History of education in Veliky Novgorod. Novgorod Theological Seminary The influence of Orthodox culture on spiritual life in Siberia in the 17th

Velikiy Novgorod

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On Trade Side Novgorod, near the shore Volkhova, in the territory Antonov Monastery next to the ancient Nativity Cathedral there is a three-story building built in an eclectic style with elements of neo-Renaissance and pseudo-Russian style at the same time. Nowadays this building houses the Humanitarian Institute of NovSU named after. Yaroslav the Wise. Initially, until 1918, the Novgorod Theological Seminary was located here, for whose needs the building was built.

The Theological Seminary was first founded in Novgorod in 1740 1st Novgorod bishop Ambrose. Also in 1738 the Empress issued a decree Anna Ioannovna about the establishment of this educational institution in the city. It must be said that at that time there were theological seminaries in St. Petersburg, Kazan, Kharkov, the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, and Pskov. Novgorod, which had been one of the spiritual centers of the country since ancient times, was also supposed to acquire its own seminary. According to the Empress, the future seminary should. The new Archbishop of Novgorod and Velikiye Luki, Ambrose (Yushkevich), took direct part in this, having been appointed to the Novgorod See for only six months. October 30 (November 10, new style) 1740 The seminary was opened in the Anthony Monastery, the nearest suburban Novgorod monastery, one of the largest monasteries in Novgorod, which in those years was part of the possessions of the Novgorod House of Bishops. Approx. was allocated for her maintenance. 8000 rubles (a great sum at that time, several times higher than the budget of other seminaries). At the same time, Ambrose understood well that the level of an educational institution largely depends on the state of the local scientific library. Ambrose assigned an annual sum of 300 rubles for the maintenance of the library, which again exceeded the budget of other seminary libraries. At the same time, he took books from the library of Feofan Prokopovich himself, a prominent church and political figure in Russia at that time. Ambrose arranged the seminary according to the model of the Kiev-Mohyla Academy, where he himself studied and taught at one time. In 1740, 4 classes were established at the Academy: analogies, infines, grammars, syntaxes. A year later, a class in writing appeared, and a year later, in 1742, a class in rhetoric and drawing. No other domestic seminary could boast of this and, in fact, the Novgorod seminary was not inferior to its Ukrainian prototype, only it was not formally equated with an academy.

Empresses Anna Leopoldovna, and then Elizaveta Petrovna They treated Ambrose’s initiatives well. Largely because Ambrose got along with both the Brunswicks and Elizabeth. Before the latter, he “repented” in time for his relations with the overthrown Brunswick family and denounced other adherents of the former ruler.

But at the same time, the order in the Novgorod seminary resembled not a higher educational institution, but a bursa. The slightest violation of the regime was met with severe punishment, including lashes and chains. Often people fled from there. In 1748 (that is, in the 8th year of the educational institution’s operation), as many as 96 people were already on the wanted list!). In the 1770s, the seminary began teaching history.

But in 1788-1800. it was again reorganized into a four-grade school.

Throughout the 19th century. The semi-medieval Bursak order was gradually eliminated; The attitude of teachers towards students has become more civilized.

For the 150th anniversary, it was decided to build a new large stone building for the seminary, combining classrooms and living quarters for students and teachers. IN 1890 It was built on the site of former student buildings. The author of the project is G.V. Baranovsky names the architect Dmitry Vasilievich Lyushin (cm. "Anniversary collection of information about the activities of former students of the Institute of Civil Engineers (Construction College, 1842-1892)", St. Petersburg, 1893, 400 S. (Brief biographies and portraits of graduates, as well as a list of students of the Institute for all years) (p. .21-21) ). On the website of Novgorod University the author is listed as Alexander Ivanovich Borshchov(cm. " History of education in Veliky Novgorod"). It also states that the project was approved by the provincial architect Raymond KazimirovichKrzhizhanovsky and the governor Eduard Vasilievich Lerche(1823 - 1889). The main facade was facing Volkhov. The building has survived in this form to this day. The opening ceremony took place on the second floor in the assembly hall (now the Soroka Center for Creative Intelligence).

