Nekrasov devoted many years of his life to working on the poem, which he called his “favorite brainchild.” The writer accumulated material for the poem, as the author of the work admits, “word by word for twenty years.”

The prologue was published in the January book of Sovremennik, 1866. The “Prologue” to the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” performs the function of exposition, that is, it introduces the reader to the general idea, the facts, previous events described later in the work.

The introductions in the “Prologue” begin with fabulous, mysterious words - “In a certain kingdom, in a certain state.” From the first words it is already clear which country the poem will be about, well, of course, about Rus'. Seven men from the villages of Zaplatova, Dyryavina, Gorelova, Neyolova, Neurozhayki came together. The names speak for themselves: one is always without a harvest, the other is burned to the ground, and so on. Nekrasov uses “speaking” names of villages for a reason, but in order to draw the reader’s attention to the problem of serfdom.

The characteristics of each of the seven men speak for themselves: they are laconic and unhurried. Slow Pakhom, who needs to “put out” before uttering words, “gloomy, wayward” Prov. Nekrasov compares men to a bull:

The guy's a bull: he'll get in trouble

To the head, what a whim -

Stake her from there

You can’t knock it out: it resists,

Everyone stands on their own!

The author tells us that the Russian man is stubborn and persistent in achieving his goal. All the usual everyday activities were abandoned - so strong was the general concern that gripped the peasants to find those “who live cheerfully, at ease in Rus'.”

Here, in the “Prologue,” the fairy-tale plot begins. Pakhom picks up a chick that has fallen from the nest, the chick's mother flies in and asks to be released. And he redeems the chick with a tablecloth - self-assembled. So Nekrasov included three fairy-tale motifs in the “Prologue” at once: a talking bird, a ransom and a tablecloth - a self-assembling, widespread in Russian folk tales. The men, who were originally hardworking and received a self-assembled tablecloth, did not ask for riches from the magic bird. And they asked for ordinary, modest, poor food: bread, kvass, cucumbers.

This is how the journeys across Rus' of hard-working peasants begin, wanting to find those “who can live well in Rus'.” When I started reading the prologue, I was so interested in the poem that I read it without stopping. With the prologue from the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus',” the fairy tale will essentially go away. We, the readers, enter the world real life. But it was the prologue that introduced us to this world of large dimensions - time and space.

“Who lives well in Rus'”

Questions and tasks

"Prologue"

  1. What is the essence of the dispute between men? What oath do they take at the end of the Prologue?
  2. What folklore motifs appear in the Prologue?
  3. What are the subject realities, the names speak about hard life peasant in the post-reform period?
  4. What is the plot- compositional role"Prologue" in a poem? Can we consider that “Prologue” is the author’s bid for a new image of the “encyclopedia of Russian life”, this time primarily the life of the people, peasants?

"Pop"

  1. Did the men find happiness in this chapter? Why does the priest himself consider himself unhappy? Is it so?
  2. How does the chapter portray the situation of the peasants? What troubles befall them?
  3. What words and expressions paint figurative pictures of the life of the priest and peasants? What's it like author's attitude to them?
  4. What folkloric elements can be seen in this chapter?

"Rural Fair"

  1. What life circumstances, according to Nekrasov, prevented the peasants from being happy?
  2. How do you see Pavlusha Veretennikov? What is his lifestyle? What author's characteristics of this image did you notice? What is its compositional role in the chapter?
  3. What meaning does the author put into the image of a bench “with paintings and books” at a fair? What is his attitude towards public education?
  4. What mood does this chapter evoke? Why, despite adversity, did the Russian peasant not consider himself unhappy? What qualities of the Russian peasant do the author admire?
  5. How is the folklore flavor of the poem reflected in the chapter?

Analysis of peasant types in the poem

(Yakim Nagoy - part 1.ch. 3; Ermil Girin - part 1.ch. 4; Saveliy, the Holy Russian hero - part 3, chapter 3;

Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina-part 3, prologue; chapters 1,2; Part 3. Chapter 4-8)

  1. What is the hero's name? How old is he? What is its appearance?
  2. What's its story? What troubles and hardships befell him?
  3. Which character talks about life? What is accepted and what is denied in the peasant way of life?
  4. What moral qualities does the author give to the hero? How do you feel about him?
  5. What is the hero’s idea of ​​happiness, of the paths that lead to it?
  6. Why didn’t the wanderers recognize the hero as happy?
  7. What is the meaning of the hero's speaking surname?
  8. What is the semantic role of folklore elements in the chapters about the hero?

