slide 1

CHINA
CHINA

slide 2

slide 3

The history of China is considered one of the most ancient in the world, it includes five thousand years of historical and cultural development. During this time, the Chinese fought a lot and seized lands, the country was also constantly raided by nomadic tribes or troops of neighboring powers. However, despite all this, the traditions of China continued to take shape and develop. It was in China that writing arose in ancient times, the Chinese were the first to use paper for writing, Chinese craftsmen made good weapons, and the art of combat became an example for warriors of other countries.

slide 4

The dragon is a cultural symbol of the Chinese people

slide 5

The ancient Chinese called their country the “Celestial Empire” or “Middle Kingdom”, as they believed that it lies in the middle of four seas: East, South, Sandy and Rocky.

slide 6

PERIODS
SHAN STATE (Neolithic) 1500 B.C. EMPIRE QIN DYNASTY 221-207 BC HAN DYNASTY 207 BC - 2 AD TANG DYNASTY 618 - 907 SUN DYNASTY 960 - 1279 YUAN DYNASTY (Mongolian) 1279 - 1368 MING DYNASTY (Chinese) 1368 - 1644 QING DYNASTY (Manchurian) 1644 - 1912

Slide 7

CULTURE OF CHINA
THE BASIS IS THE HARMONY OF TWO POLAR PRINCIPLES YANG AND YIN
HUANGHE RIVER

Slide 8

SPACE GIANT PAN-GU

Slide 9

ARCHITECTURE. MAIN FEATURES
the most typical construction of a house is a frame-pillar building material - wood the effect of a holistic composition, i.e. an ensemble of many houses ancient Chinese architecture is characterized by the use of colors (roofs - yellow, cornices - blue-green, walls, pillars and yards - red) .

Slide 10

The only building that has always stood separately on the outskirts of the village is a watchtower-pagoda: protection from an external enemy protection from evil spirits in the form of pagodas temples were built

slide 11

Pagodas necessarily have an odd number of tiers (3, 5, 9, 11). Pagodas have a variety of shapes: (square, six-, eight-, dodecagonal, round).

slide 12

Dayanta, or Big Wild Goose Pagoda (Xi'an, 7th-8th century). Its dimensions: 25m. at the base and 60m in height; consists of 7 tiers

slide 13

Ancient China is famous for its unique monuments of architecture and art. Bizarre buildings, interesting rooftops, rich palaces of emperors and exquisitely decorated temples.

Slide 14

Ancient rope bridges

slide 15

The temples of Beijing were located in large complexes.
The temple ensemble Tiantan ("Temple of Heaven") was associated with the ancient religious rites of the Chinese, who revered heaven and earth as givers of the harvest.

slide 16

TEMPLE OF HEAVEN IN BEIJING (XV-XVI centuries)
THE EMBODIMENT OF HARMONY BETWEEN HEAVEN AND EARTH

Slide 17

THE TEMPLE WAS DESIGNED AS A PLACE OF SACRIFICE TO THE SKY
NORTH
SOUTH

Slide 18

THE WAY OF THE UNIVERSE - TAO
DAO IS THE ORIGIN OF ALL THINGS, THE UNIVERSAL WOMB FROM WHERE THE UNIVERSE AND EVERYTHING THAT COMPOSES IT COMES FROM
ETERNAL AND INFINITE TAO GIVES IMPULSE YANG AND HARMONY OF HEAVEN AND EARTH

Slide 19

GATES

Slide 20

TEMPTATION HALL
a palace for a three-day fast in spring, summer and winter before religious ceremonies

slide 21

"ALTAR OF SKY"
SACRIFICES ANNUALLY (winter solstice) SACRED NUMBERS 3 and 9

slide 23

"Temple of the Rich Harvest"
BASE - a marble terrace, consisting of three tiers. Eight wide stairs lead to the Temple. In the Temple there were prayers for the sending of rain and a good harvest. It has no altar or statues.

slide 24

The round terraces of the altar and the blue roofs of the temples symbolized the sky, the square territory of the ensemble symbolized the earth.