On the first and second floors there were classrooms, management offices, an assembly hall and a library. The bedrooms were located on the third floor.

Story

In the 1730s, a number of bishops' schools were transformed into seminaries as a result of the introduction of the Latin course of study. The basis for the opening of a theological seminary in Veliky Novgorod was the decree of Empress Anna Ioannovna of September 21, 1738. The seminary was opened on October 30 (November 10) through the efforts of Archbishop Ambrose (Yushkevich) of Novgorod and Velikolutsk, who ordered it to be located in the suburban Anthony Monastery.

In terms of the organization of education, the seminary was an almost exact replica of the Kiev-Mohyla Academy, and in terms of the funds allocated for its maintenance it left other seminaries far behind, that is, it was actually a higher educational institution, although it did not bear the name “academy”. For example, in 1765, when the Novgorod Theological Seminary had a staff salary of 8285 rubles, the Moscow Theological Academy received 4847 rubles, the Trinity Seminary - 4901 rubles, and other seminaries - much less. Besides the Novgorod Seminary, only the St. Petersburg Seminary had a full-time salary.

... a seminary is now being established at the Novgorod Bishops' House for teaching Latin, Greek and, possibly, Hebrew, starting from grammar even to rhetoric, philosophy and theology...
- Svetlov G.I. A brief outline of the history of the Novgorod Theological Seminary. Pg., 1917. - Issue. 1. - P. 58

The first students of the seminary were the 100 best students of the school at the bishop's house, which remained a preparatory school for the seminary for some time.

Initially, the seminary had four classes: analogies, infimas, grammars, syntaxes. In 1741, the class of poetry (poetry) appeared, and in 1742 - rhetoric (oratory) and drawing.

In 1741, according to the design of the St. Petersburg architect Ivan Filippov, two stone buildings were built in the Anthony Monastery. One of them housed classes, the other housed teachers.

A philosophy class was opened in 1746, and a theology class in 1748.

The basis of seminary education was strict discipline. For violating the established rules they were subjected to cruel punishments, including whips and shackles. Flight from the seminary was common: in 1748 there were 94 people on the run.

In 1788-1800, the status of the Novgorod seminary was reduced to the level of a four-year seminary.

Throughout the 19th century, changes occurred in the life of the Novgorod Seminary. The rigor and severity of the bursa of the 18th - early 19th centuries gave way to a humane attitude towards students.

For the 150th anniversary of the seminary, under the rector Archpriest Evgraf Megorsky, a new large building with a front facade on the Volkhov was built. The celebration of the anniversary took place on October 30, 1890, it was led by Bishop Vladimir (Epiphany) of Starorussky.

The number of students in the seminary by the beginning of the 20th century reached 500 people. Annual graduations averaged 50 people.

At the end of April 1918, the Novgorod Theological Seminary, among all theological educational institutions in Soviet Russia, was closed. Soon, an agricultural technical school was opened within its walls, and then a pedagogical institute, where an active struggle against “religious prejudices” was waged. In 1920, the Anthony Monastery was abolished.

