Music genres(music genres) - list and short description musical genres and trends.

Music genres

1. Folk music - music of various peoples of the world.

2. Latin American music- a generalized name for musical genres and styles in Latin America.

3. Indian classical music- music of the Indian people, one of the most ancient genres of music. It takes its origins from the religious practices of Hinduism.

4. European music- a generalized concept that characterizes the music of European countries.

5. Pop music Disco (from the word “disco”) is a genre of dance music that emerged in the early 1970s. Pop (from the word “popular”) is a type of mass musical culture. Easy music (from “easy listening” - “easy to listen”) is music that covers different styles; the common thing in such music is simple, catchy melodies. A singer who performs music in the Pop genre is Madonna.

6. Rock music - a generalized name for the direction of music, the word “rock” means “to swing, rock” and indicates the rhythm of the music.

Country rock is a genre that combines country and rock, and became part of rock and roll after Elvis Presley performed at the 1955 Grand Ole Opry.

Southern rock - “Southern” rock, was popular in the USA in 1970.

Heartland Rock - “rock from the outback”, founded in 1980 on “country” and “blues”.

Garage rock - founded in the United States of America and Canada in 1960, the predecessor of “punk rock”.

Surf rock - (from the English “surf”) - American beach music, was popular in the early 60s.

Instrumental rock is a genre of rock music, the music of this genre is dominated by music rather than vocals, was popular in the 1950s - 1960s.

Folk rock - a genre combining elements of folk and rock, was formed in the UK and the USA in the mid-1960s.

Blues rock - a hybrid genre combining elements of blues and rock and roll, began its development in England and the USA in 1960.

Rock'n'roll - (from the word “roll”) the genre, born in the 1950s in the USA, is an early stage in the development of rock music.

Merseybit - (the meaning of the genre comes from the name of groups from Liverpool, which is located near the River Mersey)—the genre originated in the UK in the 1960s.

Psychedelic rock musical genre, it originated in Western Europe and California in the mid-60s, associated with the concepts of “psychedelia” (hallucinogens).

Progressive rock - a genre that is characterized by the complication of musical forms and the introduction of dialogue.

Experimental rock - a style that is based on experiments with the sound of rock music, another name is Avant-garde rock.

Glam rock - (from the word “spectacular” - “glamorous”) - the genre arose in Great Britain in the 1970s.

Pub rock - the predecessor of punk rock, a movement of music that arose in the 1970s as a protest of representatives of British rock against the excessive purity of sound in American AOR and prog rock.

Hardcore - the genre appeared in the UK and USA in the late 1970s. The sound became faster and heavier compared to the traditional punk rock sound.

Skiffle - singing with accompaniment. Instrumentation included a washboard, harmonica and guitar as a rhythm instrument.

Hard rock - (“hard rock”) is a genre that is characterized by the emphasis on sound percussion instruments and bass guitars. The genre originated in the 1960s and took shape in the early 1970s.

Punk rock - a musical genre that was formed in the USA in the 1970s, a little later - in the UK. The meaning that early groups put into this genre was “the desire to play prevails over the ability to play.”

Bard rock - a genre that appeared in the “Soviet Union” in the 1970s. He developed under the influence of poetry: Viktor Tsoi, Okudzhava.

J-rock (“Japanese rock”) is the name for different styles of rock music that originated in Japan.

Metal - a genre that was formed by hard rock in England and the USA in the 1970s.

Post-punk - a musical genre that was formed in the late 1970s in Great Britain. It was a continuation of punk rock and was distinguished by its diversity of self-expression in music.

New Wave - a direction that includes different genres of rock music, ideologically and stylistically breaking with all previous rock genres. Arose in the late 1970s - early 1980s.

No Wave - direction in cinema, music and performance art. Developed in New York in the late 1970s. This is a kind of response of free musicians and artists to the commercial “New Wave”.

Stoner rock is medium tempo music or slow music with low frequency musical instruments such as bass and guitar.

The genre arose in the 1990s, based on the work of the group “Kyuss”.

Alternative rock — this term refers to various styles of rock music. Appeared in the 1980s and covers many styles and movements that originate in post-punk, punk rock and other styles and musical genres.

