Style in music. Classification of musical genres

Topic 1.3. Genres of musical art

Target: familiarization with style in music, classification of musical genres.

1. STYLE IN MUSIC

The word “style” is of Latin origin and in translation means a way of presentation, a way of speaking. Style in music, the sum of all elements and techniques used in it, its “final” form, is called. Styles are usually classified by composer and era.

Style means:

Sustainable unity of the figurative principles of artistic movements of various historical eras;

Characteristic features of both a separate work and the genre as a whole;

Creative style of individual composers.

Style in music presupposes the commonality of works of musical art with characteristic features works of other types of art of one or another historical period: baroque, classicism, romanticism, impressionism, expressionism, etc.

Baroque(Italian barocco - fancy, pretentious, strange) - a style that dominated art from the end of the 16th to the first half of the 18th century. The Baroque reflected the internal contradictions of the era in connection with the feudal-Catholic reaction and the active rise of advanced forces. The leading position of genres is fugue, cantata, oratorio, opera, the emergence of instrumental genres of sonata and concerto. The brightest representatives of the Baroque era were A. Vivaldi, J. S. Bach and G. F. Handel.

Classicism(from lat. classicus - exemplary) – style in art of the 17th – 18th centuries. The ideals of classicism were the ideas of the philosophy of rationalism - the belief in the rationality of existence, the presence of a universal order, and the harmony of human nature.

The highest stage of classicism was Viennese classical school – artistic movement in European music culture XVIII- the beginning of the 19th century, to which J. Haydn, W.A. Mozart and L. van Beethoven belong. Each of them was a bright individual: Haydn’s style is a bright worldview, the leading role is genre and everyday elements; Mozart has a lyrical-dramatic beginning; Beethoven’s is the embodiment of the heroic pathos of struggle.

Romanticism(from French romanticism) – artistic direction late XVI II – beginning of the 19th century. Features of the direction in musical art– a bright individual, personal beginning, a reflection of a person’s emotional life, spiritual sublimity, interest in folk art, denial of soullessness, relief imagery, a fantastic vision of the world. The lyrical beginning determined the desire of the romantics for infinity musical development, as well as composers’ interest in chamber forms (poems, ballads, fantasies).


Prominent representatives of romanticism in music: F. Schubert, F. Mendelssohn, R. Schumann, R. Wagner, J. Brahms, F. Liszt, F. Chopin, N. Paganini and others.

Impressionism(from French impression - impression) arose in Western Europe in the last quarter of the 19th - early 20th centuries. Characteristic signs– the desire to embody fleeting impressions, inspired landscapes, psychological nuances, to create colorful genre sketches and musical portraits.

The classic expression of impressionism in music is the work of French composers C. Debussy and M. Ravel.

Realism(from Late Latin realis - material, real) - a creative method in art, implying a truthful and multifaceted reflection of reality in conjunction with the obvious author's position, typification of characters and circumstances, interest in the problem of the value of the individual in society.

In the works of Western European composers, the second half of the 19th century century, realism was reflected in the works of J. Bizet, G. Verdi, J. Brahms, F. Liszt and others.

The founder of the realistic school in Russian music was M. I. Glinka, whose traditions were developed in the works of A. S. Dargomyzhsky, A. P. Borodin, M. P. Mussorgsky, N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, P.I. Tchaikovsky, S.V. Rachmaninova and others.

In the music of the 20th century, realism received further development in the works of S.S. Prokofiev, D.D. Shostakovich, A.I. Khachaturian, G.V. Sviridov, R.K. Shchedrin and others.

Expressionism(from lat. expressionis - expression) - a direction in European art of the first quarter of the 20th century, which is based on the tragic worldview of humanity on the eve of and during the First World War and in post-war years. Expressionism is a protest against the absurdity of the world and the humiliation of man.

Representatives of the expressionist movement in music are A. Schoenberg, A. Berg, B. Bartok and others.

2. CLASSIFICATION OF MUSICAL GENRES

Musical genre (from lat. genus - genus, species) is one of the most important means of artistic generalization. Being a multi-valued concept, musical genres characterize historically established genera and types musical works in connection with their origin, purpose, method, conditions of execution and perception, as well as the characteristics of content and form.

By origin and life purpose genres are divided into everyday genres and genres that do not have specific vital functions. Everyday (primary) genres, depending on the functions performed by music in various everyday, work, and ritual situations, include song, dance, march . Secondary genres ( opera, symphony, ballet etc.), unlike the primary ones, are determined by the autonomy of creativity. At the same time, secondary genres of music are genetically connected with primary ones as with content-associative models.

By way and living conditions musical genres are divided into chamber And concert . Chamber genres (quartets, trios, sonatas, romances, plays) due to the practice of playing music in the home environment; concert genres (concerts for solo instruments with orchestra) with their virtuosity - intended for concert performance.