Rectors

Prefects

Inspectors

Famous teachers

Famous graduates

Tikhon of Zadonsk (1754) - Archbishop of Voronezh, philosopher and educator
Simon (Lagovsky) (1754) - Archbishop of Ryazan
Vladimir (Uzhinsky) (1803) - Archbishop of Kazan and Sviyazhsk
Photius (Spassky) (1814) - archimandrite, “half-fanatic, half-rogue”
Anastasy (Dobradin) (1849) - Archbishop of Voronezh and Zadonsk.
Alexander Zhelobovsky (1855) - protopresbyter of the military and naval clergy, member of the Holy Synod, spiritual writer.
Elpidifor Barsov (1857) - ethnographer, literary historian, folklorist
Mikhail Vladislavlev (1859) - philosopher, rector of St. Petersburg University
Nikolai Bogoslovsky (1863) - priest, founder of the Novgorod museum, collector and researcher of antiquities
Theodore (Yakovtsevsky) (1886) - Archbishop of Vladimir and Suzdal
Alexander Brilliantov (1887) - church historian, theologian and philosopher, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Feodor Zabelin (1888) - archpriest
Jonah (Lazarev) (1892) - Bishop of Nevelsk, vicar of the Vitebsk diocese.
Sergius (Tikhomirov) (1892) - Metropolitan of Japan.
Barsanuphius (Lebedev) (1894) - Bishop of Kirillov, martyr.
Joseph (Petrovykh) (1895) - Metropolitan of Leningrad, leader of the “Josephites”.
Gennady (Tuberozov) (1895) - Bishop of Pskov and Porkhov.
Onisim (Pylaev) (1896) - Bishop of Tula.
Kulman, Alexander Karlovich (1898), priest in Borovenka from 1900 to 1937
Pimen (Belolikov) (1900) - missionary, Bishop of Semirechensky and Vernensky
Vasily Belolikov (1907) - church historian, specialist in the history of the Old Believers, professor at the Moscow Theological Academy
Nikolai Uspensky (graduated 4th grade in 1918) - liturgist and musicologist, specialist in the field of church history, historical and systematic liturgics, ancient Russian church singing art, Eastern Christian hymnography

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Notes

An excerpt characterizing the Novgorod Theological Seminary

It began to open again slowly, majestically, striking the imagination of Radan, who, like a small child, watched in amazement, unable to tear himself away from the unfolding beauty, unable to utter a word.
– Radomir ordered us to protect him at the cost of our lives... Even at the cost of his children. This is the Key of our Gods, Radanushka. Treasure of the Mind... He has no equal on Earth. Yes, I think, and far beyond the Earth... - Magdalena said sadly. “We’ll all go to the Valley of the Magicians.” We will teach there... We will build a new world, Radanushka. Bright and Kind World... – and after a slight pause, she added. - Do you think we can handle it?
- I don’t know, sister. I haven't tried it. – Radan shook his head. - I was given another order. Svetodar would be saved. And then we’ll see... Maybe your Good World will turn out...
Sitting down next to Magdalene, and forgetting for a moment his sadness, Radan enthusiastically watched how the wonderful treasure sparkled and was “built” on marvelous floors. Time stopped, as if pitying these two people, lost in their own sadness... And they, huddled closely together, sat alone on the shore, fascinated by watching how the emerald sparkled ever wider and wider... And how wonderfully it burned on Magdalene’s hand The Key of the Gods – left by Radomir, an amazing “smart” crystal...
Several long months have passed since that sad evening, bringing the Knights of the Temple and Magdalene another grave loss - the Magus John, who was an irreplaceable friend for them, a Teacher, a faithful and powerful support, died unexpectedly and cruelly... The Knights of the Temple sincerely and deeply mourned him. If the death of Radomir left their hearts wounded and indignant, then with the loss of John their world became cold and incredibly alien...
Friends were not even allowed to bury (as was their custom - burning) John’s mangled body. The Jews simply buried him in the ground, which horrified all the Knights of the Temple. But Magdalene at least managed to buy back (!) his severed head, which the Jews did not want to give up for anything, because they considered it too dangerous - they considered John a great Magician and Sorcerer...

