to certain factors: scientific and technological innovations; the formation of a single information “Internet space”, the horizons of which include almost all countries of the world; oversaturation of the national economic capital of developed countries, which outgrows national borders; economic, political, cultural interpenetration of countries and states, which inevitably leads to interconnection and interdependence; intensifying processes of internationalization and integration.

Within the framework of cultural studies, globalization is understood in very different ways: both as a tendency towards the creation of a unified world culture or civilization; and as a growing interrelation of different cultures, not giving rise to a new culture, but built on their “concert”; and as more complex models, for example, as a community of consciousness, including projections of the global world produced by local civilizations 5. In sociological disciplines, globalization is interpreted rather as an intensification of social relations on a global scale (A. Giddens) or as a process that blurs the geographical boundaries of sociocultural standards (M. Waters). Thus, cultural scientists, political scientists, economists, lawyers, sociologists, religious leaders will talk about their subject in the process of globalization and see the image of this phenomenon differently, subsequently defining

it through the subject of its particular field of activity. Which leads to the question: can one simply give a voluminous and complete definition of globalization by adding to one type of knowledge another, which will lead to a cumulative image of globalization? In our opinion, this is possible, but in this way we will lose the essence of globalization, which will “hide” in the endless contexts of various disciplines. Less clearly expressed, but still quite noticeable, is the movement or, more precisely, the need for the movement of private scientific knowledge towards philosophical knowledge.

In our opinion, the closest person to the “natural” understanding and definition of globalization was the Russian philosopher L.M. Karapetyan: “Globalization is an objective process of establishing economic, scientific-technical, socio-political, cultural and other relations between countries and the practical activities of states, their leaders and other entities to organize the interconnected and interdependent functioning of regions and continents of the countries of the world community”6. For our research, the following aspects are important in this definition: globalization is an objective process; the process of interpenetration and rapprochement in various fields between countries; the activity aspect of subjects in the organization of interconnected and interdependent functioning of regions and countries.

It is necessary to note the goal of the above-described aspects, in our opinion, this is a more comfortable, high-quality existence and coexistence of countries and states.

Here a possible reproach is that this definition has the character of an ideal model. In other words, this is sort of the idea of globalization processes. But we think the idea is quite feasible, as it says here

on mutual cooperation between countries and states in various fields. The only question is to identify and develop mechanisms for integration in various areas between countries and states, as well as filtering negative consequences. Contradictions in the understanding of globalization arise when the process of globalization itself is associated either with big and rosy dreams

A.V. Zolin. Globalization concept

about a prosperous life for all people on earth (T. Friedman), or with the process of total and all-consuming nihilism with absolute evil (W. Beck and others).

NOTES

1 Quote by: Vashchekin N.I., Muntyan M.A., Ursul L.D. Globalization and sustainable development. M., 2002. pp. 21-25.

3 Robertson R. Mapping the Global Condition: Globalization: The Central Conception // Theory, Culture, Society. L., 1990. Vol. 7. No. 2, 3. P. 15-30.

4 See: Pravda. 2001. No. 32-34.

5 Kavolis V. History of Consciousness and Civilizational Analysis // Comparative Civilization Review. 1987. No. 17.

6 Karapetyan L.M. On the concepts of “globalism” and “globalization” // Philosophical Sciences. 2003. No. 3.

Davlat Khimmatov
Some philosophical aspects of globalization

One of the particularly relevant topics in modern social philosophy is the topic of globalization. Within the framework of this very broad topic, questions are actively discussed about the causes, essence, beginning of globalization, about its subjects, direction, about the features of the development of the global world, about the interaction of cultures, about the structure of the global world, about the management of the world community and the construction of a new world order, as well as about the negative phenomena generated by globalization, such as increased uncontrolled migration, nationalism, chaos, international terrorism, anti-globalist protests. Moreover, there is no consensus of opinion on various aspects of globalization, which indicates not only the novelty of this phenomenon, but also the insufficient knowledge of this topic and the urgent need for its research.