Slide 25

SEASONS
12 MONTHS
12 DOUBLE HOURS
28 IMPORTANT STARS

slide 26

GARDENS AROUND THE TEMPLE
THE EMBODIMENT OF THE FORCES OF THE SKY - YANG - MULTIPLE SLIDES, Pavilions, Censers, TREES OF THE POWER OF THE EARTH - YIN - WATER

Slide 27

STAR STONES
SYMBOLIZE THE CONSTELLATION URSA MAJOR AND THE POLAR STAR

Slide 28

Each Chinese city was surrounded by a wall ("wall" and "city" were denoted by the same word "cheng").

Slide 29

FORTIFICATIONS
The great Wall of China
en.wikipedia.org/wiki
The largest monument of architecture. Passes through northern China for 8851.8 km (including branches), and in the Badaling section passes in close proximity to Beijing.

slide 30

INTERESTING FACTS
When laying the stone blocks of the wall, glutinous rice porridge with an admixture of slaked lime was used. The popular athletics marathon "The Great Wall" is held annually, in which athletes run part of the distance along the ridge of the Wall. Contrary to popular belief, the Great Wall of China cannot be seen with the naked eye from an orbital station, although it can be seen on satellite images.

Slide 31

Great Wall of China (more than 3000 km long). The wall is 5 to 8 meters wide and 5 to 10 meters high. The wall was first assembled from rammed wood and reeds, then it was faced with brick.

slide 32

Slide 33

On the surface of the wall there are battlements and a road along which soldiers could move. Turrets are placed along the entire perimeter, every 100 - 150 meters, for light warning of the approach of the enemy.

slide 34

en.wikipedia.org/wiki

Slide 35

Planning of urban ensembles.
Beijing was conceived as a powerful fortress. Massive brick walls with tower gates surrounded the capital from all sides. In Beijing, the correct layout of the streets. In the form of a grid.

slide 36

The “Forbidden City” (now turned into a museum), walled and surrounded by a moat, was a kind of city within a city, in the depths of which the chambers of the imperial wives, entertainment facilities, theater stage and much more.

Slide 37

PARK AND GARDEN ART
The purpose of the Chinese garden was to evoke a philosophical mood in the viewer, the gardens symbolized heaven on Earth.
Parks abound with small lakes, with characteristic high bridges, pavilions with tiled roofs, kiosks, and arches.

Slide 38

The whole territory is divided into three parts - middle, eastern and western. The center of the garden is usually a reservoir or an artificial hill.
Around it there are pavilions connected by open galleries, stone compositions in the form of slides, walls or individual unique sculptures, bridges, gazebos, water channels.

Slide 39

Slide 40

Beihai Park is an ancient park in Beijing, located northwest of the Forbidden City. The area of ​​the park is more than 700,000 square meters, most of which is a body of water. The centerpiece of the park is Qionghuadao Island, on which stands the White Pagoda.

Slide 41

GARDEN AND PARK ARCHITECTURE
Beihai Park
en.wikipedia.org/wiki

Slide 42

BRIDGES
Baodaiqiao "Precious Belt Bridge") is an ancient arch bridge spanning the Great Canal of China near the city of Suzhou in Jiangsu province.
A distinctive feature of the bridge is three raised central spans through which boats with cargo sailed. The bridge has a length of 317 meters and a width of 4.1 m and consists of 53 arched spans.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki

slide 43

Jade Belt Bridge or Camel's Hump Bridge in Beijing
en.wikipedia.org/wiki

Slide 44

PALACE ARCHITECTURE
Beijing, Forbidden City
www.portalostranah.ru
en.wikipedia.org/wiki

Slide 45

Beijing, wall of the Forbidden City
en.wikipedia.org/wiki
PALACE ARCHITECTURE

Slide 46

MEMORIAL STRUCTURES
Pailou or Paifang - carved ornamented triumphal gates made of stone or wood, erected in China in honor of rulers, heroes, outstanding events. Covered by one or more roofs depending on the number of spans.
Pailou in Pingyao
en.wikipedia.org/wiki

Slide 47

Gateway in the southern Chinese village of Sidi
en.wikipedia.org/wiki

Slide 48

TOMBS
Gate leading to the burial complex.
Tombs of the Emperors of the Ming Dynasty - a complex of mausoleums of thirteen emperors of the Chinese Ming Dynasty (XV-XVII centuries)

