What kind of person can be considered limited? The problem of human limitations. Let's give examples of defining communications in a short text
The problem of defining the concept of limitation in his text is considered by V.A. Soloukhin, poet, prose writer, and publicist.
The author, reflecting on the problem, writes that a person who has read a hundred books considers those who have read twenty books to be limited people. He wonders: what will this person say to someone who has read a thousand? In addition, the narrator compares the most experienced miner, who has spent his entire life underground, and a less experienced miner, who has an idea of the external, above-ground world. By this he wants to say that each person is limited in his knowledge or in his idea of the world.
A person cannot limit himself to any one area of knowledge; he must be able to pay attention to various issues; only then is a broad understanding of the reality around us possible.
The problem of defining the concept of limitation was considered by many Russian writers and cultural figures. The hero of A.P. Chekhov’s story “The Man in a Case,” teacher Belikov, lives by prohibitions, practically isolated from the world. He has a narrow circle of interests, he is afraid of everything that does not correspond to what is written in the circulars. Belikov has nothing to talk about with other people, he goes to visit only to sit in silence and leave.
It is symbolic that he teaches Greek, which is considered dead.
As a second argument, I would like to cite the example of I. S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons.” Evgeny Bazarov is busy with scientific activities and strives to expand his knowledge. Paying attention to science, he does not pay any attention to such things as love and art. This is its limitation. The theory of nihilism is erroneous, because it denies the things necessary for a full life.
In conclusion, I would like to note that a person needs to expand his horizons, and then he will live a full and rich life.
Text No. 44 According to V. Soloukhin. We sometimes say about other people: “Limited person”
| (1) We sometimes say about other people: “Limited person.” (2) But what could this definition mean? (3) Each person is limited in his knowledge or in his idea of the world. (4) Humanity as a whole is also limited. (5) Let us imagine a miner who has developed a certain space around himself in a coal seam, surrounded by thicknesses of impenetrable black stone. (6) These are his limitations. (7) Each person in the invisible, but nevertheless impenetrable layer of the world and life has developed around himself a certain space of knowledge. (8) He is, as it were, in a capsule, surrounded by a boundless, mysterious world. (9) The “capsules” are different in size, because one knows more and the other knows less. (10) A person who has read a hundred books arrogantly says about someone who has read twenty books: “A limited person.” (11) But what will he say to the one who read a thousand? (12) And, I think, there is no person who would read all the books. (13) Several centuries ago, when the information side of human knowledge was not so extensive, there were scientists whose “capsule” was close to the “capsule” of all humanity and, perhaps, even coincided with it: Aristotle, Archimedes, Leonardo da Vinci ... (14) Now such a sage who would know as much as humanity knows as such cannot be found. (15) Therefore, we can say about everyone that he is a limited person. (16) But it is very important to separate knowledge and ideas. (17) To clarify my point, I return to our miner in the coal seam. (18) Let us assume, conditionally and theoretically, that some of the miners were born there, underground, and never crawled out. (19) They haven’t read books, have no information, no idea about the external, beyond (located beyond their slaughter) world. (20) So he has developed a rather vast space around himself and lives in it, thinking that the world is limited to his slaughter. (21) Another, less experienced miner, whose mined-out space is smaller, also works underground. (22) That is, he is more limited by his slaughter, but he has an idea of the external, terrestrial world: he swam in the Black Sea, flew on an airplane, picked flowers... (23) The question is, which of the two is more limited? (24) That is, I want to say that you can meet a learned person with great specific knowledge and soon become convinced that he is, in essence, a very limited person. (25) And you can meet a person who is not armed with a whole arsenal of precise knowledge, but with a breadth and clarity of ideas about the outside world. (According to V. Soloukhin) |
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Main problems:
1. Problem human limitations. What kind of person can be considered limited?
1. Limitedness is a relative concept. A person can have a lot of concrete knowledge and remain limited if he does not have a clear understanding of the external world. At the same time, the space unknown to man is so vast that every person and humanity as a whole can be considered limited.
What kind of person can we call limited - this is the problem raised by V. Soloukhin in the text.
The author, discussing which of us is limited in our knowledge or in our understanding of the world, draws an interesting parallel. He believes that nowadays it is impossible to find a sage who would know everything, as it was in the times of Aristotle, Archimedes, Leonardo da Vinci, because the volume of human knowledge has grown immeasurably. So, everyone these days can be called a “limited” person? Yes. But one, according to V. Soloukhin, is limited by knowledge of a topic that interests only him, but the other, “not armed with a whole arsenal of accurate knowledge,” will have a broad and clear idea of the outside world.
V. Soloukhin believes that a “limited person” is one who is isolated in the study of only one science, not noticing anything other than it.
Sasha Cherny."Books"
There is a bottomless box of the world -
From Homer down to us.
To know at least Shakespeare,
It takes a year for smart eyes.
Quotes
1. We can as much as we know (Heraclitus, ancient Greek philosopher).
2. Not every change is development (ancient philosophers).
3. We were civilized enough to build a machine, but too primitive to use it (K. Kraus, German scientist).
4. We left the caves, but the cave has not yet left us (A. Regulsky).
5. Jack London. Martin Eden
Limited minds only notice limitations in others.
D. London "Martin Eden"
The main character of the novel of the same name by the American writer Jack London, Martin Eden, is a working guy, a sailor, coming from the lower classes, about 21 years old, and meets Ruth Morse, a girl from a wealthy bourgeois family. Ruth begins to teach the semi-literate Martin the correct pronunciation of English words and awakens his interest in literature. Martin learns that magazines pay decent fees to the authors who publish in them, and firmly decides to make a career as a writer, earn money and become worthy of his new acquaintance, with whom he has fallen in love. Martin is putting together a self-improvement program, working on his language and pronunciation, and reading a lot of books. Iron health and unbending will move him towards his goal. In the end, having gone through a long and thorny path, after numerous refusals and disappointments, he becomes famous writer. (Then he becomes disillusioned with literature, his beloved, people in general and life, loses interest in everything and commits suicide. This is just in case. An argument in favor of the fact that fulfilling a dream does not always bring happiness)
6. Jack London.
I am simply timid when I see my human limitations, which prevent me from covering all sides of a problem, especially when it comes to the fundamental problems of life.
It was an eternal tragedy - when narrow-mindedness seeks to guide the path of the true mind, broad and alien to prejudice.
7. Miguel de Cervantes. There are people for whom knowledge of Latin does not prevent them from being ass.
8. Evgeny Zamyatin. Novel "We". I am not afraid of this word - “limitedness”: the work of the highest thing that is in a person - reason - comes down precisely to the continuous limitation of infinity, to the fragmentation of infinity into convenient, easily digestible portions - differentials. This is precisely the divine beauty of my element – mathematics.
9. M.V.Lomonosov. Evening reflection on God's Majesty...
…A black shadow has ascended the mountains;
The rays bent away from us;
Opened abyss stars full;
To the stars numbers No, to the abyss bottom.