The Republic of Uzbekistan is an active member of the world community and therefore the main trends and consequences of globalization are inevitably projected into all spheres of the social life of our society. For the most adequate perception of globalization processes, it is necessary, first of all, to have an idea of the main aspects of globalization itself. A socio-philosophical analysis of such aspects allows us to identify specific patterns of globalization development and anti-globalization trends in the world.

Globalization is an objective, therefore, necessary process in the life of mankind. It is generated, first of all, by the nature of production, which does not fit within the borders of individual countries and requires the integration of national economies into the world economy. Integration into the world economy is considered today the main stimulus for the economic development of countries. Globalization is driven by the needs of trade, the uneven distribution of natural resources on Earth, and the growing international division of labor, driven by the law of comparative advantage. Global connections are also created by the developing network of global communications, military and military-technical factors, environmental problems, migration processes, expanding international contacts of all kinds, especially cultural ones, the system of international relations, and the need to regulate processes in the world community.

The listed factors lead to the expansion and deepening of ties between states and the strengthening of their influence on each other, which in fact is the process of globalization. Thus, in the structure of global relations, the main subject is the state (country), since it is the state from the very beginning of globalization that is the only integral concrete form of existence of human society. The state has its own borders, protects them, and establishes certain rules on its territory for all its citizens. The basis of the state as a social organism with the most developed international relations is its own balanced economic and geographical complex. Violation of this balance threatens the security of the state and brings it many troubles. Wider communities: ethnic, cultural, religious are one-sided and subject to adaptation within the state, while broader economic, political or military structures belong to individual states or are formed by unions of states. So, the only holistic concrete form of existence of society in which people live and satisfy their needs remains the state.

By the beginning of the 21st century, humanity had entered a qualitatively different phase. According to many authors, in a post-industrial society the source of the main conflicts will no longer be ideology or economics. The most important boundaries dividing humanity and the main sources of conflict will be determined by culture.

It is extremely important to understand and rethink how civilizations interact, what role culture plays in relations between people and their communities, and what steps we, as representatives of humanity, need to take in order to avoid a “clash” of civilizations.

In modern conditions, cultural aspects of social life will begin to play an increasingly decisive role in relations within and between civilizations in the coming 21st century. It is obvious that it is in the sphere of culture that the key to solving many of today's problems lies.

The crisis, which today explains many of the difficulties facing society, originated in the financial and economic sphere and belongs to it. It is much more important to understand that there is a possibly deeper crisis - a crisis of consciousness, a crisis of culture and a crisis associated with the decline of morals. The spiritual principle has practically disappeared from the life of modern society - which especially applies to the “golden billion”.

The question of the significance of the cultural, ideological and spiritual aspects of globalization and their impact on the life of modern society is of particular relevance. Growing spiritual poverty, strengthening eschatological sentiments, the predominance of the material principle in people's lives - this is the background against which the modern crisis is taking place.

It is important to understand that the spiritual crisis has affected not only the sphere of art, morality or value orientations of people, but also the economic sphere, where self-interest and greed reign, and the political sphere, increasingly characterized by pragmatism, short-term interest, and not higher aspirations.

It becomes obvious that when outdated systems of socio-economic and socio-cultural relations cease to function, there is a need to propose new mechanisms for the interaction of people and their communities. Culture as the pursuit of an ideal is “a great help to us in the days of our difficulties.” According to the deep conviction of some authors, the solution to many problems, which do not necessarily have their roots in the bosom of the cultural and civilizational existence of mankind, can be found if the powers that be and ordinary citizens turn specifically to the cultural sphere of social existence. Social existence manifests itself especially clearly in the holistic world.

The structure of the integral world is distinguished by two main features. Firstly, by the fact that large regional associations are being created, primarily of an economic nature, such as the European Union, the North American Free Trade Association, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Organization, each of which accounts for more than 20% of world GDP, more than 300 million inhabitants . Currently, there are more than 10 regional associations in the world, which are beginning to play an increasingly important role in the global economy, limiting the sovereignty of states.

Secondly, what is decisive for the emergence of an integral world is the creation of global structures that link states and regional associations into a single whole. Global structures are organizations of an economic, political, social and cultural nature that operate in all or most countries of the world. Thanks to them, the world functions as a single whole according to its own laws, which are not reduced to the laws of the functioning of individual countries or regional associations, although the role of individual entities in the formation of an integral world is far from equal and may change.