Slide 49

Chinese art developed in a variety of directions. Only in this country could one find craftsmen who perfectly made the finest silk, or potters famous for the production of decorative porcelain. Chinese painters could paint not only the walls of temples and palaces, but also small ceramic and fabric products.
Chinese woman cut paper picture for five years

Slide 50

One of the highest achievements of ancient Chinese art is painting, especially painting on a scroll. The Chinese scroll painting is a completely new type of art, created specifically for contemplation, freed from subordinately decorative functions. The main genres of painting on the scroll were historical and household portrait, a portrait associated with the funeral cult, landscape, the genre of "birds and flowers".
PAINTING
www.kulichki.com

Slide 51

PAINTING
In Chinese painting, every object is deeply symbolic, every tree, flower, animal or bird is a sign of a poetic image: pine is a symbol of longevity, bamboo is a symbol of perseverance and happiness, stork is loneliness and holiness, etc. The form of Chinese landscapes - an elongated scroll - helped to feel the immensity of space, to show not some part of nature, but the integrity of the entire universe.
Ma Lin. Listening to the wind in the pines
www.bibliotekar.ru

Slide 52

Guohua is a traditional genre of Chinese painting. Paintings are written in black or gray ink with a brush on paper or silk. In some cases, the master, using just a few strokes of black ink of various thicknesses, creates the general outlines of the landscape and human figures, without writing out the details. This direction is called "this". Another direction, called "gunbi", requires careful reproduction of the smallest details: the hairstyles of the depicted people, the plumage of birds, etc.

Ni Zan, "Trees and valleys of the mountain"
Zhao Mengfu. Autumn colors in the mountains
en.wikipedia.org/wiki
en.wikipedia.org/wiki

Slide 53

Portraits of emperors
Emperor Taizu (Ming Dynasty)
Lee Hong-chiao
Emperor Kublai Khan
PAINTING
www.kulichki.com

Slide 54

PAINTING
title unknown
Liang Shu-nian
Qin Lingyun
title unknown
www.kulichki.com

Slide 55

Butterfly and pink color
Lee Rong-wei
bird among the lotus
PAINTING
www.kulichki.com

Slide 56

THE ART OF NATURE
In China, the cult of nature has existed from time immemorial to the present day. A painting by a Chinese artist is not just a landscape, but a kind of model of the universe, where Heaven and Earth are connected by mountains. Landscape painting appeared in China a thousand years earlier than in Europe.
Ma Yuan. Humming along the way
www.bibliotekar.ru

Slide 57

Ancient Chinese painting was very different from European painting. In Europe, the possibilities of color and shadows were widely used, and in China, painters created amazing paintings with a play of lines. The main thing that distinguishes Chinese painting from European is the desire to convey the "spirit of the picture", or, as the Chinese say, "to express the mood with the help of form."

Slide 58

Slide 59

Slide 60

Slide 61

Slide 62

Theatrical skill is considered a separate type of ancient Chinese art. The Chinese in their theatrical performances skillfully combined music and body movements, martial arts and religion.
Shadow theater as part of Chinese drama

Slide 63

en.wikipedia.org/wiki
CALLIGRAPHY
Writing in traditional Chinese culture is regarded as a special area of ​​ethics and aesthetics.

Slide 64

CALLIGRAPHY
Chinese calligraphy is considered the "progenitor" of Japanese, the first mention of it dates back to the middle of the 2nd - the middle of the 1st millennium BC. Calligraphy has been elevated to the rank of national art in China.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki

Slide 65

CHINESE PORCELAIN.
Dish with dragon
Ge type bowl
www.bibliotekar.ru/china1

Slide 66

Chinese vases
www.bibliotekar.ru/china1
CHINESE PORCELAIN.

Slide 67

temple vase
Vase with peonies
Vase in the shape of a melon
www.bibliotekar.ru/china1
CHINESE PORCELAIN

Slide 68

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki
Glazed vessel. Three Dynasties Period
Chinese tricolor glazed horse. Tang dynasty.
SCULPTURE

Slide 69

Vairochana Buddha at the Longmen Cave Temples
archi.1001chudo.ru/china
The large statue of Buddha Vairocana in the Longmen cave temples is not only remarkable for its size. It is also valued as one of the high examples of art from the Tang Dynasty. Buddha Vairocana sits in the open Fengxian grotto. Perhaps the dimensions are intended to emphasize the grandeur of Vairochana: the height of the statue is 17.4 meters, only the head of the Buddha is 4 meters, and the elongated ears are 1.9 meters.
But the main thing in the statue is not the height. The Buddha is considered both the largest and the most beautiful statue of the local cave temples, the pearl of Longmen.