Landowners in the poem

  1. Why does the author give satirical portraits of landowners? Compare the manner of their depiction with the description of the appearance of the peasants.
  2. What do the speaking names of landowners tell the reader?
  3. With what feeling does the author depict the relationship between landowners and peasants before the abolition of serfdom? Why do the words “care”, “love”, “mercy” sound sarcasm in the poem?
  4. What meaning does their speech characteristics reveal in understanding the images of landowners?
  5. How does the author use subject detail, hyperbole, grotesque, and inconsistency in his depiction of landowners?
  6. What funny situations do landowners find themselves in? Why is this laughter sad? What traditions of Russian literature does Nekrasov use here?
  7. What popular assessments of the oppressors are heard in the chapters? Can the images of landowners be considered one-line or do they contain complexity and internal contradictions?
  8. How are the peasants portrayed in the chapters? What is the author’s attitude towards people of “servile rank”? How does the author relate to the peasants of Prince Utyatin? Why?

Tasks

  1. Describe the image of Pavlusha Veretennikov. What does he do and how does he help the peasants? Are his activities useful for the oppressed people? (Part 1, Chapter 2, 3)
  2. Describe the exemplary slave Yakov Verny. How does he express his protest against the masters? What is the nature of his protest? What is the ideological and compositional role of his image in the poem?
  3. Describe the appearance of Kudeyar-Ataman from the legend “About Two Great Sinners”. What allegorical meaning is contained in the legend of Kudeyar? What path of the struggle for the freedom of the people does Nekrasov show using the example of Kudeyar? How does this image relate to the images of “righteous” and “sinners” in 19th century literature?
  4. Why is none of these heroes recognized by Nekrasov as a real people's defender, a happy man?
  5. What are the best and worst features of the Russian national character that Nekrasov depicts in the poem?

Grisha Dobrosklonov is real people's defender, happy man.

  1. Write a story about Grisha Dobrosklonov, paying attention to:
  • his past
  • characteristics of his parents
  • portrait
  • his financial situation
  • character traits, talents, abilities
  1. What images of Russian literature of the 19th century are consistent with the image of Grisha Dobrosklonov? Which real prototypes could he have? Why does Nekrasov make his hero a poet? What can you say about his poetic talent?
  2. Read Grisha’s songs: “Salty”, “In the midst of the low world...”, “In moments of despondency, O Motherland...”, “Rus”. What problems do they raise? How do they characterize Grisha? How do the songs express the author’s faith in the strength of the Russian people?
  3. What are life positions Gregory? For what purpose does the author tell us about his youth? Which path does he choose for himself? What does fate have in store for him? Do the features of a romantic or realistic style prevail in the depiction of Grisha Dobrosklonov? Support your opinions with text.
  4. What image of Russia does the author paint in the chapter “A Feast for the Whole World”? How does Grisha characterize his homeland? How does he appear to us as the author of the song “Rus”?
  5. What is the meaning of the author’s position, considering Gregory the happy one the men were looking for? What high understanding of happiness does Nekrasov proclaim?

Nekrasov devoted many years of his life to working on the poem, which he called his “favorite brainchild.” The writer accumulated material for the poem, as the author of the work admits, “word by word for twenty years.”
The prologue was published in the January book of Sovremennik, 1866. The “Prologue” to the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” performs the function of exposition, that is, it introduces the reader to the general idea, the facts, previous events described later in the work.
The introductions in the “Prologue” begin with fabulous, mysterious words - “In a certain kingdom, in a certain state.” From the first words it is already clear which country the poem will be about, well, of course, about Rus'. Seven men from the villages of Zaplatova, Dyryavina, Gorelova, Neyolova, Neurozhayki came together. The names speak for themselves: one is always without a harvest, the other is burned to the ground, and so on. Nekrasov uses “speaking” names of villages for a reason, but in order to draw the reader’s attention to the problem of serfdom.
The characteristics of each of the seven men speak for themselves: they are laconic and unhurried. Slow Pakhom, who needs to “put out” before uttering words, “gloomy, wayward” Prov. Nekrasov compares men to a bull:
The guy's a bull: he'll get in trouble
To the head, what a whim -
Stake her from there
You can’t knock it out: it resists,
Everyone stands on their own!
The author tells us that the Russian man is stubborn and persistent in achieving his goal. All the usual everyday activities were abandoned - so strong was the common concern that gripped the peasants to find those “who live cheerfully, at ease in Rus'.”
Here, in the “Prologue,” the fairy-tale plot begins. Pakhom picks up a chick that has fallen from the nest, the chick's mother flies in and asks to be released. And he redeems the chick with a tablecloth - self-assembled. So Nekrasov included three fairy-tale motifs in the “Prologue”: a talking bird, a ransom and a tablecloth - a self-assembled tablecloth, widespread in Russian folk tales. The men, who were originally hardworking and received a self-assembled tablecloth, did not ask for riches from the magic bird. And they asked for ordinary, modest, poor food: bread, kvass, cucumbers.
This is how the journeys across Rus' of hard-working peasants begin, wanting to find those “who can live well in Rus'.” When I started reading the prologue, I was so interested in the poem that I read it without stopping. With the prologue from the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus',” the fairy tale will essentially go away. We, the readers, enter the world of real life. But it was the prologue that introduced us to this world of large dimensions - time and space.