The basis of an integral world is formed by transnational corporations (TNCs) and transnational banks (TNBs), which, together with other connections, create the world economy. TNCs and TNBs operate in most countries, but they belong to individual countries. They form an important part of the balanced economic and geographical complex of these countries. Most of the products of TNCs are produced for their own country, and transnational banks carry out three quarters of financial transactions within their country and only one fourth outside it.

In total, there are about 40 thousand TNCs operating in the world with 200 thousand branches in 150 countries. The core of the world economic system consists of about 500 TNCs with unlimited economic power. TNCs control up to half of world industrial production, 63% of foreign trade, approximately 4/5 of patents and licenses for new equipment, technologies and know-how. TNCs control 90% of the world market for wheat, coffee, corn, timber, tobacco, jute, iron ore, 85% of the market for copper and bauxite, 80% for tea and tin, 75% for bananas, natural rubber and crude oil. Half of US exports are carried out by American and foreign multinationals. In the UK their share reaches 80%, in Singapore - 90%. The five largest TNCs control more than half of the world's production of durable goods, as well as aircraft, electronic equipment, cars, and 2-3 companies control the entire international telecommunications network.

I would also like to draw attention to the relationship between the concepts of globalization and localization.

In modern social analysis, three positions are distinguished in the interpretation of globalization:

1. radical globalist, asserting the gradual rapprochement of national states and cultures into a single community and culture;

2. moderate-globalist, arguing that along with rapprochement, an oppositely directed process will also take place;

3. anti-globalist, defending the thesis that globalization only enhances the demonstration of differences between cultures and can cause conflict between them (S. Huntington’s conflict of civilizations).

Factors of globalization: economic, which predetermines the prospects for the movement of cultures within the boundaries of modernization; social, predetermining the globalization of social action; a risk factor moving from local to global. Depending on which processes - homogenization or fragmentation - will prevail in the course of globalization, the following concepts are distinguished:

1. globalization based on the ideas of progress, leading to the homogenization of the world (the concept of universalization);

2. globalization based on the real diversity of the world (multiculturalism);

3. the concept of localization as hybridization, which is an attempt to synthesize the global and local. For social structure, globalization means an increase in possible types of organizations: transnational, international, macro-regional, municipal, local. Not only these types of organizations are important, but also those informal spaces that are created within them, in the spaces between them: diasporas, emigrants, refugees, etc. Another dimension of hybridity is associated with the concept of mixed times: the alternation of pre-modernity, modernity, post-modernity (for example, in Latin America). Within the boundaries of this direction, globalization is seen as interculturalism;

4. despite a number of fruitful points in the study of globalization and localization, the above theories have a common drawback: the problem is considered at the empirical, external, phenomenal level.

Globalization is an inherently peaceful process, albeit an aggressive one, therefore globalization is most often carried out in the process of peaceful expansion of the norms of the dominant community to other communities (although the history of culture also shows examples of military globalization - Ancient Rome). The peaceful form of globalization is more characteristic of the era of modernism. “The process of globalization makes wars pointless and certainly not profitable for most countries” (Charles Maines). Peaceful globalization is a more advanced process compared to military globalization. War leads to a temporary approach to achieving balance in the world, and if there is a sharp lag in the spiritual development of the dominant community, civilization perishes due to failure to achieve balance between material and spiritual development. Through violence - war - only a temporary development of the globalization process is possible.