The early Middle Ages are commonly called the “Dark Ages.” Barbarian raids, destruction ancient civilization led to a deep decline in culture. It was difficult to find a literate person not only among commoners, but also among people of the upper class. For example, the founder of the Frankish state, Charlemagne, did not know how to write. However, the thirst for knowledge is inherently human. The same Charlemagne, during his campaigns, always carried with him wax tablets for writing, on which, under the guidance of teachers, he painstakingly wrote letters.
The desire to learn new things lives in each of us, and sometimes this feeling takes over a person so much that it forces him to change. life path. Today, few people know that Joule, who discovered the law of conservation of energy, was a cook. The brilliant Faraday began his career as a peddler in a shop. And Coulon worked as an engineer on fortifications and devoted only his free time to physics. For these people, the search for something new has become the meaning of life.
Limited - SYNONYMS
silly; close; restrictive, finite, finite, one-sided, narrow, insufficient, connected, constrained, reduced; short-sighted, narrow-minded, narrow-minded; feeble-minded, narrowly professional, narrowly specific, narrowly branched, stupid, cut-down, narrow-minded, modest, compressed, local, sequestered, does not tear stars from the sky, highly specialized, sequestered, stupid, localized, limited, narrow-minded, narrow-minded, conditioned, does not invent gunpowder, short-sighted mind, small, narrowed, stupid, chicken brains, not enough stars in the sky, contingent, stupid, localized, limited, incomplete, Procrustean, infringed, reduced, not unlimited, servitude, oppressed, empty-headed, foolish, sequestered, rustic, conditional, rolled up, insignificant. Ant. wide, versatile, multifaceted
Problems
The problem of the relationship between the knowledge of an individual and human knowledge of the whole world.
The problem of the importance of the process of cognition in human life.
Both during the golden age of Russian literature and today, many writers reveal in their works the problem of the need for scientific knowledge in human life.
An example of the inseparability of knowledge from man is the work of the Russian writer I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" . One of the heroes of the work, Andrei Stolts, persistently improved his knowledge from early childhood. He developed his knowledge every minute. Understanding the world was his main goal. Thanks to his desire to uncover the secrets of the world, he became a person capable of solving any problem.
A very clear example - Evgeny Bazarov from the novel “Fathers and Sons” by I.S. Turgenev . The hero was formed as a person thanks to his thirst for knowledge; he became a man of a strong and deep mind.
Undoubtedly, a person must show a true desire and desire for knowledge, and not pretend to be a person cognizing the world, as is presented in the work D.I. Fonvizin “Undergrown” . Before society main character Mitrofanushka appears as a man thirsty for knowledge, but in reality he was simply ignorant.
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To the hero of the story V.G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician", born blind Peter, had to go through many obstacles on the path to happiness. The inability to see the light and the beauty of the surrounding world upset him, but he imagined it thanks to his sensitive perception of sounds.
At different points in history, people have had different attitudes towards people with disabilities. For example, in Sparta, newborn children with physical disabilities were killed. In the esoteric thriller “The Fool’s Path,” S. Sekorisky writes that “physically strong by nature are rarely smart, since their mind is replaced by fists.”
The famous Russian writer and publicist V. Soloukhin writes in one of his essays that limitation is a relative concept. The space unknown to man is so vast that all of humanity as a whole can be considered limited.
Convincing proof of the validity of V. Soloukhin’s opinion can be the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov was a very smart man with extensive life experience. But still, his knowledge was limited and gave rise to many contradictions.
*The brilliant psychiatrist A. Adler believed that this complex “is even useful, because a person, solving his problems, is forced to improve.”
*F. Iskander, in his essay “Soul and Mind,” writes that humanity can be divided into “wretched” and “beasts.” The fate of the former is to do good during a short life, since “they are doomed to perish.” The second has no choice but to admit loyalty life position“poor” and return back to the shell of self-defense.
*N. Gumilyov wrote in his poem “Excerpt”:
Christ said: the poor are blessed, the fate of the blind, the crippled and the poor is enviable, I will take them to the villages above the stars, I will make them knights of heaven And I will call them the most glorious of the glorious...
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Essays for the Unified State Exam (Part C)
Arguments for writing the Unified State Examination. What should be the purpose of life?
(248) L.N. Tolstoy - epic novel “War and Peace” (See “What is real happiness?”) D.S. Likhachev - “Letters about the good and the beautiful.”
In his book, the author reflects on what should be...
Arguments for writing the Unified State Examination. What is the mystery of true talent? What is the nature of genius?(446) Tragic fates
Russian geniuses - A.S. Pushkina, M.Yu. Lermontova, S.A. Yesenina, B.S. Vysotsky.
These are mentally vulnerable, subtle people who have subordinated all areas of their lives to creativity and talent. Poetry... Arguments for writing the Unified State Examination. What is the mystery of the Russian soul? The problem of the Russian mentality (425)
N.S. Leskov - story “The Enchanted Wanderer”.
In this work, the writer explores the properties of the Russian soul. The “Enchanted Wanderer” Ivan Flyagin is destined to go through many trials... Arguments for writing the Unified State Examination. What is the mystery of an artist's talent? What is the effect of painting on the human soul? What should a true artist serve with his art? (342) N. Polevoy - story “Painter” (see “What should be real writer
, actor, artist?)
S. Lvov - collection of journalism “To be or to appear?” In this book, the author talks about the exhibition...
Arguments for writing the Unified State Examination. What is real happiness?
(491)
L.N. Tolstoy's epic novel War and Peace.
In his novel, L.N. Tolstoy affirms his understanding of happiness as an eternal search for truth, one’s place in life. Heroes exploring life, events, people,... Arguments for writing the Unified State Examination. What is the unique charm of a Russian woman, her spiritual beauty?(331)
A.S. Pushkin - a novel in verse "Eugene Onegin". In this novel A.S. Pushkin creates the image of an ideal Russian woman - a whole, dreamy, deep nature. It harmoniously combines the best...
Arguments for writing the Unified State Examination. Human appearance, beauty and ugliness (338) “...What is beauty and why do people deify it?” (N. Zabolotsky). What secret does it contain and what is its impact on others? A.S. Pushkin - poem “Beauty”.
IN...
Music - D.D. Shostakovich “Leningrad” Symphony (No. 7). The composer began writing this symphony even before the Great Patriotic War, and graduated in 1941. Its first performance took place in...
What statements contradict content of the text?
1) Humanity is limited in its understanding of the world.
3) You cannot mix the exact knowledge that a person possesses with his ideas about the outside world.
4) A person who has great specific knowledge cannot be a limited person.
5) In our time of information technology, it is easy to find a sage who would know as much as humanity knows.
Explanation.
Contradicts the text:
4)A person who has great specific knowledge cannot be a limited person. Proposition 24 refutes it.
5) In our time of information technology, it is easy to find a sage who knows as much as humanity knows. Proposition 14 refutes it.