Post-rock - experimental musical genre of rock music. Typical for the genrethe use of instruments that are usually used in rock music and chords that are not typical for rock (traditional).

7. Blues - a musical genre that originated in late XIX century, in the Southeastern United States in the African-American community, among the Cotton Belt rebels.

8. Jazz - a genre of music that arose at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries in the USA, as a result of the synthesis of European and African cultures.

9. Country - (“country music”) is one of the most common types of North American music.

10. Chanson - (translated from French- chanson, means song).

Has 2 meanings:

1. French song in cabaret style.

2. Soviet song in French, Renaissance and late Middle Ages.

The first composer and poet who performed songs in the chanson style was Guillaume de Machaut.

The peculiarity of the genre is that the performer, author of the song, music and words are the same person.

12. Romance - (“romance” means “in Spanish”) is a short poem that has lyrical content, sung to music. The term itself originated in medieval Spain and denoted a Soviet song sung in Spanish.

13. Blatnaya song - a genre of song in which one sings about difficult morals and life in a criminal environment. Since the 1990s, the Russian music industry has called the criminal song “Russian chanson,” although it has nothing in common with chanson.

13. Electonic musicis a musical genre that refers to music that was created using electronic musical instruments. Often, various computer programs are used to create it.

14. Ska - a style that appeared in the late 1950s in Jamaica.

The style is characterized by a 2 by 4 rhythm: when the bass guitar or double bass emphasizes the odd drum beats, and the guitar emphasizes the even ones.

15. Hip-hop - a genre of music that originated in New York, among the working class - November 12, 1974. The founder of hip-hop was DJ Kevin Donovan.

The above list includes only the most popular music genres.

Currently, new musical genres (genres of music) and directions are constantly emerging.

Lady Gaga - Judas (combines electronic music and dance rhythms).

The textbook is intended for students and teachers of pedagogical colleges for use in “Playing Musical Instruments” lessons. The manual includes theoretical material that introduces students to the main genres of music. The application contains sheet music material that can be used for students to listen to and perform in class.

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Music genres

Translated from French the word genre means type, kind, manner. This word refers to the type of works that have their own distinctive features, content, form and purpose. To better understand what a genre is, let's turn to painting. You know well that if a person is depicted in a painting, this painting is called a portrait. If the canvas depicts nature, it is a landscape. The image of fruits and game is called a still life. Portrait, landscape and still life are genres in painting. In literature it is a story, a novel, a story, an essay.

Music also has its own genres. Let's start with three musical genres: song, dance and march. Wonderful teacher and composer D.B. Kabalevsky compared them to three pillars on which all music rests.Song, dance and marchhave become part of our everyday life and have merged with it so much that sometimes we do not notice or perceive them as art. Who among us thought, when listening to our mother’s lullaby, walking in a sports formation, or dancing at a disco, that a piece of music was being performed? Of course, no one. But they are always with us - song, dance and march.

In opera, symphony and choral cantata, piano sonata and string quartet, ballet, jazz, pop and folk music, in a word, in any field of musical art we will receive the support of “three pillars”.

Song

Long before there was professional music, folk songs truthfully and artistically reflected typical features national character of this or that people.The birth of a song has long been associated with the lives of people, their labor activity, everyday life. Song , like sobbing or laughter, reflects the state human soul That's why they are so diverse and numerous. The peculiarity of the song is the harmonious combination of words and music

Very often the word “folk” is added to the word “song”. Each folk song has a pronounced national flavor, because the people of all nations and all continents sing in their own way. Hard to confuse Russian song from Georgian, Uzbek, Neapolitan or Negro.Like a precious stone, the song was passed down from mouth to mouth from one generation to the next. Each performer contributed something of his own, individuality to it. Therefore, often the same texts were sung in different villages with different tunes. Exist different kinds folk songs: work songs, games, ritual songs, family songs, round dance songs, dance songs, lyrical songs, epic songs and many others.

Most often the song is performed accompanied by musical instrument. Using folk themes, composers create new song genres, as well as monumental works: cantatas, oratorios, operas and operettas. The song organically entered into symphonic music. And there are many such examples.