This makes it clear why empires (both ancient and new) perished because they did not ensure balanced development (equilibrium) of material and spiritual development in all communities that underwent globalization (for example, in the Roman provinces in Ancient Rome). By achieving a balance of material and spiritual development, globalization can lead to a gradual equalization of the level of development of all communities if the spiritual principle of a person dominates the material principle, which will ensure the prosperity of civilization. The creation of progressive, advanced laws for the development of communities within civilization will eliminate the contradiction between the material and spiritual and prevent their collision in the process of development of civilization. If the process of globalization contributes to achieving a balance between the material and the spiritual in all communities included in this process, then the trend of globalization and, consequently, the prosperity of civilization will continue. This will happen until there is a sharp imbalance between these two principles. When the material dominates the spiritual, a reverse trend will arise - localization, leading to de-globalization, provincialism and the collapse of civilization. If globalization is based on the non-violent (spiritual) dissemination of civilizational norms through the development of sciences, culture, spirituality, material support of peoples and communities, then a positive trend in the prosperity of civilization will develop. If the balance between the material and spiritual is disturbed in favor of the material, the process of deglobalization, localization, and collapse of civilization will begin. At the same time, the death of a certain civilization does not mean the disappearance of civilization in general; it represents the beginning of the formation of a new civilization. Thus, it is necessary to note the dual meaning of globalization. On the one hand, globalization is a positive phenomenon as a social regulator of maintaining the energy balance of civilization, i.e. maintaining its equilibrium state. On the other hand, globalization has negative aspects, because usually represents a non-spiritual phenomenon, i.e. a manifestation of the rapid development of the material beginning of civilization, and therefore, in the process of globalization, in its infancy, in a hidden form, there is another process that destroys it from the inside - the process of localization.

In prognostic terms, the idea of coexistence and approximate equilibrium between globalization (aggregation) and localization (fragmentation) is legitimate. This equilibrium-non-equilibrium state will depend on the influence of two factors; the external state of the environment and its influence on the development of civilization; internal - the state of spirituality of humanity as a whole and its individual parts (social strata, groups, states, communities). New advanced communities will emerge that will influence backward communities through the exchange of high technology. Therefore, the dominance of a single civilization under the auspices of one community cannot last long, but new material technologies will bring together and push away heterogeneous world communities, i.e. world development will be pulsating, with fluctuations in globalization and localization occurring at an accelerated pace.

So, the process of globalization has positive and negative features. Opponents of globalization processes - anti-globalists - have their own arguments with which one cannot but agree. But, nevertheless, the processes of globalization in all spheres of social life make it possible to expand the scope of narrow national or narrow state interests and reach a higher planetary level. Against the backdrop of global problems of our time, globalization in its best version can be seen as the ability to make decisions together, thereby not causing damage to an individual state, society as a whole and, of course, the environment. Therefore, in Uzbekistan, the processes of globalization are carefully studied and, together with national and popular interests and universal values, are an integral feature of the development and improvement of our society.

The image of modernity would not be complete without referring to its new historical certainty - globality. Globalization introduces new structural divisions or differences into history that significantly enrich postmodern modernity.

It must be said that there is no unity in the interpretation of globalization. Opinions here are not only multiplying, but also polarizing. For some, it is an undoubted expansion of opportunities for affirming the authentic, or individual, existence of all subjects of the historical process: individuals, social groups, peoples, countries, regions. For others, it is the “ninth wave” of history, sweeping away all identities and originalities in its path. On the one hand, they are clearly simplifying it: give it time and everything will work out on its own. On the other hand, they overdramatize, blaming almost all mortal sins: the chaoticization and criminalization of public life, the widespread decline of morals, the impoverishment of entire countries and regions, the rapid spread of drug addiction, AIDS, etc.

Let us note that there is nothing new in the oppositional-binary model of perception of globalization. This is a common means of identifying and sharpening a truly new problem. Globalization is, of course, a new problem. Unique, or radically new, to be precise. The greatest confusion in this problem comes from those who equate globalization with modernization. In reality, these are different historical eras and processes fundamentally different from each other. Globalization in the sense of integration, increasing integrity within the framework of the modern era (New Time) is modernization; “modernization” of the postmodern era (from the last quarter of the twentieth century) is actually globalization. Modernization in the latter case is “awarded” with quotation marks for a reason: globalization is coherent and organic not to modernization, but to postmodernization.

The mother womb of globalization is post-industrial, fundamentally Western society. From there it grows, in that soil is its life-giving juices, there it is at home. But the main thing is that it is there that it truly bears fruit. From what has been said, however, it does not in any way follow that globalization is not a planetary, but exclusively and only a regional (“golden billion”) phenomenon, a process of “consolidation of developed countries in their opposition to the rest of the world.”

