Online definition of the category of adverbs. Adverb categories. Groups of pronominal adverbs

Linguists who study the Old Russian language claim that adverbs were present in Old Russian writings. Even then, their first groups and subgroups were outlined according to methods of formation and morphological meanings.

Adverbs in sentences more often play the syntactic role of adverbs. According to the lexical meaning, two groups are distinguished: adverbial and attributive categories of adverbs.

Determinative adverbs

These adverbs denote quantitative and qualitative characteristics of an action, state and other characteristics. The categories of adverbs are divided into three subgroups:

1. Quantitative adverbs. They indicate the degree of quality and the measure of action, answer the questions: to what extent? How many? (examples - little, doubly, a little, full, until dark, a lot, almost).
2. Qualitative adverbs. They are formed from qualitative adjectives, determine the quality of a characteristic or object, answer the question how? (examples - weak, modest, fast, dark, slow)
3. The image and degree of action. An adverb characterizes how actions are performed and answers the questions: how? How? (examples - to pieces, blindly, on the sly, by touch)

Adverbs of adverbs

The adverbial categories of adverbs describe target, temporal, causal and spatial relationships. Divided into 4 groups:

1. Adverbs of place. They point to the place of action and answer the questions: where? where? Where? (examples - right, left, above, here, everywhere, there, there).
2. Adverbs of time. They indicate the time of action, answer the questions: since when? How long? When? (examples - today, yesterday, constantly, sometimes, daily, summer, spring, so far).
3. Adverbs of purpose. They indicate the purpose of the action, that is, why this action is being performed, and answer the question: for what purpose? For what? (examples - for show, out of spite, by accident, by chance, deliberately, on purpose).
4. Adverbs of reason. The reason why actions occur is indicated and the question is answered: why? (examples - because, in the heat of the moment, out of malice, out of stupidity, for nothing, blindly).

Adverbs also correlate with other independent parts of speech - adjectives, nouns, verbs, pronouns, numerals and gerunds.

Adverbs are formed in several ways:

1. Merging prepositions with with simultaneous rethinking of the case form and turning it into several separate words.
2. Repetition of words with the addition of prepositional prefixes (for example, on-) to the form of an adverb (for example, dryly-dry). Repetition of the same word in different case forms (examples - white-white, black-black). They also use the repetition of words with synonymous meanings (examples - tightly, tightly, kindly).
3. Thus, it is widespread to rethink the gerund through the loss of specific and temporal meanings (examples - lying, standing, reluctantly, immediately).
4. Formation of adverbs by adding suffixes to the base of the adjective and present participle (examples - melodiously, widely, threateningly, friendly). This method also applies to (once, twice).
5. Adverbs are formed from pronouns and adjectives using two suffixes -mu- and -mu-. The prefix in- is also added (examples - in the old way, in the spring way, in the new way, in the good way, in English).
6. Also, adverbs can be formed from which are used in the form of circumstances (examples - at a stone's throw, through the sleeves, upside down, before dawn, than light, in a hurry).

This - the main ways of forming adverbs.

Spelling adverbs

One of the most difficult sections is the spelling rules that govern the various categories of adverbs. However, the spelling of most of them just needs to be memorized.

Adverbs perform one of the most important things: they complement and clarify spoken or written phrases.

Linguists include the morphological features of this part of speech as the invariability of adverbs, that is, the absence of several forms of changes in numbers and cases and the presence of some word-forming suffixes.

Adverbs of time indicate the time at which an action is performed. Qualitative adverbs express a characteristic or evaluation of an action or attribute. According to their meaning, adverbs can be attributive and adverbial. Determinative adverbs can refer not only to a verb, but also to an adverb, a noun, or a word of a state category, characterizing them from different sides. If an adverb is attached to a verb, it denotes an action.

The adverb as an independent part of speech was identified in ancient grammar. There are still different views on adverbs these days. Some linguists (followers of famous scientists L.V. Shcherba and V.V. Vinogradov) separate the so-called category of state from adverbs.

Adverbs have no gender, number, case, are not inflected or conjugated. Adverbs usually depend on verbs, adjectives and other adverbs, forming phrases with them. They are similar in form to adverbs and answer similar questions. But, unlike adverbs, in a sentence they do not depend on other words and are always predicates in an impersonal sentence (cf.: It’s fun in the soul; It’s light at night).