Slide 70

Terracotta sculpture from the tomb of Emperor Qin Shi Huang
www.legendtour.ru/rus/china
Museum of Terracotta Figures.

Slide 71

The Terracotta Army was accidentally discovered in 1976 by peasants cultivating the land. The place where underground crypts with terrorist figures of warriors were discovered, which, according to the plan of the then Chinese rulers, were to serve Emperor Qingyihuang (259 - 210 BC) in the afterlife, is 4 km away. east of Xi'an and at a distance of 1.5 km. from the burial mound of Qinshi Huang. Arriving archaeologists discovered that life-sized equestrian statues "guard" the tomb of Emperor Qin Shi Huang, who died in 210 BC and was famous for uniting the Chinese states into a single Celestial Empire and ordered the construction of the Great Wall of China. He also went down in history as one of the most cruel rulers of the world. The whole complex consists of 4 zones: two huge fields for life-size clay figures of warriors, a command post and one empty mine. Exhibited for viewing 7000 sculptures of warriors and horses, built in battle formations. The burial is called the "eighth wonder of the world" and it really makes a grand impression. The complex also houses two chariots made of many metal parts and is also considered a unique find, confirming the level of development of ancient China. In total, three underground crypts with a total area of ​​​​more than 20 thousand square meters were opened. meters. Crypt No. 1 has a length from east to west of 230 meters, from north to south 62 meters, an area of ​​14260 square meters. meters. The crypt contains 6,000 terracotta, painted in different colors, figures of warriors and war horses, the dimensions of which are close to the natural sizes of human figures and horses. The formation of the army is clearly visible: three lines of the vanguard, followed by 38 columns. To the east of crypt #1 is crypt #2, which has a curved shape. The set of figures here is even more diverse than in crypt No. 1. Crypt No. 3 has an area of ​​more than 500 square meters and is conceived as the location of the headquarters of the underground army. In fact, the terracotta figures of warriors and their construction in miniature copy the real army of the times of Qinshi Huang, which makes these finds very important for studying the military history of China. No wonder they are called "the eighth wonder of the world."

参观中国画展览 Chinese language teacher MBOU secondary school №９ Sevostyanenko A。G。 Traditional Chinese paintings are painted using the so-called "four treasures" of the artist: a Chinese brush, paint, an ink pot for grinding ink and mineral paints, and paper. Before the invention of paper, people painted on silk, but even after the advent of paper, silk often continued to serve as a canvas for the artist right up to the present day. The painter's tool was a brush made from animal hair. The main pictorial element was a line drawn in ink with a brush. Lines are the most common pictorial element in a painting, especially in paintings of the early period. Chinese artists were distinguished by their virtuoso mastery of the brush. The lines emerging from under their brush differed in thickness, ink density, they could strike with power, or they could look like a barely noticeable hair. With the help of lines and their diversity, the artist created full of life, highly artistic images that embodied all the diversity of the objective world. 水墨画 In China, first-class ink tiles are always used, with a black lacquer sheen. Rubbing the tiles with water to a thick or liquid consistency, ink is obtained and, with the help of a skillful brush of the artist, it acquires a variety of shades. Its blurs convey either the thinnest haze of fog, or the shaggy paws of pine trees hanging over a dizzying abyss. Chinese painters never painted directly from nature, they reproduced landscapes from memory. They constantly trained their visual memory, peering intently into nature, studying it. The stroke of their brush is always accurate, because on porous thin paper or silk, no corrections are already possible。 水墨画是用墨画的. Zhao Bosu. Return from hunting. Album sheet. Painting on silk, 12th century 水墨画只有两种颜色: 白色和黑色. Naughty village schoolchildren. Painting on silk. 12th c. Ai Dee. A man leading a buffalo across a snowy plain. Painting on silk. 12th c. 画上面的山，水，树，草，花，动物等等都是黑色的。 Bamboo in Chinese paintings is a symbol of inflexibility and perseverance, a person of high moral qualities. Bamboo represents summer and symbolizes strength and flexibility. It is so strong and flexible that it bends but does not break under strong wind pressure. Chinese artist Xu Xinqi is famous for his drawings of cats。 The works on display are made in the Guohua technique, a traditional Chinese painting that uses ink and water colors on silk or paper. "It's as if nature has gathered its art to divide north and south here into dusk and dawn." Li Bo. A new technique called "ink lifting" (揭墨), when the ink applied to the paper spreads in the right direction with the help of a special effect, forming soft overflows. This achieves an effect that cannot be obtained using a brush. Such a picture cannot be copied or faked, because a unique pattern is formed. This technique was recognized as an invention in 1997 and patented. 水彩画水彩画跟水墨画不一样。 Chinese painting is based on a delicate balance of delicate mineral colors that harmonize with each other. The foreground was usually separated from the rear by a group of rocks or trees, with which all parts of the landscape corresponded. 水彩画是用各种各样的颜色画的. The compositional structure of the picture and the features of the perspective were designed to make a person feel not the center of the universe, but a small part of it. The compositional structure of the picture and the features of the perspective were designed to make a person feel not the center of the universe, but a small part of it 你觉得水墨画比水彩 画好看？ Thank you for your attention! 再见!