By composition of performers and method of performance musical genres are divided into vocal And instrumental . Vocal genres, in turn, are conventionally divided into solo ( song, romance, aria), ensemble and choral. Depending on the participants in the performance, purely vocal and vocal-instrumental genres are distinguished. Vocal and instrumental are divided into chamber (a vocal piece accompanied by one or more instruments) and orchestral. Orchestral ones include oratorios, masses, requiems.

TO instrumental genres include solo (ballad, poem, lyrical miniature), ensemble (quartet, sonata for solo instrument with accompaniment) and orchestral (symphonies, concerts, overtures).

Song(from lat. cantus) is the most common genre of vocal folk and professional music, based on the relationship between music and poetic images. As a rule, the song has a verse form. There are a number of classifications of works of the song genre - according to content (lullabies, lyrical, dance, historical, etc.), origin and sphere of existence (urban, peasant), composition (single-voice and polyphonic), forms of performance (solo and choral, with accompaniment and without it).

Dance(from German Tanz) is a type of art, the main means of creating artistic image which is movement.

The history of dance goes back thousands of years. At the initial stage of its formation, dance existed in a syncretic form - as a unity of singing, dancing and sound accompaniment. IN Ancient India dance was understood as revealing the essence of things. IN Ancient Greece dance was revered as a means of ennobling a person. In the countries of medieval Europe and Rus', dance was not recognized as Christian morality, although it continued to exist among the people.

Gavotte(from French gavotte) - moderate dance of French origin; dance of gavottes, inhabitants of the region of France.

Minuet(from French menu pas - small step) is a dance of French origin.

Mazurka(more precisely - Mazur from the name of the inhabitants of Mazovia - Mazury) - a fast three-beat dance with a characteristic shift of emphasis to the second, sometimes third beat.

Polonaise(from French polonaise - “walking dance”, dance-thing) is a Polish dance of a ceremonial nature, initially a village folk dance, then it opened court balls.

Krakowiak- a bipartite Polish dance that originated in the Krakow Voivodeship.

Waltz(from German Walzen - spinning in dance) - a smooth dance based on smooth circling combined with forward movement; arose on the basis of dances from Austria, the Czech Republic, and Germany.

Polka(from Czech polka - half step, half) is a lively and simple Czech dance.

Halling(from the name of a valley in southwestern Norway) is a Norwegian moderate solo male dance.

Kamarinskaya- Russian folk dance song and dance (mainly male), re-dance, mainly of a comic nature. Musical time signature 2/4, sometimes 3/4.

Trepak- Russian folk dance, fast, perky, rhythmically clear, with dashing stomping. The main figures are improvised by dancers showing their dexterity and ingenuity; size 2/4.

Gopak(from Ukrainian gop - an exclamation that is uttered during a dance; hence the verbs gopati - stomp, gopkati - jump) - Ukrainian folk dance, fast, impetuous; men improvise complex figures, including high jumps, competing in agility; size 2/4.

Bulba(Belarusian - potato) - a modern Belarusian folk dance song. Sung and danced by girls in the style of folk polka. The tempo is lively, perky, two-beat meter.

Cap(from Belarusian kryzh, Polish krzyz - cross), folk song and dance in Belarus and Poland. Musical time signature is 2/4 and 4/4.

Lezginka- folk dance of Lezgins living in Dagestan. Nowadays it is common among almost all peoples of the Caucasus (Georgians, Kabardians, Ossetians, Ingush, Chechens, etc.).

In the 20th century, they became popular rumba(African-American dance in two-beat time, with a sharply syncopated rhythm and accents on the weak beats of the bar), foxtrot(from English fox - fox and trot - fast step, salon dance at a moderately fast pace with a march-like rhythm), Charleston(ballroom dance, which originated in Charleston, a type of foxtrot), samba(active Brazilian dance of urban origin), etc.

March(from French marche - procession, movement forward) is a musical genre, the characteristic features of which are a strict, measured tempo, a clear rhythm. Varieties of march: military, sports, mourning. In addition to its practical significance, the march is a genre of stage music (Chernomor's March from the opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila" by M.I. Glinka, March from the ballet "The Nutcracker" by P.I. Tchaikovsky) and concert music ("March of the Wooden Soldiers" from "Children's Album" P.I. Tchaikovsky).

Musical genre

Musical genre- a multi-valued concept that characterizes various kinds and types of musical creativity in connection with their origin, as well as the method and conditions of their performance and perception. The concept of a musical genre reflects the main problem of musicology and musical aesthetics - the relationship between extra-musical factors of creativity and its purely musical characteristics. Musical genre is one of the most important means of artistic identification.

The concept of a musical genre can be considered in a broader and narrower aspect. In the broader genre, they talk about operatic, symphonic, chamber genres, etc. In the narrower genre, they distinguish between the genres of lyrical and comic opera; symphonies and symphoniettas; arias, arioso, cavatina, etc.