Globality is global because it does not resist, but captures and embraces. If there is a confrontation in it, then it is historical (in relation to previous development), i.e. temporal, not spatial. But there is undoubtedly a problem here. It is how to understand this capture or embrace. To some, globalization seems to be an isotropic information technology process, uniformly enveloping the entire globe without breaks or local “crystallizations.” But this is most likely a misconception.

The process of globalization in the modern world is hardly global in the sense of continuous, frontal. One of its most widespread and, undoubtedly, successful images is the World Wide Web (Internet). In our opinion, we can start from it in the search for the general structure of globalization, its organizational texture.

Globalization is the exploitation of heterogeneity and differences, rather than homogeneity and unification. The potential of the latter is fully exploited at the modernization stage.

This is the joy (advantages) and sadness (disadvantages) of the current historical situation. Joy, advantages: no one encroaches on local, regional, or any other features or differences. Oddly enough, it was the process of globalization that fully highlighted and presented them to us. Everyone (country, people, social group, individual) can freely (by their own choice and initiative) assert themselves. Sadness, shortcomings: recognition, if not encouragement of features or differences is brought to the right to at least touch on them. Now originality can be defended beyond measure.

Globalization has also brought the market principle of life to the limit and made it total in penetration. Now it extends not only to goods and services, but also to values, views, and ideological orientations. Please, put forward, try, but what will happen, what will survive, what will win - market competition will decide. Everything, including national culture, has the right to exist, and in fact, to survive in the conditions of the most severe market struggle. It is clear that not every identity will pass the market and competition test. Value-normative bankruptcies will also become, if they are not already, a reality. In general, the process of forming a unified, global culture of existence is underway. In the light of this perspective, original national-cultural value systems will most likely be preserved as ethnographic reserves, at the level and in the form of folklore.

Postmodern globalization excludes aggressive attacks and seizures - everything is already captured in it. There is no point in relying on outside help in such a situation. But much, if not everything, now depends on the historical choice, on the “will to development” of completely (immensely) independent subjects of history. Everyone, well, almost everyone, has a chance to break through into the post-industrial era. All that remains is to use it.

Globalization is brought to life by the organic logic of historical development, supported by the initiative and projective-targeted activity of Western (and in the future - all) humanity. As a result of expansion and, most importantly, meaningful filling of the “living space” of modernization. Globalization could not fail. It is a necessary stage in the development of humanity. Diversity is not excluded; on the contrary, it is assumed, but now within the framework of this historical type.

In other words, there is no alternative (opposite) to globalization, but there are alternatives (options) within the framework of globalization. They are represented by certain national strategies for integrating into modern globalization processes.

Under globalization

it should be understood that the majority of humanity is drawn into a single system of financial, economic, socio-political and cultural relations based on the latest means of telecommunications and information technology.

The prerequisite for the emergence of the phenomenon of globalization was the consequence of the processes of human cognition: the development of scientific and technical knowledge, the development of technology, which made it possible for an individual to perceive with his senses objects located in different parts of the earth and enter into relationships with them, as well as naturally perceive, realize the very fact of these relationships.

Globalization is a set of complex integration processes that gradually (or have already covered?) all spheres of human society. This process itself is objective, historically conditioned by the entire development of human civilization. On the other hand, its current stage is largely determined by the subjective interests of some countries and transnational corporations. With the intensification of this complex of processes, the question arises of managing and controlling their development, of the reasonable organization of globalization processes, in view of its absolutely ambiguous influence on ethnic groups, cultures and states.

Globalization became possible thanks to the worldwide expansion of Western civilization, the spread of the latter's values and institutions to other parts of the world. In addition, globalization is associated with transformations within Western society itself, in its economy, politics, and ideology that have occurred over the past half century.

Philosophical understanding of the problem of globalization

1. The concept of “globalization”

4. Globalization in the political sphere

5. Cultural globalization: phenomenon and trends

6. Religion and globalization in the world community

7. Sociological and philosophical theories of globalization

7.1. Imperialism theory

7.2. Global system theories by E. Giddens and L. Sklar

7.3. Theories of global sociality

7.4. The theory of "imaginary worlds"

7.5. Derrida on the process of globalization

1. The concept of “globalization”

Globalization should be understood as drawing the majority of humanity into a single system of financial, economic, socio-political and cultural relations based on the latest means of telecommunications and information technology.