1 out of 10

Presentation on the topic: History of Chinese painting

slide number 1

Description of the slide:

slide number 2

Description of the slide:

The history of the emergence of Chinese painting dates back more than six thousand years and dates back to the period when the ancestors of modern Chinese decorated ceramic products. As an ornament, they depicted people, fish, animals and plants. We can learn about ancient examples of Chinese painting only from archaeological sites. TO fine arts later time includes various funerary vessels and products. The next stage in the development of Chinese painting was drawings made on silk and paper. Several examples of such drawings have survived to this day.

slide number 3

Description of the slide:

During the Qin and Han dynasties, fresco painting developed. It was used in burials, as well as in temples and palaces. With the development of Buddhism in the period from the 3rd to the 6th century, temple painting develops, for example, images of the Buddha in mountain caves. Perhaps the most famous caves so far are the Dunhuang Mogao Caves (敦煌莫高窟). One of the most prominent artists of the Six Dynasties era was Gu Kaizhi - 顾恺之 (344-406). He painted secular art. Two of his famous paintings, The Fairy of the Lo River and The Illustrious Women of Antiquity, are long horizontal scrolls divided into several fragments.

slide number 4

Description of the slide:

It was assumed that the picture had to be viewed on the go, that is, to go from its beginning to the end and slowly consider the plot depicted on the scroll. Gu Kaizhi is also considered the founder of "guohua" (literally "national painting"). It was he who put forward the principle of "mood through form", the meaning of which is that good picture- this is the picture that conveys the "soul". And in order to accurately convey the "soul", you need to draw the eyes very clearly. The next important stage in the development of painting in China at that time was the Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties and Song eras.

slide number 5

Description of the slide:

At this time, the formation of the main schools of painting took place. Among the famous artists are Zhang Ziqian - 展子虔 (Sui era), Li Sixun (李思训)，Wu Daozi (吴道子). In the Tang era, the portrait stands out as a separate genre. There is a famous painting by Yan Liben (7th century) “Lords of the Ancient Dynasties”, in which he depicted on a long horizontal scroll 13 rulers who were at the head of China from the beginning of the Han Dynasty until the end of the 6th century. At the same time, images of court scenes appear. In the period of the Five Dynasties, it is worth noting the outstanding landscape painter - Fan Kuan 范宽. By the way, his works “Mountains covered with snow” and “Traveling along a mountain stream” have survived to this day.

slide number 6

Description of the slide:

famous artist of the Song era is Gu Hongzhong 顾闳中. In the era of the Yuan dynasty, the artists Wang Meng 王蒙, Huang Gongwang 黄公望 and Ni Zang 倪瓒 can be distinguished. In the era of the Ming and Qing dynasties, a large number of art schools and genres appear. Thematically, Chinese painting can be divided into three types: portraits, landscapes, and images of flowers and birds. Portraits appeared first, but then landscapes (山水画) became more and more popular.

slide number 7

Description of the slide:

Ancient Chinese painting was very different from European painting. In Europe, the possibilities of color and shadows were widely used, and in China, painters created amazing paintings with a play of lines. The main thing that distinguishes Chinese painting from European is the desire to convey the "spirit of the picture", or, as the Chinese say, "to express the mood with the help of form." Of the artists of the 19th-20th century, Qi Baishi (齐白石) should be highlighted. One of his most famous paintings is "Shrimp", as well as the artist Xu Beihong 徐悲鸿. Xu Beihong was inspired by Gu Kaizhi, so people think that the horses in his painting "奔马" look more realistic than real horses.