1) Qualitative adverbs starting with -о (-е) coincide in form with the neuter forms of short adjectives. 2) The simple comparative degree of adjectives coincides with the simple comparative degree of adverbs. Wed: He is calmer than me (adjective - he is calmer than me; he is calm) - Speak calmer (adverb - speak more calmly; speak calmly). Part of speech, general grammatical meaning and question.

Unlike significant adverbs, they do not name various circumstances, but only indicate them; in a sentence they serve to generalize, as well as to express a question. Particle in Russian - This term has other meanings, see Particle. Determinative quantitative adverbs denote the measure and degree of quality, the intensity of action. Adverbial adverbs serve as indicators of spatial, temporal, causal and target relationships.

Adverbs of place indicate the place where an action takes place or its direction. Adverbs of cause indicate the reason why an action is performed. Adverbs of purpose indicate the purpose for which an action is performed. Unlike adverbial adverbs, attributive adverbs are constantly being replenished. The question of an adverb depends on the meaning it expresses.

To what extent is the characteristic of qualitative adverbs manifested to the greatest or least degree?

In a sentence, adverbs most often act as adverbs of different types and the nominal part of a compound predicate. Adverbs most often refer to the verb and characterize the time, place, purpose, and reason for the action.

Specifically, on purpose, out of spite, in defiance, as a joke, intentionally. Morphological analysis of an adverb includes the identification of two constant features (category in meaning and the presence of forms of degrees of comparison). The adverb has no unstable characteristics, since it is an unchangeable word.

141. Write down phraseological units, choosing a synonymous adverb for them. 142. Read the text. Give it a title. Write down phrases with adverbs. And they set a samovar for themselves twice, or even three times a day. Write down the adverbs. 145. Read the text. Name pronominal adverbs and their groups.

146. Read Winnie the Pooh's song. What is special about the highlighted adverbs? Answer each of the questions using as many adverbs as possible. And here they sing! 2. Underline the adverbs as parts of the sentence. 3. Find pronominal adverbs. Homework: How do pronominal adverbs differ from other adverbs? Find adverbs that are used as a predicate (or part of it). 1. The Living Room was noisy and disorderly (Kupr.).

9. Trofimov stepped forward and stood at attention again (Ketl.). Exercise 377. Read the sentences carefully and explain what makes them special. Exercise 379. Rewrite the sentences, underlining the adverbs.

Exercise 389 Read carefully and compare the following sentences. 4. Remind about the syntactic role of adverbs. Explain with examples what parts of speech adverbs can be confused with, and build a reasoning algorithm to avoid further mistakes.

Is it correct to believe that adverbs include indeclinable, inconjugable and inconsistent words?

Pronominal adverbs are among the most ancient. The class of adverbs is replenished with words from different parts of speech: nouns, adjectives, verbs, numerals. The superlative also has a simple and a compound form, but in modern language the compound form is more common.

See what “adverb categories” are in other dictionaries:

Our company has a staff of 30 permanent translators and more than 1,000 highly specialized specialists. From the ancient Greek language, the term can be literally translated as “verb,” that is, a word directly related to the verb.

This category is formed on the basis that words of this type occupy a syntactic position (predicate) that is unusual for adverbs and name not a feature, but a state of the subject. Initial form (unchangeable word; positive degree form - for qualitative adverbs). Vera was strictly simple, cold with everyone and a little patronizingly kind, independent and royally calm. Parts of speech - Parts of speech are classes of words in a language, distinguished on the basis of the commonality of their syntactic (see Syntax), morphological (see Morphology) and semantic (see Semantics) properties.

In a sentence, adverbs are usually adverbs. Adverbs of reason indicate the reason for an action. Quantitatively, the language is dominated by attributive adverbs. Quantitative adverbs determine the measure or degree of manifestation of an action or attribute.

Linguists who study the Old Russian language claim that adverbs were present in Old Russian writings. Even then, their first groups and subgroups were outlined according to methods of formation and morphological meanings.