2. Informatization of society as one of the reasons for the creation of a global society

Information globalization leads to the emergence of the phenomenon of a “global information community.” This term is quite broad and includes, first of all, the global unified information industry, developing against the background of the continuously increasing role of information and knowledge in the economic and socio-political context. This concept assumes that information becomes a quantity in society that determines all other life dimensions. Indeed, the ongoing information and communication revolution forces us to rethink our attitude to such fundamental concepts as space, time and action. After all, globalization can be characterized as a process of compression of temporal and spatial distances. “Time compression” is the reverse side of space compression. The time required to complete complex spatial actions is reduced. Accordingly, each unit of time is compacted, filled with an amount of activity many times greater than what could have been accomplished ever before. When time becomes a decisive condition for the occurrence of many other events following a certain action, the value of time increases significantly.

The foregoing allows us to understand that space and time are compressed not on their own, but within the framework of complex – spatially and temporally separated – actions. The essence of innovation lies in the possibility of effective management of space and time on a global scale: combining a mass of events at different times and on different parts of the earth into a single cycle. In this coordinated chain of events, movements, transactions, each individual element acquires significance for the possibility of the whole.

3. Globalization in the economic sphere

The reasons for globalization in the economic sphere include the following:

1. Increasing the communicative connectivity of the world. It is connected both with the development of transport and with the development of communication means.

The development of transport communications is associated with scientific and technological progress, which led to the creation of fast and reliable means of transport, which caused an increase in world trade turnover.

The development of communication technologies has led to the fact that the transfer of information now takes a fraction of a second. In the economic sphere, this is expressed in the instant transfer of management decisions to the parent organization, in an increase in the speed of solving crisis problems (now depends only on the speed of understanding a given situation, and not on the speed of data transfer).

2. Extension of production beyond national boundaries. The production of goods began to gradually lose its purely national, state localization and be distributed among those economic zones where any intermediate operation turns out to be cheaper. Now the management company can be located in one place, the design organization - in a completely different place, the production of initial parts - in the third, fourth and fifth, assembly and debugging of the product - in the sixth and seventh, the design - developed in the eighth place, and the sale of finished products is carried out - in the tenth, thirteenth, twenty-first, thirty-fourth...

The current stage of globalization in the development of the economic sphere is characterized by:

1. The formation of huge transnational corporations (TNCs), which have largely freed themselves from the control of a specific state. They themselves began to represent states - only not “geographical” states, but “economic” ones, based not so much on territory, nationality and culture, but on certain sectors of the world economy.

2. The emergence of non-state sources of financing: the International Monetary Fund, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and others. These are already purely “financial states”, focused not on production, but exclusively on cash flows. The budgets of these non-state societies are often many times greater than the budgets of small and medium-sized countries. These “new states” are today the main unifying force of reality: any country striving to be included in world economic processes is forced to accept the principles that they establish. It entails the reconstruction of the local economy, social reconstruction, the opening of economic borders, the harmonization of tariffs and prices with those established in the global market, etc.

3. Formation of a global elite - a very narrow circle of people who really influence large-scale economic and political processes. This is due to the recruitment of senior management around the world.

4. Import of low-skilled labor from the poorest, but rich in human resources, Third World countries to Europe and the United States, where there is a demographic decline.

5. Continuous mixing of “national realities”. The world takes on the features of fractality: between any two of its points belonging to one set (one economy, one national culture), one can always place a third one, belonging to another set (another economy, another national culture). This is due to the fact that along the “road of globalization” there are two counter-currents: Westernization - the introduction of Western patterns (lifestyles) to the South and East, and Orientalization - the introduction of patterns of the East and South into Western civilization.

6. Non-Western areas of humanity are becoming objects of economic globalization; At the same time, many states lose a significant part of their sovereignty, especially in relation to the implementation of economic functions, while being “nothing more than tools for the promotion of global capitalism.” Many of them bear the costs of economic globalization, which is becoming asymmetrical, with wealth concentrated to an unprecedented degree at one pole and poverty at the other.