Dance - one of the oldest manifestations of folk art. IN

People sought to convey their feelings through rhythmic or smooth movement

moods and thoughts. This is how ritual dances appeared, which became

an indispensable attribute of every holiday. Many peoples have preserved them

And until our time. People dance, sometimes turning their dance into art

- ballet. They dance while participating in ceremonies or having fun in

free evenings and on holidays. Each nation has its own

National traditions of dance with its characteristic music.

French dance chimes (courante - “running”, “current”)

Of court origin, but quite fast, different

complex, intricate figures and music corresponding to them.

A completely different dance sarabande - slow, majestic. He was born

in Spain and arose from a solemn mourning rite. This was reflected in

The name (sacra banda in Spanish - “holy procession”).

Zhiga - an old dance of English sailors, fast, cheerful,

casual. These four dances have long been combined by composers

to the suites.

Many wonderful dances have long existed in Poland. Most

The most famous of them were the polonaise, mazurka, and krakowiak.

The oldest of them is polonaise . In the old days he was called great or

walking dance Its current name comes from the French

polonaise ("Polish"). Polonaise - a parade procession opened

court balls. In addition to the courtier, there was also a peasant

Polonaise, calmer and smoother. Favorite dance was

mazurka , more precisely - Mazury (from the name of one of the regions of Poland -

Mazovia). Folk mazurka with a cheerful, perky, sharply accented

Melody is a pair dance in which there are no pre-conceived figures.

Third dance - Krakowiak differs from the first two in its clear size.

All these dances are presented in the works of Chopin, We hear them in

Glinka's opera "Ivan Susanin".

Polka dance belongs to someone else to the Slavic people- Czechs.

Its name comes from the word pulka - “half”, as they danced

his small steps. This is a lively, relaxed dance that

They dance in pairs in a circle. The most beloved of Czech dances, it sounds in

Smetana's opera The Bartered Bride.

The interesting fate of the Austrian peasant dance Ländler. Doubles

A circle dance that takes its name from the Austrian region of Landl, it is

At the beginning of the 19th century, it migrated from villages to cities in Austria and Germany. His

they began to dance at balls, and gradually he became well-known and

everyone's favorite waltz.

In Liszt's "Hungarian Rhapsodies" and Brahms's "Hungarian Dances"

characteristic melodic turns, sharp, rhythmic figures. They

immediately recognizable by ear, reminiscent of Hungarian folk dance Czárdáše.

Its name comes from the word csarda - “tavern”, “tavern”.

Hungarian taverns have long served as original clubs, where

the surrounding residents gathered. In them or on the platform in front of them and

danced. Chardas arose at the beginning of the 19th century, and not in the peasant

Wednesday, but in the city. This dance consists of two parts: slow,

pathetic and moving, fire dance.

The city of Toronto is located in southern Italy. He gave the name

national dance tarantella.

The dances of Spain are very colorful. Khota - favorite Spanish dance

The provinces of Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia are characterized by a fast pace,

sharp rhythm, which is emphasized by the clicking of castanets. This is a doubles

dance performed to the accompaniment of a guitar or mandolin. The originality of the hota

Glinka was captivated during his trip to Spain. His orchestral

"Aragonese Jota" was written on a genuine folk theme.

Another common dance is bolero (in Spanish volar - “to fly”)

more moderate, with a rhythm reminiscent of the polonaise.

In Russia, purely instrumental dance music has not received such

widespread: Russians have long loved to sing, and all dances - and

fast cheerful dances and smooth round dances - usually accompanied

singing. The most popular lively dance in the 19th century"Mistress" even

It got its name from the chorus of the song “Madam-lady”. Among

dances of other nations are known to Ukrainian Cossack , fast, perky

Moldovenyaska.

Caucasian dance has gained enormous popularity lezginka Music

Lezginki - with a clear rhythm and energetic movements - attracted

attracted the attention of many composers. Stormy, full of elemental force and

Lezginka passions are heard in the opera “Ruslan and Lyudmila” by Glinka, in the ballet

"Gayane" by Khachaturian.