So, with the sad burden of heavy losses, Magdalene and her little daughter Vesta, guarded by six Templars, finally decided to embark on a long and difficult journey - to the wondrous country of Occitania, so far known only to Magdalene...
Next was the ship... There was a long, difficult road... Despite her deep grief, Magdalene, during the entire endlessly long journey with the Knights, was invariably friendly, collected and calm. The templars were drawn to her, seeing her bright, sad smile, and adored her for the peace they felt when being next to her... And she joyfully gave them her heart, knowing what cruel pain burned their tired souls, and how They were greatly executed by the misfortune that happened to Radomir and John...
When they finally reached the desired Valley of the Magicians, everyone, without exception, dreamed of only one thing - to take a break from troubles and pain, as much as possible for everyone.
Too much was lost that was precious...
The price was too high.
Magdalene herself, who had left the Valley of the Magicians as a little ten-year-old girl, now with trepidation again “recognized” her proud and beloved Occitania, in which everything - every flower, every stone, every tree - seemed like family to her!.. Longing for the past, she greedily inhaled the Occitan air raging with “good magic” and could not believe that she had finally come Home...
This was her native land. Her future Light World, which she promised Radomir to build. And now she brought her grief and sorrow to her, like a lost child seeking protection, sympathy and peace from her Mother...
Magdalena knew that in order to fulfill Radomir’s order, she had to feel confident, collected and strong. But for now she only lived, withdrawn in her deepest sorrow, and was lonely to the point of madness...
Without Radomir, her life became empty, worthless and bitter... He now lived somewhere far away, in an unfamiliar and wondrous World, where her soul could not reach... And she missed him so madly, humanly, femininely !.. And no one, unfortunately, could help her with this.
Then we saw her again...
On a high cliff completely overgrown with wildflowers, with her knees pressed to her chest, Magdalena sat alone... She, as had become customary, was seeing off the sunset - another day lived without Radomir... She knew that there would be many more such days and so many. And she knew she would have to get used to it. Despite all the bitterness and emptiness, Magdalena understood well that a long, difficult life lay ahead of her, and she would have to live it alone... Without Radomir. What she couldn’t imagine yet, because he lived everywhere - in every cell of her, in her dreams and wakefulness, in every object that he once touched. It seemed that the entire surrounding space was saturated with the presence of Radomir... And even if she wished, there was no escape from this.
The evening was quiet, calm and warm. Nature, coming to life after the heat of the day, was raging with the smells of heated flowering meadows and pine needles... Magdalena listened to the monotonous sounds of the ordinary forest world - it was surprisingly so simple, and so calm!.. Exhausted by the summer heat, bees buzzed loudly in the neighboring bushes. Even they, the hardworking ones, preferred to get away from the burning rays of the day, and now happily absorbed the invigorating cool of the evening. Feeling human kindness, the tiny colored bird fearlessly sat on Magdalena's warm shoulder and burst into ringing silver trills in gratitude... But Magdalena did not notice this. She was again carried away into the familiar world of her dreams, in which Radomir still lived...
And she remembered him again...
His incredible kindness... His exuberant thirst for Life... His bright, affectionate smile and the piercing gaze of his blue eyes... And his firm confidence in the correctness of his chosen path. I remembered a wonderful, strong man who, while still a child, had already subjugated entire crowds to himself!..
She remembered his affection... The warmth and loyalty of his big heart... All this now lived only in her memory, not succumbing to time, not going into oblivion. It all lived and... hurt. Sometimes it even seemed to her that just a little more, and she would stop breathing... But the days flew by. And life still went on. She was obliged by the DEBT left by Radomir. Therefore, as much as she could, she did not take her feelings and desires into account.
Her son, Svetodar, whom she missed madly, was in distant Spain with Radan. Magdalena knew it was harder for him... He was still too young to come to terms with such a loss. But she also knew that even with the deepest grief, he would never show his weakness to strangers.
He was the son of Radomir...
And this obliged him to be strong.
Several months passed again.
And so, little by little, as happens even with the most terrible loss, Magdalene began to come to life. Apparently, the right time has come to return to the living...