The economy, thus, becomes the leading sphere of globalization, from which it inevitably spreads to other spheres of society, causing far-reaching social, sociocultural and political changes beyond the focus where they originate.

And cultural exchange, in which the pedagogy of higher and secondary schools should play a significant role. Chapter 2 Forms of use of network technologies in the context of globalization of education The rapid development of telecommunication technologies, in particular the Internet, and multimedia in recent years has not only contributed to the emergence of increased interest in the use of computers in...

Functions of philosophy. It no longer seeks to provide universal knowledge about the world, to include man in this world, as well as existing scientific knowledge. Its structure does not require universality, systematicity or all-encompassing nature at all. Accordingly, the cognitive, methodological and ideological functions of philosophy lose their former significance. At the same time, the importance of the critical function increases...

About the formation in the mind of a distorted picture of the world that develops as a result of a series of purposeful influences. The goal is to consider and analyze the features of the modern process of globalization as a stage of social evolution. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are solved: to study globalization as a socio-philosophical problem; explore the social phenomenon of globalization as...

Total volume 4.6 p.l. The provisions and results of the study were tested in teaching courses in political science and political sociology, special courses “The Russian state as a political institution in the context of globalization”, “Theories of political development and globalization” at the Faculty of Philosophy and Social Technologies of Volgograd State University. Dissertation discussed and recommended...

Philosophical understanding of the problem of globalization 1. The concept of “globalization” 2. Informatization of society as one of the reasons for the creation of a global society 3. Globalization in the economic sphere 4. Globalization in the political sphere 5. Cultural globalization: phenomenon and trends 6. Religion and globalization in the world community 7 Sociological and philosophical theories of globalization 7.1. Theory of imperialism 2. Theories of the global system by E. Giddens and L. Sklar 3. Theories of global sociality 4. The theory of “imaginary worlds” 5. Derrida on the process of globalization 1. The concept of “globalization” Globalization should be understood as drawing the majority of humanity into a single system financially -economic, socio-political and cultural relations based on the latest means of telecommunications and information technology.

Globalization is a set of complex integration processes that gradually (or have already covered?) all spheres of human society.

This process itself is objective, historically conditioned by the entire development of human civilization. On the other hand, its current stage is largely determined by the subjective interests of some countries and transnational corporations. With the intensification of this complex of processes, the question arises of managing and controlling their development, of the reasonable organization of globalization processes, in view of its absolutely ambiguous influence on ethnic groups, cultures and states.

Informatization of society as one of the reasons for the creation of a global society

The above makes it possible to understand that space and time are not compressed themselves... The time required to complete complex spaces is reduced... . Indeed, the ongoing information and communication revolution... The essence of innovation lies in the possibility of effective management of...

Globalization in the economic sphere

Globalization in the economic sphere. The emergence of non-state sources of financing: International... 6. Many of them bear the costs of economic globalization, which... The loss of the state’s previous place and role in international communication has found...

Cultural globalization: phenomenon and trends

The most important phenomenon accompanying global changes in many countries... Thus, Buddhist movements in Taiwan borrowed many organizational... Under the guise of localization lies another type of reaction to global... New Age is much less noticeable than the mentioned religious movements; but... Another important consequence of cultural globalization is the problem...

Religion and globalization in the world community

Religion becomes scattered over traditional confessional ones, according to... This connection is justified not only historically, but also spatially... And in the minds of people, these two factors are often fused, often substituted... Moreover, an equally noticeable result is the strengthening of parochial those... Religious fundamentalism came under scrutiny not later...

Sociological and philosophical theories of globalization

In the 20th century Bukharin) is based on the following statements: 1. The theory of the world system, outlined by I. Wallerstein in the 1970s, has become a modern version of the theory of imperialism... Giddens, L.

Global system theories by E. Giddens and L. Sklar

Wallerstein and theories of the global system E. Theories of the global system E. In the process of globalization, he reveals two directions: 1. . The theory of “imaginary worlds” The theory of “imaginary worlds”, which...