March. The French word marche means "walking". In music, this is the name given to pieces written in a clear, energetic rhythm that is comfortable to march to. Although the marches differ from each other, they have one thing in common: the march is always written in an even size - two or four quarters, so that those walking do not lose their feet. But every rule has exceptions. Listen to the song by A. Alexandrov based on the verses of V. Lebedev - Kumach “Holy War”. It is written in three-part time, and yet it is a real march, under which the soldiers went to the front. The march is an important organizing, unifying principle. It is no coincidence that many revolutionary songs are written in a march rhythm. These are the famous “Marseillaise”, “Internationale”, “Varshavyanka”. The king of the march was called the Soviet composer I.O. Dunaevsky. He wrote many famous marches: “March of Enthusiasts”, “March of Athletes”, “Sports March”. There are several types of marches: drill, counter, concert, funeral.

Chaikovsky. March of the Wooden Soldiers;
Funeral of a Doll ("Children's Album");
"Wedding March" by Mendelssohn;

Marches from operas: M. Glinka “Ruslan and Lyudmila”;
G. Verdi "Aida"; C. Gounod "Faust";
F. Chopin. Sonata in B flat major;
L. Beethoven. Finale of the Fifth Symphony;
V. Agapkin. "Farewell of the Slav";
V. Alexandrov. "Holy war";
I. Dunaevsky. March from the movie" Funny boys ".

Determination of genre in works of classical music.

Musical genres also differ in the way they are performed. INsymphonic musicit is a symphony, a concerto, a suite.

Symphony - a piece of music for orchestra, written in sonata cyclic form, highest form instrumental music.

Concert - a work for one or (less often) several solo instruments and an orchestra, as well as public performance of musical works.

Seasons Venetian composer Antonio Vivaldi - the first four violin concertos from his eighth opus, which is a cycle of 12 concertos, one of his most famous works, also one of the most famous musical works in the Baroque style. Written in 1723, first published two years later. Each concert is dedicated to one season and consists of three parts corresponding to each month. The composer prefaced each of the concerts with a sonnet - a kind of literary program. It is assumed that the author of the poems is Vivaldi himself. It should be added that the paradigm of artistic thinking is not limited to a single meaning or plot, and involves secondary meanings, hints, and symbols. The first obvious illusion is the four ages of man, from birth to death (the final part contains an unambiguous hint of the last circle of Dante's hell). Equally overt is the allusion to the four regions of Italy, according to the four cardinal directions and the path of the sun across the sky. This is sunrise (east, Adriatic, Venice), midday (sleepy, hot south), magnificent sunset (Rome, Latium) and midnight (cold foothills of the Alps, with their frozen lakes). But in general, the content of the cycle is much richer, which was clear to any enlightened listener of that time. At the same time, Vivaldi here reaches the heights of genre and direct depiction, without shying away from humor: the music contains the barking of dogs, the buzzing of flies, the roar of a wounded animal, etc. All this, coupled with an impeccably beautiful form, led to the recognition of the cycle as an indisputable masterpiece .

Suite - a work for one or two instruments from several dissimilar pieces connected by a common concept.

In chamber musicgenres are distinguished: trio, quartet, sonata, prelude.

Trio (from Latin tria - “three”) - a musical ensemble of three performing musicians, vocalists or instrumentalists.

Quartet - musical ensembleof four performing musicians, vocalists or instrumentalists.

Sonata - a piece of music consisting of three or four movements of varying tempo and character.

Prelude (from Latin - before and game) is a short piece of music that does not have a strict form.

In vocal music- romance, oratorio, cantata.

Romance - a vocal composition written on a short poem of lyrical content, mainly love; chamber musical and poetic work for voice with instrumental accompaniment.

Oratorio - major piece of music for choir, soloists and orchestra. In the past, oratorios were written only on subjects from Holy Scripture. It differs from opera in the absence of stage action, and from cantata in its larger size and branching plot.

Cantata (Italian cantata, from Latin сantare - to sing ) is a vocal-instrumental work for soloists, choir and orchestra.

To musical and theatrical genresinclude opera, operetta and ballet.

Opera - a work for the theater, which is performed by artists - singers and orchestra. In this musical genre, poetry and dramatic art, vocal and instrumental music, facial expressions, dancing, painting, scenery and costumes.