Answer: 45
Answer: 45|54
Difficulty: normal
Which of the following statements are incorrect?
1) Proposition 15 contains a conclusion from the reasoning contained in sentences 1-14.
2) Sentences 18-23 do not include narration.
3) Sentences 1-4 present the reasoning.
4) Propositions 24-25 contain a conclusion from the reasoning contained in sentences 18-23.
5) Sentences 10-11 present a narrative.
Explanation.
False statements
2) Sentences 18-23 do not include narration. The narration is in part of sentence 22 he swam in the Black Sea, flew on an airplane, picked flowers.
5) Sentences 10-11 present a narrative. Wrong, this reasoning.
Answer: 25
Answer: 25|52
Relevance: Current academic year
Difficulty: normal
From sentences 24-25, write down the word used in a figurative meaning, which in one of its direct meanings means “weapons depot”
Explanation.
The word “arsenal” is used figuratively. Arsenal of knowledge = warehouse of knowledge.
Answer: arsenal
Answer: arsenal|arsenal
Relevance: Current academic year
Difficulty: normal
Determine the method of forming the word CONFIDENTLY (sentence 10).
Explanation.
The adverb “presumptuous” is formed from the adjective “presumptuous” using the suffix -o-.
Answer: suffix
Anastasia Smirnova (St. Petersburg)
Because it is formed from “arrogant” using the suffix “-o-”.
Among sentences 13-20, find one(s) that is connected to the previous one using a conjunction. Write the number(s) of this sentence(s).
(15) Consequently, we can say about everyone that he is a limited person. (16) But It is very important to separate knowledge and ideas.
The conjunction “but” connects sentence 16 with sentence 15.
Answer: 16
Rule: Task 25. Means of communication of sentences in the text
MEANS OF CONNECTING SENTENCES IN THE TEXT
Several sentences connected into a whole by theme and main idea are called text (from the Latin textum - fabric, connection, connection).
Obviously, all sentences separated by a period are not isolated from each other. There is a semantic connection between two adjacent sentences of a text, and not only sentences located next to each other can be related, but also those separated from each other by one or more sentences. The semantic relations between sentences are different: the content of one sentence can be contrasted with the content of another; the contents of two or more sentences can be compared with one another; the content of the second sentence may reveal the meaning of the first or clarify one of its members, and the content of the third - the meaning of the second, etc. The purpose of task 23 is to determine the type of connection between sentences.
The task could be worded like this:
Among sentences 11-18, find one(s) that is related to the previous one using a demonstrative pronoun, adverb and cognates. Write the number(s) of the offer(s)
Or: Determine the type of connection between sentences 12 and 13.
Remember that the previous one is ONE ABOVE. Thus, if the interval 11-18 is indicated, then the required sentence is within the limits indicated in the task, and answer 11 may be correct if this sentence is related to the 10th topic indicated in the task. There may be 1 or more answers. Point for successfully completing the task - 1.
Let's move on to the theoretical part.
Most often we use this model of text construction: each sentence is linked to the next one, this is called a chain link. (We will talk about parallel communication below). We speak and write, we combine independent sentences into text using simple rules. Here's the gist: two adjacent sentences must be about the same subject.
All types of communication are usually divided into lexical, morphological and syntactic. As a rule, when connecting sentences into a text, they can be used several types of communication at the same time. This greatly facilitates the search for the desired sentence in the specified fragment. Let us dwell in detail on each of the types.
23.1. Communication using lexical means.
1. Words of one thematic group.
Words of the same thematic group are words that have a common lexical meaning and denote similar, but not identical concepts.
Example words: 1) Forest, path, trees; 2) buildings, streets, sidewalks, squares; 3) water, fish, waves; hospital, nurses, emergency room, ward
Water was clean and transparent. Waves They ran ashore slowly and silently.
2. Generic words.
Generic words - words related by the relation genus - species: genus - more broad concept, the view is narrower.
Example words: Chamomile - flower; birch - tree; car - transport and so on.
Example sentences: It was still growing under the window birch. I have so many memories associated with this tree...
Field daisies are becoming rare. But this is unpretentious flower.
3 Lexical repetition
Lexical repetition is the repetition of the same word in the same word form.
The closest connection of sentences is expressed primarily in repetition. Repetition of one or another member of a sentence - main feature chain connection. For example, in sentences Behind the garden there was a forest. The forest was deaf and neglected the connection is built according to the “subject - subject” model, that is, the subject named at the end of the first sentence is repeated at the beginning of the next; in sentences Physics is a science. Science must use the dialectical method- “model predicate - subject”; in the example The boat moored to the shore. The shore was strewn with small pebbles- model “circumstance - subject” and so on. But if in the first two examples the words forest and science stand in each of the adjacent sentences in the same case, then the word shore has different forms. Lexical repetition in Unified State Exam assignments repetition of a word in the same word form, used to enhance the impact on the reader, will be considered.
In texts of artistic and journalistic styles, the chain connection through lexical repetition often has an expressive, emotional character, especially when the repetition is at the junction of sentences:
Aral disappears from the map of the Fatherland sea.
Whole sea!
The use of repetition here is used to enhance the impact on the reader.
Let's look at examples. We are not yet taking additional means of communication into account; we are looking only at lexical repetition.
(36) I heard a very brave man who went through the war once say: “ It was scary, very scary." (37) He spoke the truth: he it was scary.
(15) As a teacher, I had the opportunity to meet young people yearning for a clear and precise answer to the question about higher values life. (16) 0 values, allowing you to distinguish good from evil and choose the best and most worthy.
note: different forms of words refer to a different type of connection. For more information about the difference, see the paragraph on word forms.
4 Cognates
Cognates are words with the same root and common meaning.
Example words: Homeland, be born, birth, generation; tear, break, burst
Example sentences: I'm lucky be born healthy and strong. The story of my birth unremarkable.
Although I understood that a relationship was necessary break, but couldn't do it myself. This gap would be very painful for both of us.
5 Synonyms
Synonyms are words of the same part of speech that are close in meaning.
Example words: be bored, frown, be sad; fun, joy, jubilation
Example sentences: In parting she said that will miss you. I knew that too I'll be sad from our walks and conversations.
Joy grabbed me, picked me up and carried me... Jubilation there seemed to be no boundaries: Lina answered, finally answered!
It should be noted that synonyms are difficult to find in the text if you need to look for connections only using synonyms. But, as a rule, along with this method of communication, others are also used. So, in example 1 there is a conjunction Same , this connection will be discussed below.
6 Contextual synonyms
Contextual synonyms are words of the same part of speech that are similar in meaning only in a given context, since they relate to the same object (feature, action).
Example words: kitten, poor fellow, naughty; girl, student, beauty
Example sentences: Kitty has been living with us for quite some time. My husband took it off poor guy from the tree where he climbed to escape the dogs.