Derrida on the process of globalization

The paradox is that the opening of borders cannot take place without mutual... Derrida on the process of globalization. However, not all modern researchers consider actual worlds... Derrida is interested precisely in the ways of forming the common world of people in such a way... Although legal norms are often proclaimed as universal, nevertheless...

Literature 1. Olshansky D.A. Globalization and Peace in the philosophy of Jacques Derrida. http://www.credonew.ru/credonew/04_04/4. htm 2. Meshcheryakov D.A. Globalization in the religious sphere of public life // Abstract of the dissertation for the degree of candidate of philosophical sciences. Omsk: State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Omsk State Agrarian University", 2007. 3. Lantsov S.A. Economic and political aspects of globalization. http://politex.info/content/view/270/40/.

What will we do with the received material:

If this material was useful to you, you can save it to your page on social networks:

More abstracts, coursework, and dissertations on this topic:

M.K. Mamardashvili. Problems of consciousness and philosophical vocation
Or, to be more specific, how I judge this today - with a certain universal human beginning of culture. By the way, I would like to note right away that the road to.. In other words, I vaguely tried to cling then to the image about which I wrote.. As you know, His thinking comes down to three rules. The first rule: think for yourself; the second is to think in such a way as to be..

Problems of war and peace in various philosophies and historical periods
The Church suppressed the internecine wars of the Middle Ages, which was well reflected, for example, in the history of Russia. Thus, the Kiev prince Vladimir Monomakh... Violation of the Peace of God was punishable by fines, including confiscation... Churches, monasteries, chapels, and travelers were primarily protected by the Peace of God ,women, and also..

Global problems, causes of their occurrence and main symptoms. Classification of global problems
Philosophical understanding of global problems is the study of processes and phenomena related to the problems of planetary civilization.. Philosophy analyzes the reasons that led to the emergence or aggravation.. In modern philosophy, the main approaches to understanding global problems have developed: 1. all problems can become..

Problems of war and peace in various philosophical and historical periods
Today, rethinking history, we must bow our heads before the greatest sacrifices suffered by our people in the bloodiest war that... These days, all people on the planet remembered the horrors of war, felt it to the fullest... Brought up under the influence of the German school of philosophy, and especially Hegel, he developed a theory about war and its influence...

The problem “West - Russia - East”, its philosophical aspects
The Soviet subtype of Russian culture. For Russia, both scientific and philosophical understanding and the inclusion of religious and philosophical tools are important.. Individualism, which the representatives of the “Renaissance” opposed.. It would seem that this schematically generalizing view is close to historical justice, to the truth. But this is only true in...

Problems of didactic construction of the discipline in the light of the problem of constructing cultural studies as a science
It is this unformulated question that is answered by the authors of numerous textbooks and teaching aids published recently. This question is closely... Others, localizing certain cultural types, consider their specific... Giving a definition of culture, the authors of a broad approach actually base it within the framework of a narrowly defined special...

Man as a philosophical problem
I. Herder The theme of man is cross-cutting, traditional and central for philosophy. The section of philosophy in which this issue is studied is called.. As for philosophy, it, unlike other human sciences, anatomy, psychology, etc., strives to comprehend..

The problem of a man's penile erection is a woman's problem.
And therefore, a man bears full responsibility for a woman’s orgasm, for her pleasure in sex, for her preparation for the act. And if a woman is cold, then it’s funny... In a word, the principle of the male penis should work in sex... There are no impotent women, there are poorly working or sexually inept women. There are no frigid women either. There are simply inept and...

Philosophical problems of artificial life and artificial intelligence
The main methods of studying artificial life are the synthesis of artificial systems with behavior similar to living systems, the study of dynamics.. Evidence of the last statement can be provided by the fact that some.. According to modern scientific data, the human brain contains about 240 main computational nodes of neurons, which..

The problem of defining philosophy in the history of philosophy. Subject of philosophy. Structure of philosophical knowledge
The philosophical thought of mankind arose in an era when clan relations were replaced by the first class societies and separate states... periodization and specificity of ancient philosophy... Losev offers the following stages of ancient philosophy...

0.134