Adverbs in sentences more often play the syntactic role of adverbs. According to the lexical meaning, two groups are distinguished: adverbial and attributive categories of adverbs.

Determinative adverbs

These adverbs denote quantitative and qualitative characteristics of an action, state and other characteristics. The categories of adverbs are divided into three subgroups:

1. Quantitative adverbs. They indicate the degree of quality and the measure of action, answer the questions: to what extent? How many? (examples - little, doubly, a little, full, until dark, a lot, almost).
2. Qualitative adverbs. They are formed from qualitative adjectives, determine the quality of a characteristic or object, answer the question how? (examples – weak, modest, fast, dark, slow)
3. The image and degree of action. An adverb characterizes how actions are performed and answers the questions: how? How? (examples - to pieces, blindly, on the sly, by touch)

Adverbs of adverbs

The adverbial categories of adverbs describe target, temporal, causal and spatial relationships. Divided into 4 groups:

1. Adverbs of place. They point to the place of action and answer the questions: where? where? Where? (examples - right, left, above, here, everywhere, there, there).
2. Adverbs of time. They indicate the time of action, answer the questions: since when? How long? When? (examples - today, yesterday, constantly, sometimes, daily, summer, spring, so far).
3. Adverbs of purpose. They indicate the purpose of the action, that is, why this action is being performed, and answer the question: for what purpose? For what? (examples - for show, out of spite, by accident, by chance, deliberately, on purpose).
4. Adverbs of reason. The reason why actions occur is indicated and the question is answered: why? (examples - because, in the heat of the moment, out of malice, out of stupidity, for nothing, blindly).

Adverbs also correlate with other independent parts of speech - adjectives, nouns, verbs, pronouns, numerals and gerunds.

Adverbs are formed in several ways:

1. Merging prepositions with an independent part of speech while simultaneously rethinking the case form and turning it into several separate words.
2. Repetition of words with the addition of prepositional prefixes (for example, on-) to the form of an adverb (example - dry-dry). Repetition of the same word in different case forms (examples - white-white, black-black). They also use the repetition of words with synonymous meanings (examples: tightly, firmly, kindly).
3. Transition from one part of speech to another. Thus, it is widespread to rethink the gerund through the loss of specific and temporal meanings (examples - lying, standing, reluctantly, immediately).
4. Formation of adverbs by adding suffixes to the base of the adjective and present participle (examples - melodiously, widely, threateningly, friendly). This method also applies to cardinal numbers (once, twice).
5. Suffix-prefix method. Adverbs are formed from pronouns and adjectives using two suffixes -mu- and -mu-. The prefix in- is also added (examples: in the old way, in the spring way, in the new way, in the good way, in English).
6. Also, adverbs can be formed from set expressions that are used in the form of adverbs (examples - at a stone's throw, through the sleeves, upside down, bright and early, in a hurry).

This – the main ways of forming adverbs.

Spelling adverbs

One of the most difficult sections is the spelling rules that govern the various categories of adverbs. However, the spelling of most of them just needs to be memorized.

Adverbs perform one of the important functions of speech: they complement the grammatical basis and clarify spoken or written phrases.

Linguists include the morphological features of this part of speech as the invariability of adverbs, that is, the absence of several forms of changes in numbers and cases and the presence of some word-forming suffixes.

According to their meaning and function in a sentence, adverbs are divided into two large categories: attributive and adverbial.

1. Definitive:

A) qualitative adverbs(how?) Most often formed from qualitative adjectives

ETC: looked carefully, shouted loudly, walked slowly

V.V. Vinogradov wrote: “The widespread development of qualitative adverbs in –о, -е indicates a growing need for qualitative differentiation of shades of action. Qualitative adverbs most often define an action... A whole arsenal of forms is transferred to the category of qualitative adverbs in -o from the system of adjectives, through which an adverb with the meaning of a purely qualitative definition passes and is characterized. These are, first of all, forms of degrees of comparison, forms of subjective assessment...”

b) adverbs of quantity: 1) indefinite adverbs (how many?). Designate an indefinite number of actions and properties.

ETC: a little, a lot, a lot, little, almost, approximately, approximately.