I guessed that she student. Young woman continued to remain silent, despite all efforts on my part to get her to talk.
These words are even more difficult to find in the text: after all, the author makes them synonyms. But along with this method of communication, others are also used, which makes the search easier.
7 Antonyms
Antonyms are words of the same part of speech that have opposite meanings.
Example words: laughter, tears; hot Cold
Example sentences: I pretended that I liked this joke and squeezed out something like laughter. But tears They choked me, and I quickly left the room.
Her words were hot and burned. Eyes chilled cold. I felt like I was under a contrast shower...
8 Contextual antonyms
Contextual antonyms are words of the same part of speech that have opposite meanings only in a given context.
Example words: mouse - lion; home - work green - ripe
Example sentences: On work this man was gray with the mouse. At home woke up in it a lion.
Ripe The berries can be safely used to make jam. And here green It’s better not to put them in, they are usually bitter and can ruin the taste.
We draw attention to the non-random coincidence of terms(synonyms, antonyms, including contextual ones) in this task and tasks 22 and 24: this is one and the same lexical phenomenon, but viewed from a different angle. Lexical means can serve to connect two adjacent sentences, or they may not be a connecting link. At the same time, they will always be a means of expression, that is, they have every chance of being the object of tasks 22 and 24. Therefore, advice: when completing task 23, pay attention to these tasks. You will learn more theoretical material about lexical means from the reference rule for task 24.
23.2. Communication using morphological means
Along with lexical means of communication, morphological ones are also used.
1. Pronoun
A pronoun connection is a connection in which ONE word or SEVERAL words from the previous sentence are replaced by a pronoun. To see such a connection, you need to know what a pronoun is and what categories of meaning there are.
What you need to know:
Pronouns are words that are used instead of a name (noun, adjective, numeral), denote persons, indicate objects, characteristics of objects, the number of objects, without naming them specifically.
Based on their meaning and grammatical features, nine categories of pronouns are distinguished:
1) personal (I, we; you, you; he, she, it; they);
2) returnable (self);
3) possessive (my, yours, ours, yours, yours); used as possessives also forms of personal: his (jacket), her work),their (merit).
4) demonstrative (this, that, such, such, such, so much);
5) definitive(himself, most, all, everyone, each, other);
6) relative (who, what, which, which, which, how many, whose);
7) interrogative (who? what? which? whose? which? how many? where? when? where? from where? why? why? what?);
8) negative (nobody, nothing, nobody);
9) indefinite (someone, something, someone, anyone, anyone, someone).
Do not forget that pronouns change by case, therefore, “you”, “me”, “about us”, “about them”, “no one”, “everyone” are forms of pronouns.
As a rule, the task indicates WHAT category the pronoun should be, but this is not necessary if in the specified period there are no other pronouns that act as LINKING elements. You need to clearly understand that NOT EVERY pronoun that appears in the text is a connecting link.
Let's look at the examples and determine how sentences 1 and 2 are related; 2 and 3.
1) Our school has recently been renovated. 2) I finished it many years ago, but sometimes I went in and wandered around the school floors. 3) Now they are some strangers, different, not mine....
There are two pronouns in the second sentence, both personal, I And her. Which one is the one paperclip, which connects the first and second sentence? If it's a pronoun I, what it is replaced in sentence 1? Nothing. What replaces the pronoun? her? Word " school" from the first sentence. We conclude: connection using a personal pronoun her.
There are three pronouns in the third sentence: they are somehow mine. The second is connected only by a pronoun They(=floors from the second sentence). Rest do not correlate in any way with the words of the second sentence and do not replace anything. Conclusion: the second sentence connects the third with the pronoun They.
What is the practical importance of understanding this method of communication? The fact is that pronouns can and should be used instead of nouns, adjectives and numerals. Use, but not abuse, since the abundance of words “he”, “his”, “their” sometimes leads to misunderstanding and confusion.
2. Adverb
Communication using adverbs is a connection, the features of which depend on the meaning of the adverb.
To see such a connection, you need to know what an adverb is and what categories of meaning there are.
Adverbs are unchangeable words that denote an action and refer to a verb.
Adverbs of the following meanings can be used as means of communication:
Time and space: below, on the left, next to, at the beginning, long ago and the like.
Example sentences: We got to work. At the beginning it was hard: I couldn’t work as a team, I had no ideas. After got involved, felt their strength and even got excited.note: Sentences 2 and 3 are related to sentence 1 using the indicated adverbs. This type of connection is called parallel connection.
We climbed to the very top of the mountain. Around There were only the treetops of us. Near The clouds floated with us. A similar example of a parallel connection: 2 and 3 are connected to 1 using the indicated adverbs.
Demonstrative adverbs. (They are sometimes called pronominal adverbs, since they do not name how or where the action takes place, but only point to it): there, here, there, then, from there, because, so and the like.
Example sentences: Last summer I was on holiday in one of the sanatoriums in Belarus. From there It was almost impossible to make a call, let alone surf the Internet. The adverb “from there” replaces the whole phrase.
Life went on as usual: I studied, my mother and father worked, my sister got married and left with her husband. So Three years have passed. The adverb “so” summarizes the entire content of the previous sentence.
It is possible to use other categories of adverbs, for example, negative: B school and university I didn’t have good relationships with my peers. Yes and nowhere did not fold; however, I didn’t suffer from this, I had a family, I had brothers, they replaced my friends.
3. Union
Communication using conjunctions is the most common type of connection, thanks to which various relationships arise between sentences related to the meaning of the conjunction.
Communication using coordinating conjunctions: but, and, and, but, also, or, however and others. The assignment may or may not indicate the type of union. Therefore, the material on alliances should be repeated.
More details about coordinating conjunctions are described in a special section.
Example sentences: By the end of the day off we were incredibly tired. But the mood was amazing! Communication using the adversative conjunction “but”.
It's always been like this... Or that's how it seemed to me...Connection using the disjunctive conjunction “or”.
We draw attention to the fact that very rarely only one conjunction is involved in the formation of a connection: as a rule, lexical means of communication are used simultaneously.
Communication using subordinating conjunctions: because, so. A very atypical case, since subordinating conjunctions connect sentences within a complex sentence. In our opinion, with such a connection there is a deliberate break in the structure of a complex sentence.
Example sentences: I was in complete despair... For I didn’t know what to do, where to go and, most importantly, who to turn to for help. The conjunction for has the meaning because, because, indicates the reason for the hero’s condition.
I didn’t pass the exams, I didn’t go to college, I couldn’t ask for help from my parents and I wouldn’t do it. So There was only one thing left to do: find a job. The conjunction “so” has the meaning of consequence.
4. Particles
Particle Communication always accompanies other types of communication.
Particles after all, and only, here, there, only, even, same add additional shades to the proposal.
Example sentences: Call your parents, talk to them. After all It's so simple and at the same time difficult - to love....
Everyone in the house was already asleep. AND only Grandma muttered quietly: she always read prayers before going to bed, asking the heavenly forces for a better life for us.