Having fallen in love with tiny Montsegur, which was the most magical castle in the Valley (since it stood at the “transition point” to other worlds), Magdalene and her daughter soon began to slowly move there. They began to settle into their new, still unfamiliar, House...
And finally, remembering Radomir’s persistent desire, Magdalena little by little began to recruit her first students... This was probably one of the easiest tasks, since every person on this marvelous piece of land was more or less gifted. And almost everyone thirsted for knowledge. Therefore, very soon Magdalene already had several hundred very diligent students. Then this figure grew into a thousand... And very soon the entire Valley of the Magicians was covered by her teachings. And she took as many as possible to take her mind off her bitter thoughts, and was incredibly glad to see how greedily the Occitans were drawn to Knowledge! She knew that Radomir would be heartily happy about this... and she recruited even more people.
- Sorry, North, but how did the Magi agree to this?! After all, they so carefully protect their Knowledge from everyone? How did Vladyko allow this to happen? After all, Magdalene taught everyone, without choosing only the initiates?
– Vladyka never agreed with this, Isidora... Magdalena and Radomir went against his will, revealing this knowledge to people. And I still don’t know which of them was truly right...
– But you saw how greedily the Occitans listened to this Knowledge! And the rest of Europe too! – I exclaimed in surprise.
- Yes... But I also saw something else - how simply they were destroyed... And this means that they were not ready for this.
“But when do you think people will be “ready”?..,” I was indignant. – Or will this never happen?!
– It will happen, my friend... I think. But only when people finally understand that they are able to protect this same Knowledge... - here Sever suddenly smiled like a child. – Magdalena and Radomir lived in the Future, you see... They dreamed of a wonderful One World... A world in which there would be one common Faith, one ruler, one speech... And in spite of everything, they taught... Resisting The Magi... Without obeying the Master... And with all this, well understanding that even their distant great-grandchildren will probably not yet see this wonderful “single” world. They were just fighting... For the light. For knowledge. For the Earth. This was their Life... And they lived it without betraying.
I again plunged into the past, in which this amazing and unique story still lived...
There was only one sad cloud that cast a shadow on Magdalena’s brightening mood - Vesta was deeply suffering from the loss of Radomir, and no amount of “joy” could distract her from this. Having finally learned about what had happened, she completely closed her little heart from the outside world and experienced her loss alone, not even allowing her beloved mother, the bright Magdalene, to see her. So she wandered around all day, restless, not knowing what to do about this terrible misfortune. There was also no brother nearby, with whom Vesta was accustomed to sharing joy and sorrow. Well, she herself was too young to be able to overcome such a heavy grief, which fell like an exorbitant burden on her fragile children’s shoulders. She wildly missed her beloved, the best dad in the world and could not understand where those cruel people who hated him and who killed him came from?.. His cheerful laughter was no longer heard, their wonderful walks were no longer... There was nothing left at all that was connected with their warm and always joyful communication. And Vesta suffered deeply, like an adult... All she had left was her memory. And she wanted to bring him back alive!.. She was still too young to be content with memories!.. Yes, she remembered very well how, curled up in his strong arms, she listened with bated breath to the most amazing stories, catching every word, afraid to miss the most important... And now her wounded heart demanded it all back! Dad was her fabulous idol... Her amazing world, closed from the rest, in which only the two of them lived... And now this world is gone. Evil people took him away, leaving only a deep wound that she herself could not heal.

All the adult friends around Vesta tried their best to dispel her dejected state, but the little girl did not want to open her grieving heart to anyone. The only one who would probably be able to help was Radan. But he was also far away, along with Svetodar.
However, there was one person with Vesta who tried his best to replace her uncle Radan. And this man’s name was Red Simon - a cheerful Knight with bright red hair. His friends called him this harmlessly because of the unusual color of his hair, and Simon was not at all offended. He was funny and cheerful, always ready to help, and this, indeed, reminded him of the absent Radan. And his friends sincerely loved him for this. He was an “outlet” from troubles, of which there were very, very many in the life of the Templars at that time...
The Red Knight patiently came to Vesta, taking her on exciting long walks every day, gradually becoming a true trusted friend to the baby. And even in little Montsegur they soon got used to it. He became a familiar welcome guest there, whom everyone was glad to see, appreciating his unobtrusive, gentle character and always good mood.
And only Magdalena behaved warily with Simon, although she herself probably would not have been able to explain the reason... She rejoiced more than anyone else, seeing Vesta more and more happy, but at the same time, she could not get rid of an incomprehensible feeling of danger, coming from the side of Knight Simon. She knew that she should only feel gratitude to him, but the feeling of anxiety did not go away. Magdalena sincerely tried not to pay attention to her feelings and only rejoice in Vesta’s mood, strongly hoping that over time her daughter’s pain would gradually subside, just as it began to subside in her... And then only deep, bright sadness would remain in her exhausted heart for the departed, kind father... And there will still be memories... Pure and bitter, as sometimes the purest and brightest LIFE is bitter...