The literary basis of the opera is the libretto. Often the libretto is based on some literary or dramatic work. For example, the opera Stone Guest"Dargomyzhsky is written in full text"A Little Tragedy" by Pushkin. But usually the libretto is reworked, since the text should be concise and concise.

Almost every opera begins with an overture - a symphonic introduction, which general outline introduces the listener to the content of the entire action.

Music in opera reveals the innermost feelings of the characters, their character,

talks about their thoughts. In dramatic performances this is conveyed in

monologues of actors. In the opera, the role of a monologue is played by an aria (translated from

Italian - “song”). The arias are characterized by wide chanting. To more

The hero is fully shown; several of his arias are introduced into the opera. In the opera P.I.

Tchaikovsky "Eugene Onegin" Lensky performs the aria "Where, where have you gone", which shows his emotional experiences, excitement,

uncertainty about the coming day. Lensky's Arioso "I love you, Olga" -

A small aria of free construction of a lyrical nature.

Another important component of opera is ensembles. During the simultaneous

Singing several soloists, we not only hear the voice of each

The performer, but we also feel the beauty of such a joint sound.

The largest ensemble, without which not a single opera can do, is the chorus.

The orchestra plays an important role in opera. He not only accompanies the entire opera,

but it is also unique actor, since the music performed

orchestra, reveals the idea of ​​the work, reveals thoughts, feelings,

The relationship between the characters determines the dramatic development of the plot.

An important component of the opera is the dance scenes. In the opera M.I.

Glinka's "Ivan Susanin" the second act is almost entirely based on

dancing. This is a peculiar characteristic of an arrogant, confident in her

victory of the Polish gentry. That's why they dance the polonaise at this ball,

krakowiak, mazurka, presented by the composer not as folk, but

Knightly dances.

Operetta (from the Italian operetta, literally small opera) -

A theatrical performance in which individual musical numbers

Alternate with dialogues without music. Operettas are written in

Comic plot , the musical numbers are shorter operas in general

operetta music has a light, popular character, but inherits

directly to the traditions of academic music.

Ballet (from Italian ballo - dancing) - type of stage performance art;

performance, the content of which is embodied in musical

choreographic images. Most often, the basis of ballet is

a certain plot, dramatic concept, libretto, but there are also

plotless ballets. The main types of dance in ballet

are classic and character dance. An important role here

A pantomime is played, with the help of which the actors convey the feelings of the characters, their

“conversation” among themselves, the essence of what is happening. In modern ballet

Elements of gymnastics and acrobatics are also widely used. Ballet

requires endurance and endurance from any person engaged in it.

Musical genre

Musical genre- a multi-valued concept that characterizes various kinds and types of musical creativity in connection with their origin, as well as the method and conditions of their performance and perception. The concept of a musical genre reflects the main problem of musicology and musical aesthetics - the relationship between extra-musical factors of creativity and its purely musical characteristics. Musical genre is one of the most important means of artistic identification.

The concept of a musical genre can be considered in a broader and narrower aspect. In the broader genre, they talk about operatic, symphonic, chamber genres, etc. In the narrower genre, they distinguish between the genres of lyrical and comic opera; symphonies and symphoniettas; arias, arioso, cavatina, etc.

A number of researchers (in particular V. Tsukerman) distinguish between primary and secondary musical genres. Primary directly related to the conditions of their existence, and secondary genres were formed in conditions of concert performance.

E. Nazaykinsky identifies three historical forms of functioning of genres - syncretic, aesthetic and virtual. IN syncretic form, which is characterized by synchronicity of creativity and perception, the musical genre acts primarily as a canon, which ensures the reproduction of a situation corresponding to a certain tradition. IN aesthetic form, which appeared with the spread of musical notation, music becomes an aesthetic phenomenon and semantic functions come to the fore. IN virtual form, which, thanks to the spread of sound recording, is characterized by the ability to perceive music in various conditions, the structure-forming functions of the genre come to the fore, which often leads to confusion between the terms of musical genre and style, especially in popular music.

see also

  • List of musical genres and trends

Literature

  • T. Cherednichenko. Musical genre // article in the Musical Encyclopedic Dictionary, “ Soviet encyclopedia» 1990
  • E. V. Nazaykinsky- Style and genre in music - M., 2003
  • M. K. Mikhailov - Style in music - M., 1981

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    See what “Musical genre” is in other dictionaries:

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Books

  • Musical style and genre, history and modernity, M. Lobanova. M. Lobanova’s book is devoted to the problems of musical style and genre as cultural, historical and theoretical phenomena. For the first time, the formation of the concept of “mixed...