After my husband left, my soul became empty and my house deserted. Even the cat, who usually rushed like a meteor around the apartment, just yawns sleepily and keeps trying to climb into my arms. Here whose arms would I lean on...Please note that connecting particles come at the beginning of the sentence.
5. Word forms
Communication using word form is that in adjacent sentences the same word is used in different
- if this noun - number and case
- If adjective - gender, number and case
- If pronoun - gender, number and case depending on the category
- If verb in person (gender), number, tense
Verbs and participles, verbs and gerunds are considered different words.
Example sentences: Noise gradually increased. From this growing noise I felt uneasy.
I knew my son captain. With myself captain fate did not bring me together, but I knew that it was only a matter of time.
note: the assignment may say “word forms”, and then it is ONE word in different forms;
“forms of words” - and these are already two words repeated in adjacent sentences.
There is a particular difficulty in the difference between word forms and lexical repetition.
Information for teachers.
Let's consider as an example the most difficult task of the real Unified State Exam 2016. Here is the full fragment published on the FIPI website in the “Guidelines for Teachers (2016)”
Difficulties for examinees in completing task 23 were caused by cases where the task condition required distinguishing between the form of a word and lexical repetition as a means of connecting sentences in the text. In these cases, when analyzing language material, students should pay attention to the fact that lexical repetition involves the repetition of a lexical unit with a special stylistic task.
Here is the condition of task 23 and a fragment of the text of one of the versions of the Unified State Exam 2016:
“Among sentences 8–18, find one that is related to the previous one using lexical repetition. Write the number of this offer."
Below is the beginning of the text given for analysis.
- (7) What kind of an artist are you when you don’t love your native land, eccentric!
(8) Maybe that’s why Berg wasn’t good at landscapes. (9) He preferred a portrait, a poster. (10) He tried to find the style of his time, but these attempts were full of failures and ambiguities.
(11) One day Berg received a letter from the artist Yartsev. (12) He called him to come to the Murom forests, where he spent the summer.
(13) August was hot and windless. (14) Yartsev lived far from a deserted station, in the forest, on the shore of a deep lake with black water. (15) He rented a hut from a forester. (16) Berg was driven to the lake by the forester’s son Vanya Zotov, a stooped and shy boy. (17) Berg lived on the lake for about a month. (18) He was not going to work and did not take oil paints with him.
Proposition 15 is related to Proposition 14 by personal pronoun "He"(Yartsev).
Proposition 16 is related to Proposition 15 by word forms "forester": prepositional case form, controlled by a verb, and non-prepositional form, controlled by a noun. These word forms express different meanings: the meaning of object and the meaning of belonging, and the use of the word forms in question does not carry a stylistic load.
Proposition 17 is related to sentence 16 by word forms (“on the lake - to the lake”; "Berga - Berg").
Proposition 18 is related to the previous one by personal pronoun "he"(Berg).
The correct answer in task 23 of this option is 10. It is sentence 10 of the text that is connected with the previous one (sentence 9) using lexical repetition (the word “he”).
It should be noted that there is no consensus among the authors of various manuals, What is considered a lexical repetition - the same word in different cases (persons, numbers) or in the same one. The authors of the books of the publishing house “National Education”, “Exam”, “Legion” (authors Tsybulko I.P., Vasilyev I.P., Gosteva Yu.N., Senina N.A.) do not give a single example in which the words in various forms would be considered lexical repetition.
At the same time, very complex cases in which words in different cases have the same form are treated differently in the manuals. The author of the books N.A. Senina sees this as a form of the word. I.P. Tsybulko (based on materials from a 2017 book) sees lexical repetition. So, in sentences like I saw the sea in a dream. The sea was calling me the word “sea” has different cases, but at the same time it undoubtedly has the same stylistic task that I.P. writes about. Tsybulko. Without delving into the linguistic solution to this issue, we will outline the position of RESHUEGE and give recommendations.
1. All obviously non-matching forms are word forms, not lexical repetition. Please note that we are talking about the same linguistic phenomenon as in task 24. And in 24, lexical repetitions are only repeated words in the same forms.
2. There will be no matching forms in the tasks on RESHUEGE: if the linguist specialists themselves cannot figure it out, then school graduates cannot do it.
3. If you come across tasks with similar difficulties during the exam, we look at those additional means of communication that will help you make your choice. After all, the compilers of KIMs may have their own, separate opinion. Unfortunately, this may be the case.
23.3 Syntactic means.
Introductory words
Communication with the help of introductory words accompanies and complements any other connection, adding shades of meaning characteristic of introductory words.
Of course, you need to know which words are introductory.
He was hired. Unfortunately, Anton was too ambitious. On the one side, the company needed such individuals, on the other hand, he was not inferior to anyone or anything, if something was, as he said, below his level.
Let us give examples of the definition of means of communication in a short text.
(1) We met Masha several months ago. (2) My parents had not seen her yet, but did not insist on meeting her. (3) It seemed that she also did not strive for rapprochement, which upset me somewhat.
Let's determine how the sentences in this text are connected.
Sentence 2 is connected to sentence 1 using a personal pronoun her, which replaces the name Masha in sentence 1.
Sentence 3 is related to sentence 2 using word forms she her: “she” is a nominative case form, “her” is a genitive case form.
In addition, sentence 3 also has other means of communication: it is a conjunction Same, introductory word it seemed, series of synonymous constructions didn't insist on getting to know each other And didn't try to get closer.
Vlad Ganin 05.05.2016 18:33
And the conjunction is in sentence 17..
Karina Karpova 22.05.2016 18:33
The assignment does not indicate which conjunction: coordinating or subordinating. Therefore, both 16 and 17 are suitable!
Tatiana Statsenko
Not every conjunction that you see at the beginning of a sentence serves to connect it with the previous one. Read the meaning. The answer and explanation are correct.
Read an excerpt from the review. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the blanks with numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.
“Reflecting on the problem posed, the author uses such syntactic means as (A)_____ (sentences 2, 11), (B)_____ (for example, in sentences 13, 22). In an effort to emphasize the limited knowledge of each person and the immeasurability of what humanity is still unknown, V. Soloukhin resorts to the use of such tropes as (B)_____ (“a “capsule” of all humanity” in sentence 13) and (D)_____ (“mysterious” peace in sentence 8)".
List of terms:
1) comparative turnover
2) parcellation
3) series of homogeneous members
7) interrogative sentences
8) dialectism
Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
| A | B | IN | G |
Explanation (see also Rule below).
Let's fill in the blanks.
“Reflecting on the problem posed, the author uses such syntactic means as interrogative sentences(sentences 2, 11), rows of homogeneous members(in sentence 13 there are homogeneous subjects, in sentence 22 there are a number of homogeneous predicates). In an effort to emphasize the limited knowledge of each person and the immeasurable nature of what is still unknown to humanity, V. Soloukhin resorts to the use of such tropes as metaphor(metaphor is a hidden comparison, in sentence 13 there is a hidden comparison of the amount of knowledge with a capsule) and epithet(“mysterious” world in sentence 8).”