2) adverbs of measure (how many? how many times?). Designate a specific quantity:

ETC: three times, twice, seven times, three times, in two;

3) adverbs of degree (to what extent?). Indicate the degree of manifestation of an action or sign:

ETC: very, extremely, very, completely, excessively, plenty, completely, to the full, to the full, just a little, extremely, absolutely.

V.V. Vinogradov noted: “On the one hand, emotional definitions of degree are “closer” to qualitative (definitive) adverbs, like extremely, wonderful, and on the other hand, quantitative adverbs: very, very, slightly, completely, completely...“Further, according to V.V. Vinogradov: “... In the system of adverbs, the meaning of degree and quantity (as definitions of quality and action) apparently becomes a means of qualitative characteristics. In this regard, the presence of forms of subjective assessment (i.e. formations with diminutive suffixes) in quantitative adverbs is very indicative, for example: a little - a little - a little; little by little - little by little...».

V) adverbs of image and manner of action(how? In what way? In what way?). Denotes a method of performing an action, a manner:

ETC: in a circle, backwards, backhand, flat, scattered, in a whisper, quietly.

G) comparative(how? How?) Very diverse in their semantics, they can denote similarity, comparison, juxtaposition based on different characteristics:

ETC: like spring, like morning; in your opinion, in your opinion; wolf-like, human-like, cat-like; like a child, like a brother, like a comrade, like a gentleman; in Prague, German, Polish, English; a whirlwind, a bullet, an arrow, a wheel.

d) adverbs of compatibility(how? In what way?). They denote a sign of an action based on the combination or combination of subjects or objects participating in this action.

ETC: two, three, herds, pairs, squads, platoons, rows, twos, fives.

However, it should be taken into account that the last two groups (comparative adverbs and adverbs of compatibility) can be considered as part of adverbs of image and method of action (see the textbook by P.A. Lekant).

1. Circumstantial:

A) adverbs of place(where? Where? From where?). Indicates a sign of action in a place:

ETC: here, there, where, here, where, everywhere, below, on the side, next to, around, in the forest, home, from there, from within, from afar.

b) adverbs of time(When?). Indicates a sign of action over time:

ETC: when, now, yesterday, tomorrow, during the day, at night, soon, before, always, before, hourly.

V) adverbs of reason(Why?). Indicate the reason for the action:

ETC: why, because, foolishly, drunk, blindly, in the heat of the moment, involuntarily, out of malice.

G) adverbs of purpose(For what?). Indicate the purpose of the action:

ETC: why, then, out of spite, on purpose, for laughter, for show, intentionally, on purpose.

Classes of adverbs by meaning- these are groups of words that answer specific questions and are connected by a common lexical meaning. There are attributive and adverbial categories of adverbs.

• Determinative adverbs - indicate the quality and manner of performing an action; they can relate to verbs, nouns, other adverbs, adjectives and words of the state category.
• Adverbial adverbs - name the circumstances in which the action is carried out, most often used with verbs.

The main types of adverbs in the Russian language are given in the table with examples and questions.

At school, qualitative adverbs are not separated into a separate group and are classified as adverbs of manner of action.

How to determine the rank of an adverb by meaning?

To determine which category an adverb in a phrase or sentence belongs to, you need to ask a question about it from the word to which it adjoins (from a verb, noun, adjective, adverb, state category).

Examples: arrive (when?) In the evening– adverb of time; hide (for what purpose?) as a joke– adverb of purpose; three times (how much?) more– adverb of measure and degree.

In my own way adverb meaning there are definitivemi And circumstantial.

Definitive adverbs can relate not only to a verb, but also to an adverb, a noun, a word of a state category, characterizing them from different sides. Among the defining adverbs the following are distinguished: 1) qualitative adverbs indicating a qualitative attribute; 2) adverbs of measure and degree; 3) adverbs image or method of action.

Circumstantial adverbs most often refer to a verb and characterize the time, place, purpose, reason for an action. Included in the circumstances adverbs includes: 1) adverbs of place 2) adverbs of time, 3) adverbs of reason, 4) adverbs of purpose.

Quantitatively, the language is dominated by attributives adverbs. Then they go adverbs place and time. The composition adverbs the reasons and especially the goals are very few.