Today's post is dedicated to the topic - the main musical genres. First, let's define what we consider a musical genre. After this, the actual genres will be named, and at the end you will learn not to confuse “genre” with other phenomena in music.

So the word "genre" is of French origin and is usually translated from this language as “species” or genus. Hence, musical genre- this is a type or, if you like, a genus of musical works. No more and no less.

How do musical genres differ from each other?

How does one genre differ from another? Of course, not just the name. Remember the four main parameters that help you identify a particular genre and not confuse it with some other, similar type of composition. This:

  1. type of artistic and musical content;
  2. stylistic features of this genre;
  3. the vital purpose of works of this genre and the role they play in society;
  4. conditions under which performance and listening (viewing) are possible piece of music specific genre.

What does all of this mean? Well, for example, let’s take as an example such a genre as “waltz”. Waltz is a dance, and that already says a lot. Since this is a dance, it means that waltz music is not played every time, but precisely when you need to dance (this is a question of performance conditions). Why do they dance the waltz? Sometimes for fun, sometimes to simply enjoy the beauty of plasticity, sometimes because dancing the waltz is a holiday tradition (this goes to the thesis about life’s purpose). The waltz as a dance is characterized by whirling, lightness, and therefore in its music there is the same melodic whirling and elegant rhythmic three-beat, in which the first beat is strong like a push, and the two are weak, flying (this has to do with stylistic and substantive moments ).

Main music genres

Everything, with a large degree of convention, can be divided into four categories: theatrical, concert, mass-everyday and cult-ritual genres. Let's look at each of these categories separately and list the main musical genres that are included there.

  1. Theater genres (the main ones here are opera and ballet; in addition, operettas, musicals, musical dramas, vaudevilles and musical comedies, melodramas, etc. are performed on stage)
  2. Concert genres (these are symphonies, sonatas, oratorios, cantatas, trios, quartets and quintets, suites, concertos, etc.)
  3. Massively everyday genres (here we are mainly talking about songs, dances and marches in all their diversity)
  4. Cult-ritual genres (those genres that are associated with religious or holiday rituals– for example: Maslenitsa songs, wedding and funeral laments, spells, bells, and etc.)

We have named almost all the main musical genres (opera, ballet, oratorio, cantata, symphony, concert, sonata - these are the largest). They really are the main ones and therefore it is not surprising that each of these genres has several varieties.

And one more thing... We must not forget that the division of genres between these four classes is very arbitrary. It happens that genres migrate from one category to another. For example, this happens when the real thing is recreated by the composer on the opera stage (as in Rimsky-Korsakov’s opera “The Snow Maiden”), or in some concert genre - for example, in the finale of Tchaikovsky’s 4th symphony a very famous folk song is quoted . See for yourself! If you find out what this song is, write its name in the comments!

P.I. Tchaikovsky Symphony No. 4 – finale

Style in music. Classification of musical genres

Topic 1.3. Genres of musical art

Target: familiarization with style in music, classification of musical genres.

1. STYLE IN MUSIC

The word “style” is of Latin origin and in translation means a way of presentation, a way of speaking. Style in music, the sum of all elements and techniques used in it, its “final” form, is called. Styles are usually classified by composer and era.

Style means:

Sustainable unity of the figurative principles of artistic movements of various historical eras;

Characteristic features of both a separate work and the genre as a whole;

Creative style of individual composers.

Style in music presupposes the commonality of works of musical art with characteristic features works of other types of art of one or another historical period: baroque, classicism, romanticism, impressionism, expressionism, etc.