Answer: 7359.
Answer: 7359
Relevance: Current academic year
Difficulty: hard
Codifier section: Speech. Language means of expression
Rule: Task 26. Language means of expression
ANALYSIS OF MEANS OF EXPRESSION.
The purpose of the task is to determine the means of expression used in the review by establishing correspondence between the gaps indicated by letters in the text of the review and the numbers with definitions. You need to write matches only in the order in which the letters appear in the text. If you do not know what is hidden under a particular letter, you must put “0” in place of this number. You can get from 1 to 4 points for the task.
When completing task 26, you should remember that you are filling in the gaps in the review, i.e. restore the text, and with it semantic and grammatical connection. Therefore, an analysis of the review itself can often serve as an additional clue: various adjectives of one kind or another, predicates consistent with the omissions, etc. It will make it easier to complete the task and divide the list of terms into two groups: the first includes terms based on the meaning of the word, the second - the structure of the sentence. You can carry out this division, knowing that all means are divided into TWO large groups: the first includes lexical (non-special means) and tropes; secondly, figures of speech (some of them are called syntactic).
26.1 TROPIC WORD OR EXPRESSION USED IN A FIGUREABLE MEANING TO CREATE AN ARTISTIC IMAGE AND ACHIEVE GREATER EXPRESSIVENESS. Tropes include such techniques as epithet, comparison, personification, metaphor, metonymy, sometimes they include hyperbole and litotes.
Note: The assignment usually states that these are TRAILS.
In the review, examples of tropes are indicated in parentheses, like a phrase.
1.Epithet(in translation from Greek - application, addition) - this is a figurative definition that marks an essential feature for a given context in the depicted phenomenon. An epithet differs from a simple definition artistic expression and imagery. The epithet is based on a hidden comparison.
Epithets include all “colorful” definitions that are most often expressed adjectives:
sad orphaned land(F.I. Tyutchev), gray fog, lemon light, silent peace(I.A. Bunin).
Epithets can also be expressed:
-nouns, acting as applications or predicates, giving figurative characterization subject: winter sorceress; mother is the damp earth; The poet is a lyre, and not just the nanny of his soul(M. Gorky);
-adverbs, acting as circumstances: In the wild north stands alone...(M. Yu. Lermontov); The leaves were tensely stretched in the wind (K. G. Paustovsky);
-participles: waves rush thundering and sparkling;
-pronouns, expressing the superlative degree of a particular state of the human soul:
After all, there were fighting fights, Yes, they say, still which! (M. Yu. Lermontov);
-participles and participial phrases: Nightingales in vocabulary rumbling announce the forest limits (B. L. Pasternak); I also admit the appearance of... greyhound writers who cannot prove where they spent the night yesterday, and who have no other words in their language except the words not remembering kinship(M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin).
2. Comparison is a visual technique based on the comparison of one phenomenon or concept with another. Unlike metaphor, comparison is always binary: it names both compared objects (phenomena, characteristics, actions).
The villages are burning, they have no protection.
The sons of the fatherland are defeated by the enemy,
And the glow like an eternal meteor,
Playing in the clouds frightens the eye. (M. Yu. Lermontov)
Comparisons are expressed in various ways:
Instrumental case form of nouns:
Nightingale vagrant Youth flew by,
Wave in bad weather Joy fades away (A.V. Koltsov)
Comparative form of an adjective or adverb: These eyes greener sea and our cypresses darker(A. Akhmatova);
Comparative phrases with conjunctions like, as if, as if, etc.:
Like a predatory beast, to the humble abode
The winner breaks in with bayonets... (M. Yu. Lermontov);
Using the words similar, similar, this is:
On the eyes of a cautious cat
Similar your eyes (A. Akhmatova);
Using comparative clauses:
Golden leaves swirled
In the pinkish water of the pond,
Like a light flock of butterflies
Flies breathlessly towards a star. (S. A. Yesenin)
3.Metaphor(in translation from Greek - transfer) is a word or expression that is used in a figurative meaning based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena for some reason. Unlike a comparison, which contains both what is being compared and what is being compared with, a metaphor contains only the second, which creates compactness and figurativeness in the use of the word. A metaphor can be based on the similarity of objects in shape, color, volume, purpose, sensations, etc.: a waterfall of stars, an avalanche of letters, a wall of fire, an abyss of grief, a pearl of poetry, a spark of love and etc.
All metaphors are divided into two groups:
1) general language(“erased”): golden hands, a storm in a teacup, moving mountains, strings of the soul, love has faded;
2) artistic(individual author’s, poetic):
And the stars fade diamond thrill
IN painless cold dawn (M. Voloshin);
Empty skies transparent glass (A. Akhmatova);
AND blue, bottomless eyes
They bloom on the far shore. (A. A. Blok)
Metaphor happens not just single: it can develop in the text, forming entire chains of figurative expressions, in many cases - covering, as if permeating the entire text. This extended, complex metaphor, a complete artistic image.
4. Personification- this is a type of metaphor based on the transfer of signs of a living being to natural phenomena, objects and concepts. Most often, personifications are used to describe nature:
Rolling through the sleepy valleys, the sleepy mists lay down, And only the sound of a horse's tramp is lost in the distance. The autumn day has faded, turning pale, with the fragrant leaves curled up, and the half-withered flowers are enjoying dreamless sleep.. (M. Yu. Lermontov)
5. Metonymy(translated from Greek - renaming) is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on their contiguity. Adjacency can be a manifestation of connection:
Between action and the instrument of action: Their villages and fields for a violent raid He doomed to swords and fires(A.S. Pushkin);
Between an object and the material from which the object is made: ... or on silver, I ate on gold(A. S. Griboyedov);
Between a place and the people in that place: The city was noisy, flags crackled, wet roses fell from the bowls of flower girls... (Yu. K. Olesha)
6. Synecdoche(in translation from Greek - correlation) - this a type of metonymy, based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another based on the quantitative relationship between them. Most often, transfer occurs:
From less to more: Even a bird does not fly to him, And a tiger does not come... (A.S. Pushkin);
From part to whole: Beard, why are you still silent?(A.P. Chekhov)
7. Periphrase, or periphrasis(translated from Greek - a descriptive expression) is a phrase that is used instead of any word or phrase. For example, Petersburg in verse
A. S. Pushkin - “Peter’s Creation”, “Beauty and Wonder of the Full Countries”, “The City of Petrov”; A. A. Blok in the poems of M. I. Tsvetaeva - “a knight without reproach”, “blue-eyed snow singer”, “snow swan”, “almighty of my soul”.
8.Hyperbole(translated from Greek - exaggeration) is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant exaggeration of any attribute of an object, phenomenon, action: A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper(N.V. Gogol)
And at that very moment there were couriers, couriers, couriers on the streets... can you imagine, thirty five thousands only couriers! (N.V. Gogol).