Conclusion: The history of Chinese painting originated in ancient times and they depicted people, fish, animals and plants as an ornament. Later they began to depict drawings made on silk and paper. Then fresco painting, temple painting develops. Then schools of painting began to be built.

slide number 10

Description of the slide:

The Origin of Chinese Painting

• tradition attributes the creation of Chinese painting to four founding fathers:
• Gu Kaizhi (344 - 406)
• Lu Tanwei (mid-fifth century)
• Zhang Sengyao (c. 500 - c. 550)
• Wu Daozi (680 - 740)
• However, as a result of archaeological research, today's scientists push back the birth of Chinese painting 1000 years earlier, in the era of the warring kingdoms of Zhang Guo.

The main genres of Chinese painting

• A genre of plant painting, in particular bamboo painting. Wen Tong was the founder of bamboo painting.
• Painting Flowers and birds.
• Mountain Scenery (山水， shan shui, i.e. "mountains and waters").
• Animal genre (翎毛 . lingmao. those. "feathery and fluffy").
• Portrait genre

Gu Kaizhi: six laws - "loofah"

• Shenz - spirituality,
• Tianqu - naturalness,
• Goutu - the composition of a painting,
• Gusyan - a constant basis, that is, the structure of the work,
• Mose - following tradition, ancient monuments,
• Yunbi - high technique of writing with ink and brush

Emperor-artist

• Zhu Zhanji(1398-1435) Emperor of China in the Ming Dynasty. He succeeded the throne of his father Zhu Gaochi. His reigning motto was "Declaration of Virtue"

A pagoda is a type of monumental Buddhist place of worship that originated in India.

• Buddhism entered China during the reign of the Han emperor Mingdi (58-75), in 68 the first Buddhist temple was built - Baimasy (in Luoyang), and in the era of the Three Kingdoms (220-265) - the first pagoda

pagoda shapes

• Pagodas in China come in a wide variety of shapes - square, hexagonal, octagonal, usually with an even number of corners, and tiered. building material they are wood, brick, stone, glazed tiles, iron. By their design, they look like towers or pavilions with numerous cornices.

bamboo books

• From the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. e. The Chinese began to use bamboo strips for writing. About forty hieroglyphs (words) were placed on each such tablet. Planks were strung on a rope and connected into bundles.

• In the III century. BC e. The Chinese began to use silk for writing
• They wrote on silk with natural paints with a special brush, the invention of which is attributed to Myn Tianyu

the invention of paper

• The great invention was paper making, whose production began in 105 AD. It was cooked from tree bark, rags, hemp. The author of this largest discovery in the history of mankind was an official Cai Lun. Around the same time, ink was created

Hieroglyphs

• IN Chinese dictionaries number hieroglyphs sometimes reaches 70 thousand

Symbol of happiness

• The bat was a symbol of happiness in ancient China.
• Five bats meant many happy blessings, primarily longevity, wealth, health, good manners and natural death.

Great Chinese wall

• The construction of the first wall began in the 3rd century BC. e. during the reign of the emperor Qin Shi Huangdi to protect the state from the raids of the nomadic people of the Xiongnu. One fifth of the then population of the country, that is, about a million people, took part in the construction
• The length of the wall with all branches is 8 thousand 851 kilometers and 800 meters
• The length of the wall itself from edge to edge is two thousand five hundred kilometers.
• The width of the Great Wall is 5-8 meters, and the height is 6.6 meters (in some sections the height reaches 10 meters)

Poetry by Tao Yuanming

“In the world, human life has no deep roots.

It will fly away like light dust over the road ...