Baroque(Italian barocco - fancy, pretentious, strange) - a style that dominated art from the end of the 16th to the first half of the 18th century. The Baroque reflected the internal contradictions of the era in connection with the feudal-Catholic reaction and the active rise of advanced forces. The leading position of genres is fugue, cantata, oratorio, opera, the emergence of instrumental genres of sonata and concerto. The brightest representatives of the Baroque era were A. Vivaldi, J. S. Bach and G. F. Handel.

Classicism(from lat. classicus - exemplary) – style in art of the 17th – 18th centuries. The ideals of classicism were the ideas of the philosophy of rationalism - the belief in the rationality of existence, the presence of a universal order, and the harmony of human nature.

The highest stage of classicism was Viennese classical school – artistic movement in European music culture XVIII- the beginning of the 19th century, to which J. Haydn, W.A. Mozart and L. van Beethoven belong. Each of them was a bright individual: Haydn’s style is a bright worldview, the leading role is genre and everyday elements; Mozart has a lyrical-dramatic beginning; Beethoven’s is the embodiment of the heroic pathos of struggle.

Romanticism(from French romanticism) – artistic direction late XVI II – beginning of the 19th century. Features of the direction in musical art– a bright individual, personal beginning, a reflection of a person’s emotional life, spiritual sublimity, interest in folk art, denial of soullessness, relief imagery, a fantastic vision of the world. The lyrical principle determined the desire of the romantics for the infinity of musical development, as well as the interest of composers in chamber forms (poems, ballads, fantasies).


Prominent representatives of romanticism in music: F. Schubert, F. Mendelssohn, R. Schumann, R. Wagner, J. Brahms, F. Liszt, F. Chopin, N. Paganini and others.

Impressionism(from French impression - impression) arose in Western Europe in the last quarter of the 19th - early 20th centuries. Characteristic signs– the desire to embody fleeting impressions, inspired landscapes, psychological nuances, to create colorful genre sketches and musical portraits.

The classic expression of impressionism in music is the work of French composers C. Debussy and M. Ravel.

Realism(from Late Latin realis - material, real) - a creative method in art, implying a truthful and multifaceted reflection of reality in conjunction with the obvious author's position, typification of characters and circumstances, interest in the problem of the value of the individual in society.

In the works of Western European composers, the second half of the 19th century century, realism was reflected in the works of J. Bizet, G. Verdi, J. Brahms, F. Liszt and others.

The founder of the realistic school in Russian music was M. I. Glinka, whose traditions were developed in the works of A. S. Dargomyzhsky, A. P. Borodin, M. P. Mussorgsky, N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, P.I. Tchaikovsky, S.V. Rachmaninova and others.

In the music of the 20th century, realism received further development in the works of S.S. Prokofiev, D.D. Shostakovich, A.I. Khachaturian, G.V. Sviridov, R.K. Shchedrin and others.

Expressionism(from lat. expressionis - expression) is a movement in European art of the first quarter of the 20th century, which is based on the tragic worldview of humanity on the eve of and during the First World War and in the post-war years. Expressionism is a protest against the absurdity of the world and the humiliation of man.

Representatives of the expressionist movement in music are A. Schoenberg, A. Berg, B. Bartok and others.

2. CLASSIFICATION OF MUSICAL GENRES

Musical genre (from lat. genus - genus, species) is one of the most important means of artistic generalization. Being a multi-valued concept, musical genres characterize historically established types and types of musical works in connection with their origin, purpose, method, conditions of performance and perception, as well as with the characteristics of content and form.

By origin and life purpose Genres are divided into everyday genres and genres that do not have specific vital functions. Everyday (primary) genres, depending on the functions performed by music in various everyday, work, and ritual situations, include song, dance, march . Secondary genres ( opera, symphony, ballet etc.), unlike the primary ones, are determined by the autonomy of creativity. At the same time, secondary genres of music are genetically connected with primary ones as with content-associative models.

By way and living conditions musical genres are divided into chamber And concert . Chamber genres (quartets, trios, sonatas, romances, plays) due to the practice of playing music in the home environment; concert genres (concerts for solo instruments with orchestra) with their virtuosity - intended for concert performance.