9. Litota(translated from Greek - smallness, moderation) is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant understatement of any attribute of an object, phenomenon, action: What tiny cows! There is, right, less than a pinhead.(I. A. Krylov)
And walking importantly, in decorous calm, the horse is led by the bridle by a peasant in large boots, in a short sheepskin coat, in large mittens... and from the nails myself!(N.A. Nekrasov)
10. Irony(in translation from Greek - pretense) is the use of a word or statement in a sense opposite to the direct one. Irony is a type of allegory in which mockery is hidden behind an outwardly positive assessment: Why, smart one, are you delirious, head?(I. A. Krylov)
26.2 “NON-SPECIAL” LEXICAL VISUATIVE AND EXPRESSIVE MEANS OF LANGUAGE
Note: In assignments it is sometimes indicated that this is a lexical device. Typically, in a review of task 24, an example of a lexical device is given in parentheses, either as a single word or as a phrase in which one of the words is in italics. Please note: these are the products most often needed find in task 22!
11. Synonyms, i.e. words of the same part of speech, different in sound, but identical or similar in lexical meaning and differing from each other either in shades of meaning or stylistic coloring ( brave - brave, run - rush, eyes(neutral) - eyes(poet.)), have great expressive power.
Synonyms can be contextual.
12. Antonyms, i.e. words of the same part of speech, opposite in meaning ( truth - lie, good - evil, disgusting - wonderful), also have great expressive capabilities.
Antonyms can be contextual, that is, they become antonyms only in a given context.
Lies happen good or evil,
Compassionate or merciless,
Lies happen dexterous and awkward,
Prudent and reckless,
Intoxicating and joyless.
13. Phraseologisms as a means of linguistic expression
Phraseologisms (phraseological expressions, idioms), i.e. phrases and sentences reproduced in ready-made form, in which the integral meaning dominates the meanings of their constituent components and is not a simple sum of such meanings ( get into trouble, be in seventh heaven, bone of contention), have great expressive capabilities. The expressiveness of phraseological units is determined by:
1) their vivid imagery, including mythological ( the cat cried like a squirrel in a wheel, Ariadne's thread, sword of Damocles, Achilles heel);
2) the classification of many of them: a) to the category of high ( the voice of one crying in the wilderness, sink into oblivion) or reduced (colloquial, colloquial: like a fish in water, neither sleep nor spirit, lead by the nose, lather your neck, hang your ears); b) to the category of linguistic means with a positive emotional-expressive connotation ( to store like the apple of your eye - trade.) or with a negative emotional-expressive coloring (without the king in the head - disapproved, small fry - disdained, worthless - despised.).
14. Stylistically colored vocabulary
To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of stylistically colored vocabulary can be used:
1) emotional-expressive (evaluative) vocabulary, including:
a) words with a positive emotional-expressive assessment: solemn, sublime (including Old Slavonicisms): inspiration, future, fatherland, aspirations, hidden, unshakable; sublimely poetic: serene, radiant, enchantment, azure; approving: noble, outstanding, amazing, brave; endearments: sunshine, darling, daughter
b) words with a negative emotional-expressive assessment: disapproving: speculation, bickering, nonsense; dismissive: upstart, hustler; contemptuous: dunce, crammer, scribbling; abusive/
2) functionally and stylistically colored vocabulary, including:
a) book: scientific (terms: alliteration, cosine, interference); official business: the undersigned, report; journalistic: report, interview; artistic and poetic: azure, eyes, cheeks
b) colloquial (everyday): dad, boy, braggart, healthy
15. Vocabulary of limited use
To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of vocabulary of limited use can also be used, including:
Dialectal vocabulary (words that are used by residents of a particular area: kochet - rooster, veksha - squirrel);
Colloquial vocabulary (words with a pronounced reduced stylistic connotation: familiar, rude, dismissive, abusive, located on the border or outside the literary norm: beggar, drunkard, cracker, trash talker);
Professional vocabulary (words that are used in professional speech and are not included in the system of general literary language: galley - in the speech of sailors, duck - in the speech of journalists, window - in the speech of teachers);
Slang vocabulary (words characteristic of youth slang: party, frills, cool; computer: brains - computer memory, keyboard - keyboard; soldier: demobilization, scoop, perfume; criminal jargon: bro, raspberry);
The vocabulary is outdated (historicisms are words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the objects or phenomena they denote: boyar, oprichnina, horse-drawn horse; archaisms are outdated words naming objects and concepts for which new names have appeared in the language: forehead - forehead, sail - sail); - new vocabulary (neologisms - words that have recently entered the language and have not yet lost their novelty: blog, slogan, teenager).
26.3 FIGURES (RHETORICAL FIGURES, STYLISTIC FIGURES, FIGURES OF SPEECH) ARE STYLISTIC DEVICES based on special combinations of words that go beyond the scope of normal practical use, and aimed at enhancing the expressiveness and figurativeness of the text. The main figures of speech include: rhetorical question, rhetorical exclamation, rhetorical appeal, repetition, syntactic parallelism, polyunion, non-union, ellipsis, inversion, parcellation, antithesis, gradation, oxymoron. Unlike lexical means, this is the level of a sentence or several sentences.
Note: In the tasks there is no clear definition format indicating these means: they are called syntactic means, and a technique, and simply a means of expressiveness, and a figure. In task 24, the figure of speech is indicated by the number of the sentence given in brackets.
16.Rhetorical question is a figure that contains a statement in the form of a question. A rhetorical question does not require an answer; it is used to enhance the emotionality, expressiveness of speech, and to attract the reader’s attention to a particular phenomenon:
Why did he give his hand to insignificant slanderers, Why did he believe false words and caresses, He, with youth who has comprehended people?.. (M. Yu. Lermontov);
17.Rhetorical exclamation is a figure that contains a statement in the form of an exclamation. Rhetorical exclamations enhance the expression of certain feelings in a message; they are usually distinguished not only by special emotionality, but also by solemnity and elation:
That was on the morning of our years - Oh happiness! oh tears! O forest! oh life! oh sunshine! O fresh spirit of birch. (A.K. Tolstoy);
Alas! The proud country bowed to the power of a stranger. (M. Yu. Lermontov)
18.Rhetorical appeal- this is a stylistic figure consisting of an emphasized appeal to someone or something to enhance the expressiveness of speech. It serves not so much to name the addressee of the speech, but rather to express the attitude towards what is said in the text. Rhetorical appeals can create solemnity and pathosity of speech, express joy, regret and other shades of mood and emotional state:
My friends! Our union is wonderful. He, like the soul, is uncontrollable and eternal (A.S. Pushkin);
Oh, deep night! Oh, cold autumn! Mute! (K. D. Balmont)
19.Repetition (positional-lexical repetition, lexical repetition)- this is a stylistic figure consisting of the repetition of any member of a sentence (word), part of a sentence or a whole sentence, several sentences, stanzas in order to attract special attention to them.