Well, I want one thing - not to know old age,

So that my relatives gather under a single roof,

Each of my sons and grandsons is in a hurry to help each other ... "

Music of Ancient ChinaIn Chinese music
was accepted
lu-lu system
(literally "building",
"measure"), based on
which lay
twelve sounds.
Everyone had
magical meaning:
odd sounds
embodied light,
active forces of heaven,
even - dark,
passive forces
Earth.

Approximately in the 7th century. BC e. from this
five scales were singled out
the most important sounds received
titles:
the first is the "palace"
the second is "conversation",
third - "horn",
fourth - "assembly",
the fifth is "wings".
These five sounds were identified with
five elements (fire, water,
earth, air, wood) and five
Primary colors (white, black,
red, blue, yellow). They had and
social meaning ("ruler",
"officials", "people", "deeds",
"things").

Musical instruments of ancient China

In antiquity distinguished
separate classes
musical instruments:
ringing (bells and
stone plates)
strings, brass and percussion
(drums).
eight kinds
"sources of sound" stone, metal, silk,
bamboo, wood, leather,
clay and gourd.

One of the most
original
musical
tools of the ancient
China - stone
plates (lithophones),
called "qing".
Mu-yu (translated
"wooden fish"
– exotic
percussion instrument
in the shape of a fish.

Chinese art

ancient chinese
painting, as in other
modern, knew two
main style: "gun bi"
(diligent brush) and "se and"
(expression of an idea).
Chinese principles
painting are
admiring nature as
perfect creation.

Genres of Chinese painting
quite varied:
- animalistic genres,
- household genres,
- ceremonial portrait,
- miniature on fans and others
household items,
- Chinese landscape painting.
In China, there was no still life in
in our usual sense,
immovable objects from the point of view
the Chinese are dead without dynamics
movement of life and time.

Chinese art
tends to certain
sustainable images: one
of the most beloved
objects of aesthetic
incarnation in painting
is bamboo.
in Chinese paintings
bamboo is not only
plant and symbol
human
character.

Chinese painting and calligraphy

In China, use
one tool and
for painting and
calligraphy - brushes
- linked these two species
art.
Calligraphy (from Greek words
κάλλος kallos "beauty" + γραφή
graphẽ "to write") - view
visual arts,
aesthetic design
handwritten font.

Total amount
Chinese characters
goes up to 80,000. But
real in every way
texts are not used
more than 10 thousand hieroglyphs.
Chinese characters
difficult to write:
each of them consists of
several traits (from 1 to 52).
Calligraphy is like
painting, and process
hieroglyph creation
brush and ink akin
the process of creating
paintings.

Chinese tea traditions

Tea room in ancient China
The ceremony began with
that a person should
internally psychologically
prepare: release
from all the bad
annoying, painful
and secondary.
Once upon a time tea as already
said above, drank only in
imperial palaces and
houses of aristocrats, then
the poor also loved him.

A little later for
tea ceremonies
began to build teahouses
pavilions: extraordinary
beautiful, light, full of light
and air refined
structures.
External splendor and
emphasized beauty
simplicity of internal
decorations - in pavilions
stood small
sofas, chairs,
tables, separate
there were tea
accessories.

In the evenings, colorful
paper lanterns, invited musicians
- everything had to be set to enthusiastic
perception of the surrounding world.

Chinese way of making tea

First of all, it should
choose the right tea
according to desire and
mood. It could be
black, green, red or
very rare and expensive
"imperial" yellow tea
Second, no less important,
water that is used
for making tea. She
must be fresh, taken
from a spring, stream or river.

Third - dishes for
preparation and consumption
tea drink. In ancient times
emperors used
crockery made of gold and silver.
Later, the Chinese abandoned
metal utensils and
switched to porcelain
ceramic.
Gaiwan - special
bowl-type cups with volume
200-250 ml with cap,
whose diameter is smaller
top edge diameter
cups.

Art culture China absorbed
core spiritual values
developed in the teachings of Taoism and
Confucianism.. The idea of ​​a harmonious
connection between man and nature pervades
Chinese art, ranging from calligraphy
to painting. Even writing in
traditional Chinese culture
regarded as a special area of ​​ethics and
aesthetics. All genres of ancient Chinese
art carried a deep moral
the meaning and idea of ​​human perfection,
set up for a special perception:
admiration for nature, its beauty and work
masters.