By composition of performers and method of performance musical genres are divided into vocal And instrumental . Vocal genres, in turn, are conventionally divided into solo ( song, romance, aria), ensemble and choral. Depending on the participants in the performance, purely vocal and vocal-instrumental genres are distinguished. Vocal and instrumental are divided into chamber (a vocal piece accompanied by one or more instruments) and orchestral. Orchestral ones include oratorios, masses, requiems.

Instrumental genres include solo (ballad, poem, lyrical miniature), ensemble (quartet, sonata for solo instrument with accompaniment) and orchestral (symphonies, concerts, overtures).

Song(from lat. cantus) is the most common genre of vocal folk and professional music, based on the relationship between music and poetic images. As a rule, the song has a verse form. There are a number of classifications of works of the song genre - according to content (lullabies, lyrical, dance, historical, etc.), origin and sphere of existence (urban, peasant), composition (single-voice and polyphonic), forms of performance (solo and choral, with accompaniment and without it).

Dance(from German Tanz) is a type of art, the main means of creating artistic image which is movement.

The history of dance goes back thousands of years. At the initial stage of its formation, dance existed in a syncretic form - as a unity of singing, dancing and sound accompaniment. IN Ancient India dance was understood as revealing the essence of things. IN Ancient Greece dance was revered as a means of ennobling a person. In the countries of medieval Europe and Rus', dance was not recognized as Christian morality, although it continued to exist among the people.

Gavotte(from French gavotte) - moderate dance of French origin; dance of gavottes, inhabitants of the region of France.

Minuet(from French menu pas - small step) is a dance of French origin.

Mazurka(more precisely - Mazur from the name of the inhabitants of Mazovia - Mazury) - a fast three-beat dance with a characteristic shift of emphasis to the second, sometimes third beat.

Polonaise(from French polonaise - “walking dance”, dance-thing) is a Polish dance of a ceremonial nature, initially a village folk dance, then it opened court balls.

Krakowiak- a bipartite Polish dance that originated in the Krakow Voivodeship.

Waltz(from German Walzen - spinning in dance) - a smooth dance based on smooth circling combined with forward movement; arose on the basis of dances from Austria, the Czech Republic, and Germany.

Polka(from Czech polka - half step, half) is a lively and simple Czech dance.

Halling(from the name of a valley in southwestern Norway) is a Norwegian moderate solo male dance.

Kamarinskaya- Russian folk dance song and dance (mainly male), re-dance, mainly of a comic nature. Musical time signature 2/4, sometimes 3/4.

Trepak- Russian folk dance, fast, perky, rhythmically clear, with dashing stomping. The main figures are improvised by dancers showing their dexterity and ingenuity; size 2/4.

Gopak(from Ukrainian gop - an exclamation that is uttered during a dance; hence the verbs gopati - stomp, gopkati - jump) - Ukrainian folk dance, fast, impetuous; men improvise complex figures, including high jumps, competing in agility; size 2/4.

Bulba(Belarusian - potato) - a modern Belarusian folk dance song. Sung and danced by girls in the style of folk polka. The tempo is lively, perky, two-beat meter.

Cap(from Belarusian kryzh, Polish krzyz - cross), folk song and dance in Belarus and Poland. Musical time signature is 2/4 and 4/4.

Lezginka- folk dance of Lezgins living in Dagestan. Nowadays it is common among almost all peoples of the Caucasus (Georgians, Kabardians, Ossetians, Ingush, Chechens, etc.).

In the 20th century, they became popular rumba(African-American dance in two-beat time, with a sharply syncopated rhythm and accents on the weak beats of the bar), foxtrot(from English fox - fox and trot - fast step, salon dance at a moderately fast pace with a march-like rhythm), Charleston(ballroom dance, which originated in Charleston, a type of foxtrot), samba(active Brazilian dance of urban origin), etc.

March(from French marche - procession, movement forward) is a musical genre, the characteristic features of which are a strict, measured tempo, a clear rhythm. Varieties of march: military, sports, mourning. In addition to its practical significance, the march is a genre of stage music (Chernomor's March from the opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila" by M.I. Glinka, March from the ballet "The Nutcracker" by P.I. Tchaikovsky) and concert music ("March of the Wooden Soldiers" from "Children's Album" P.I. Tchaikovsky).