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The influence of Orthodox culture on spiritual life in Siberia in the 17th and early 20th centuries

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Requirements for the results of mastering basic educational programs (competency model of a graduate)

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... yy. Increased unrest in spiritual schools in 1890 –1900s yy., organization of an underground seminary movement. "Sorrowful Leaf" spiritualseminaries ...

Before understanding human interests

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Whom I met while still living in Moscow. Using funds from the St. Sophia Cathedral, he organized the construction of a two-story building for the school; The students, who numbered up to 153 people, were supported by the metropolitan, who put his book collection at their disposal. The Novgorod School was an attempt to create an Orthodox educational institution based on the patristic tradition, and not intended for scholastic disputes. Latin was not taught here at all. With the appointment of Feofan Prokopovich as archbishop of Novgorod, these Novgorod schools were abolished.

In the 1730s, a number of bishops' schools were transformed into seminaries as a result of the introduction of the Latin course of study. The basis for the opening of a theological seminary in Veliky Novgorod was the decree of Empress Anna Ioannovna of September 21, 1738. The seminary was opened through the efforts of Archbishop of Novgorod and Velikolutsk Ambrose (Yushkevich).

A document drawn up at the Holy Synod, apparently with the participation of Ambrose himself, approved by the Decree of Empress Anna Ioannovna of May 24, 1740, reads: “a seminary is now being established at the Novgorod Bishop’s House for teaching Latin, Greek and, if possible, Hebrew, starting from grammar even to rhetoric, philosophy and theology...".

On April 12, 1741, Archbishop Ambrose addressed a report to Anna Leopoldovna, regent under the young Emperor John Antonovich, reporting his intention to choose for the construction “not a seminary, but a large Academy following the example of the Kyiv schools ... the monastery of Anthony the Roman,” where “there should be a staff of 10 schools, as well as a stone library for the content of books, and for better order and supervision of this Academy, it is determined to be... an archimandrite and rector... following the example of the Kyiv and Moscow Academies.” The Bishop also asked “to follow the example of the Kyiv, Kharkov and other foreign ones to approve this academy with a charter.” Anna Leopoldovna’s report was followed by a resolution: “the use of the monastery of Anthony the Roman for the living of teachers and students is allowed, and the construction of a new stone Academy is also being tested.”

The first students of the seminary were the 100 best students of the school at the bishop's house, which remained a preparatory school for the seminary for some time. In terms of the organization of education, the seminary was an almost exact copy of the Kiev-Mohyla Academy, of which Archbishop Ambrose was a graduate. Initially, the seminary had four classes: analogies, infimas, grammars, syntaxes. In 1741, the class of poetry (poetry) appeared, and in 1742 - rhetoric (oratory) and drawing.

In 1741, according to the design of the St. Petersburg architect Ivan Filippov, two stone buildings were built in the Anthony Monastery. One of them housed classes, the other housed teachers.

A philosophy class was opened in 1746, and a theology class in 1748. The first graduation took place in 1754.

In 1788-1800, the status of the Novgorod seminary was reduced to the level of a four-year seminary.

The number of students in the seminary by the beginning of the 20th century reached 500 people. Annual graduations averaged 50 people.

At the end of April 1918, the educational activities of the Novgorod Theological Seminary virtually ceased. On September 30, 1918, the Novgorod provincial department of public education decided to close the Novgorod Theological Seminary, and on October 1, 1919, the Novgorod Institute of Public Education was opened on its basis, which had at its disposal the fundamental library of the seminary. In 1920, the Anthony Monastery was abolished.

History of education in Veliky Novgorod. Novgorod Theological Seminary The influence of Orthodox culture on spiritual life in Siberia in the 17th - early 20th centuries

Story

Rectors

Prefects

Inspectors

Famous teachers

Famous graduates

Write a review on the article "Novgorod Theological Seminary"

Notes

Links

An excerpt characterizing the Novgorod Theological Seminary

The influence of Orthodox culture on spiritual life in Siberia in the 17th and early 20th centuries

Requirements for the results of mastering basic educational programs (competency model of a graduate)

Before understanding human interests