End of work -

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Poem by A.S. Pushkin about love, bliss, be like a full cup, a storm, the fire of desire burns in your blood, far from you

A poem from Pushkin about love.. bliss be like a full cup; a storm burns in the blood; fire burns.. in love with a woman’s charms..

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, an ancient genre that was not widespread in contemporary literature for the poet.

In an epic poem, or epic, the foreground is not the life of an individual, but of an entire people. Nekrasov’s poem recreates the fate of the Russian people after the reform, as well as the people’s consciousness, the peasant’s view of the world. A characteristic element of an epic poem is prologue , where they play a special role fairy-tale-fantastic images . This, for example, is a magic bird, a self-assembled tablecloth, as well as seven eagle owls, a raven, and the witch Durandiha. These images have symbolic meaning

. For example, a self-assembled tablecloth is a symbol of well-being and earthly happiness. In addition, in his work Nekrasov uses various genres folk art . This fairy tale (about the self-assembled tablecloth - in the prologue), song (there are especially many of them in the parts “Peasant Woman” and “Feast for the Whole World”), epic (for example, the story about Savelia), cry (Matryona Timofeevna’s cry for Dyomushka), legend (“About two great sinners”), mystery

(about snow, about an ax, about a castle, about an echo). Let's look at some plot and compositional features poems. Nekrasov wrote his work in the form trips , which is typical for folk epic . To whom in Rus'...” opens the image pillar path

, on which seven wandering men came together. The poem is distinguished polyphonism . It includes a bunch of storylines . It contains the most different voices . Particular emphasis should be placed on the role polyphony in the chapters “Rural Fair”, “ drunken night

", "Happy", in the part "Feast for the whole world". The entire peasant Russia appears before the reader. The poet uses such artistic means and techniques , How, figurative parallelism, personifications,comparisons constant epithets

Let's give examples. Resorting to figurative parallelism, Nekrasov likens the death of a baby to the death of a nightingale’s nest, the story of which opens the chapter “Dyomushka”:

The tree was lit by a thunderstorm,

And there was a nightingale

There's a nest on the tree...

Another parallel to the tragic event is the story of a swallow that builds a nest under the shore:

Oh, swallow! Oh, stupid!

Don't build nests under the shore,

Under the steep shore!..

Nekrasov also resorts to such a technique as negative concurrency:

It is not the winds that blow violently,

It is not mother earth that sways -

He makes noise, sings, swears,

Swaying, lying around,



Fights and kisses

People are celebrating!

Drawing the sun after the rain, Nekrasov resorts to personification: “The red sun laughs...”

The poet uses numerous personifications. For example, the night is likened to a letter that the Lord writes in red gold in heaven:

Silent night is falling

Already out into the dark sky

Luna is already writing a letter

Lord is red gold

On blue on velvet...

Popular rumor is likened to the blue sea; “rainy clouds” are compared to “milk cows.”

In the poem there are comparisons: “violent winds”, “high street”, “red sun”, “blue sea”.

In the poem are often words with diminutive suffixes: “darling”, “chicks”, “mother”, “young lady”, “lipochka”.

All these means give “Who in Rus'...” features, bringing together Nekrasov's poem with works of folk art.

Questions and tasks

1. Tell us about the history of the creation of Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.” When did the poet start working on this work? Did he complete it? What parts of the poem have come down to us?

2. What era is reflected in Nekrasov’s poem? The life of which classes and social groups reflected by the poet? Why can we say that the life of Russia is shown in “Who in Rus'...” from a historical perspective?

3. What are the contradictions in people’s life and national consciousness Nekrasov reflected in “Who in Rus'...”? What is author's position in the poem?

4. Name the main motives Nekrasov's poem and briefly comment on them. Which of the motifs is central, plot-forming?

5. Determine the ideological and compositional meaning of the seven wandering men. Quote the beginning of the poem - a passage that characterizes this collective image.

6. Tell us about Yakima Nagy. How does the poet describe Yakima's appearance? What opposing traits are combined in this hero?

7. Why can we call Ermil Girin a lover of truth? Comment on the main episodes that reveal the spiritual appearance of this character.