Types of repetition are anaphora, epiphora and pickup.
Anaphora(in translation from Greek - ascent, rise), or unity of beginning, is the repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of lines, stanzas or sentences:
Lazy the hazy noon breathes,
Lazy the river is rolling.
And in the fiery and pure firmament
Clouds are melting lazily (F.I. Tyutchev);
Epiphora(translated from Greek - addition, final sentence of a period) is the repetition of words or groups of words at the end of lines, stanzas or sentences:
Although man is not eternal,
That which is eternal - humanely.
What is a day or an age?
Before what is infinite?
Although man is not eternal,
That which is eternal - humanely(A. A. Fet);
They got a loaf of light bread - joy!
Today the film is good in the club - joy!
A two-volume edition of Paustovsky was brought to the bookstore. joy!(A.I. Solzhenitsyn)
Pickup- this is a repetition of any segment of speech (sentence, poetic line) at the beginning of the corresponding segment of speech following it:
He fell down on the cold snow,
On the cold snow, like a pine tree,
Like a pine tree in a damp forest (M. Yu. Lermontov);
20. Parallelism (syntactic parallelism)(in translation from Greek - walking next to) - identical or similar construction of adjacent parts of the text: adjacent sentences, poetic lines, stanzas, which, when correlated, create a single image:
I look at the future with fear,
I look at the past with longing... (M. Yu. Lermontov);
I was a ringing string for you,
I was your blooming spring,
But you didn't want flowers
And you didn't hear the words? (K. D. Balmont)
Often using antithesis: What is he looking for in a distant land? What did he throw in his native land?(M. Lermontov); Not the country is for business, but business is for the country (from the newspaper).
21. Inversion(translated from Greek - rearrangement, inversion) is a change in the usual order of words in a sentence in order to emphasize the semantic significance of any element of the text (word, sentence), giving the phrase a special stylistic coloring: solemn, high-sounding or, conversely, colloquial, somewhat reduced characteristics. The following combinations are considered inverted in Russian:
The agreed definition comes after the word being defined: I’m sitting behind bars in dungeon dank(M. Yu. Lermontov); But there were no swells running through this sea; the stuffy air did not flow: it was brewing great thunderstorm(I. S. Turgenev);
Additions and circumstances expressed by nouns come before the word to which they relate: Hours of monotonous battle(monotonous clock strike);
22.Parcellation(translated from French - particle) - stylistic device, which consists in dividing a single syntactic structure of a sentence into several intonational and semantic units - phrases. At the point where the sentence is divided, a period, exclamation and question marks, and an ellipsis can be used. In the morning, bright as a splint. Scary. Long. Ratnym. The rifle regiment was defeated. Our. In an unequal battle(R. Rozhdestvensky); Why is no one outraged? Education and healthcare! The most important areas of society! Not mentioned in this document at all(From newspapers); The state needs to remember the main thing: its citizens are not individuals. And people. (From newspapers)
23. Non-union and multi-union- syntactic figures based on deliberate omission, or, conversely, deliberate repetition of conjunctions. In the first case, when omitting conjunctions, speech becomes condensed, compact, and dynamic. The actions and events depicted here quickly, instantly unfold, replacing each other:
Swede, Russian - stabs, chops, cuts.
Drumming, clicks, grinding.
The thunder of guns, stomping, neighing, groaning,
And death and hell on all sides. (A.S. Pushkin)
When multi-union speech, on the contrary, slows down, pauses and repeated conjunctions highlight words, expressively emphasizing their semantic significance:
But And grandson, And great-grandson, And great-great-grandson
They grow in me while I grow... (P.G. Antokolsky)
24.Period- a long, polynomial sentence or a very common simple sentence, which is distinguished by completeness, unity of topic and intonational division into two parts. In the first part, the syntactic repetition of the same type of subordinate clauses (or members of the sentence) occurs with an increasing increase in intonation, then there is a significant pause separating it, and in the second part, where the conclusion is given, the tone of voice noticeably decreases. This intonation design forms a kind of circle:
If I wanted to limit my life to the home circle, / When a pleasant lot ordered me to be a father, a husband, / If I were captivated by the family picture for even a single moment, then it’s true that I wouldn’t look for another bride besides you. (A.S. Pushkin)
25.Antithesis or opposition(in translation from Greek - opposition) is a turn in which opposing concepts, positions, images are sharply contrasted. To create an antithesis, antonyms are usually used - general linguistic and contextual:
You are rich, I am very poor, You are a prose writer, I am a poet(A.S. Pushkin);
Yesterday I looked into your eyes,
And now everything is looking sideways,
Yesterday I was sitting before the birds,
All larks these days are crows!
I'm stupid and you're smart
Alive, but I'm dumbfounded.
O cry of women of all times:
“My dear, what have I done to you?” (M. I. Tsvetaeva)
26.Gradation(in translation from Latin - gradual increase, strengthening) - a technique consisting of a sequential arrangement of words, expressions, tropes (epithets, metaphors, comparisons) in the order of strengthening (increasing) or weakening (decreasing) of a characteristic. Increasing gradation usually used to enhance the imagery, emotional expressiveness and impact of the text:
I called you, but you didn’t look back, I shed tears, but you didn’t condescend(A. A. Blok);
Glowed, burned, shone huge blue eyes. (V. A. Soloukhin)
Descending gradation is used less frequently and usually serves to enhance the semantic content of the text and create imagery:
He brought mortal resin
Yes, a branch with withered leaves. (A.S. Pushkin)
27.Oxymoron(translated from Greek - witty-stupid) is a stylistic figure in which usually incompatible concepts are combined, usually contradicting each other ( bitter joy, ringing silence and so on.); at the same time, a new meaning is obtained, and the speech acquires special expressiveness: From that hour began for Ilya sweet torment, lightly scorching the soul (I. S. Shmelev);
Eat joyful melancholy in the red of dawn (S. A. Yesenin);
But their ugly beauty I soon comprehended the mystery. (M. Yu. Lermontov)
28. Allegory– allegory, transmission of an abstract concept through a concrete image: Foxes and wolves must win(cunning, malice, greed).
29.Default- a deliberate break in the statement, conveying the emotion of the speech and suggesting that the reader will guess what was unspoken: But I wanted... Perhaps you...
In addition to the above syntactic means The following expressiveness tests are also found:
-exclamation sentences;
- dialogue, hidden dialogue;
-question-and-answer form of presentation a form of presentation in which questions and answers to questions alternate;
-rows of homogeneous members;
-citation;
-introductory words and constructions
-Incomplete sentences– sentences in which any member is missing that is necessary for completeness of structure and meaning. Missing sentence members can be restored and contextualized.
Including ellipsis, that is, omission of the predicate.
These concepts are covered in the school syntax course. That is probably why these means of expression are most often called syntactic in reviews.
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