8. What features of Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina indicate that in her image Nekrasov embodied his ideal ideas about a peasant woman? List and briefly comment on the facts from Matryona’s life that indicate the tragedy of her fate; Give examples from the text of the poem. What artistic means does Nekrasov use to create the image of the heroine? Quote the statements of the pilgrim pilgrim and Matryona herself about women's happiness.

9. Why does Nekrasov call Saveliy’s grandfather “the hero of Holy Russia”? How did the hero’s heroism manifest itself? Why can Savely be called a hero of spirit?

10. Name and briefly describe peasant serfs. How exactly does their servility manifest itself? Is it true to say that among the slaves depicted in the poem there are only comic figures?

11. Describe the image of a priest. Can we say that the village priest is depicted by Nekrasov with sympathy? Support your point of view with examples from the text.

12. What features of the Russian nobility and noble life in general were reflected in the image of Obolt-Obolduev? Which artistic techniques does Nekrasov use to create his image?

13. Why did the peasants nickname Prince Utyatin “the last one”? How does the poet describe the hero's appearance? How are the prince’s “eccentricities” manifested? What character traits does Nekrasov endow with Utyatin’s heirs?

14. What other landowners did Nekrasov portray in his work? Are there any virtuous people who have compassion for the people among the nobles described in the poem?

15. What is the role of the images of Savva and Grisha Dobrosklonov in “Who in Rus'...”? Which of the real people, close friends of the poet, became the prototype of Grisha Dobrosklonov? In what form does Grisha express his ideas? Who is the author addressing with his young hero?

16. Tell us about the folk calendar, recreated by Nekrasov in “Who in Rus'...” How do pictures of nature relate to church holidays and folk signs? Give examples from the text.

17. Describe the genre “To whom in Rus'...” Was the genre of the epic poem widespread during the time of Nekrasov? What goals did the poet pursue when turning to this genre? What element of “Who in Rus'...” is characteristic of the epic poem? What genres of folk art did Nekrasov use in his work?

18. Describe the plot and compositional features of “Who in Rus'...” What underlies the plot of the work? How does the polyphony of the poem manifest itself?

19. What artistic means and techniques does Nekrasov use in “Who in Rus'...”? List them and give examples from the text of the poem.

20. Make a detailed outline on the topic: “Images of landowners and peasants in the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”.”

21. Write an essay on the topic: “Traditions of folk art in the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”.”

Topic 17. M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin. Brief biographical information. Fairy tales

The role of the prologue in the poem by N.A. Nekrasov “Who can live well in Rus'?”

Nekrasov devoted many years of his life to working on the poem, which he called his “favorite brainchild.” The writer accumulated material for the poem, as the author of the work admits, “word by word for twenty years.”

The prologue was published in the January 1866 issue of Sovremennik. The “Prologue” to the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” performs the function of exposition, that is, it introduces the reader to the general concept, facts, previous events described later in the work.

The introductions in the “Prologue” begin with fabulous, mysterious words - “In a certain kingdom, in a certain state.” From the first words it is already clear which country the poem will be about, well, of course, about Rus'. Seven men from the villages of Zaplatova, Dyryavina, Gorelova, Neyolova, Neurozhayki came together. The names speak for themselves: one is always without a harvest, the other is burned to the ground, and so on. Nekrasov uses “speaking” names of villages for a reason, but in order to draw the reader’s attention to the problem of serfdom.

The characteristics of each of the seven men speak for themselves: they are laconic and unhurried. Slow Pakhom, who needs to “put out” before uttering words, “gloomy, wayward” Prov. Nekrasov compares men to a bull:

The guy's a bull: he'll get in trouble

To the head, what a whim -

Stake her from there

You can’t knock it out: it resists,

Everyone stands on their own!

The author tells us that the Russian man is stubborn and persistent in achieving his goal. All the usual everyday activities were abandoned - so strong was the general concern that gripped the peasants to find those “who live cheerfully, at ease in Rus'.”

Here, in the “Prologue,” the fairy-tale plot begins. Pakhom picks up a chick that has fallen from the nest, the chick's mother flies in and asks to be released. And he redeems the chick with a tablecloth - self-assembled. So Nekrasov included three fairy-tale motifs in the “Prologue”: a talking bird, a ransom and a tablecloth - a self-assembled tablecloth, widespread in Russian folk tales. The men, who were originally hardworking and received a self-assembled tablecloth, did not ask for riches from the magic bird. And they asked for ordinary, modest, poor food: bread, kvass, cucumbers.

This is how the journeys across Rus' of hard-working peasants begin, wanting to find those “who can live well in Rus'.” When I started reading the prologue, I was so interested in the poem that I read it without stopping. With the prologue from the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus',” the fairy tale will essentially go away. We, the readers, enter the world of real life. But it was the prologue that introduced us to this world of large dimensions - time and space.