A number of researchers (in particular V. Tsukerman) distinguish between primary and secondary musical genres. Primary directly related to the conditions of their existence, and secondary genres were formed in conditions of concert performance.

E. Nazaykinsky identifies three historical forms of functioning of genres - syncretic, aesthetic and virtual. IN syncretic form, which is characterized by synchronicity of creativity and perception, the musical genre acts primarily as a canon, which ensures the reproduction of a situation corresponding to a certain tradition. IN aesthetic form, which appeared with the spread of musical notation, music becomes an aesthetic phenomenon and semantic functions come to the fore. IN virtual form, which, thanks to the spread of sound recording, is characterized by the ability to perceive music in various conditions, the structure-forming functions of the genre come to the fore, which often leads to confusion between the terms of musical genre and style, especially in popular music.

see also

  • List of musical genres and trends

Literature

  • T. Cherednichenko. Musical genre // article in the Musical Encyclopedic Dictionary, “ Soviet encyclopedia» 1990
  • E. V. Nazaykinsky- Style and genre in music - M., 2003
  • M. K. Mikhailov - Style in music - M., 1981

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Today's post is dedicated to the topic - the main musical genres. First, let's define what we consider a musical genre. After this, the actual genres will be named, and at the end you will learn not to confuse “genre” with other phenomena in music.

So the word "genre" is of French origin and is usually translated from this language as “species” or genus. Hence, musical genre- this is a type or, if you like, a genus of musical works. No more and no less.

How do musical genres differ from each other?

How does one genre differ from another? Of course, not just the name. Remember the four main parameters that help you identify a particular genre and not confuse it with some other, similar type of composition. This:

  1. type of artistic and musical content;
  2. style features of this genre;
  3. the vital purpose of works of this genre and the role they play in society;
  4. conditions in which it is possible to perform and listen (view) a musical work of a particular genre.

What does all of this mean? Well, for example, let’s take as an example such a genre as “waltz”. Waltz is a dance, and that already says a lot. Since this is a dance, it means that waltz music is not played every time, but precisely when you need to dance (this is a question of performance conditions). Why do they dance the waltz? Sometimes for fun, sometimes to simply enjoy the beauty of plasticity, sometimes because dancing the waltz is a holiday tradition (this goes to the thesis about life’s purpose). The waltz as a dance is characterized by whirling, lightness, and therefore in its music there is the same melodic whirling and elegant rhythmic three-beat, in which the first beat is strong like a push, and the two are weak, flying (this has to do with stylistic and substantive moments ).

Main music genres

Everything, with a large degree of convention, can be divided into four categories: theatrical, concert, mass-everyday and cult-ritual genres. Let's look at each of these categories separately and list the main musical genres that are included there.

  1. Theater genres (the main ones here are opera and ballet; in addition, operettas, musicals, musical dramas, vaudevilles and musical comedies, melodramas, etc. are performed on stage)
  2. Concert genres (these are symphonies, sonatas, oratorios, cantatas, trios, quartets and quintets, suites, concertos, etc.)
  3. Mass genres (here we are mainly talking about songs, dances and marches in all their diversity)
  4. Cult-ritual genres (those genres that are associated with religious or holiday rituals– for example: Maslenitsa songs, wedding and funeral laments, spells, bells, and etc.)

We have named almost all the main musical genres (opera, ballet, oratorio, cantata, symphony, concert, sonata - these are the largest). They really are the main ones and therefore it is not surprising that each of these genres has several varieties.

And one more thing... We must not forget that the division of genres between these four classes is very arbitrary. It happens that genres migrate from one category to another. For example, this happens when the real thing is recreated by the composer on the opera stage (as in Rimsky-Korsakov’s opera “The Snow Maiden”), or in some concert genre - for example, in the finale of Tchaikovsky’s 4th symphony a very famous folk song is quoted . See for yourself! If you find out what this song is, write its name in the comments!

P.I. Tchaikovsky Symphony No. 4 – finale

The song is one of the most common genres of vocal music; it combines poetic text with an easy-to-memorize melody. Songs can be performed by one performer, as well as by a group or choir, with instrumental accompaniment and a cappella.

The most popular is the song. Basic and composer. Their main difference is that the composer's art has at least one author, while the folk art does not have an author; its creator is the people.

Folk songs are passed down from the older generation to the younger. They spread throughout the country thanks to traveling musicians who added them to their repertoire and moved from city to city, bringing them to different listeners. The common people were not taught to read and write, and did not know how to write down music and lyrics, so they learned songs by heart. Naturally, in different cities they could sing the same piece with in different words or melody. In addition, each performer could change the text or motive at will, so in our time you can find several different options one song. At first, people sang at weddings, funerals, on the occasion of the birth of a child, and during rituals. Then people began to sing when they worked, and rested when they were sad or happy.

Composer's songs appeared approximately in the 16th and 17th centuries, with the development of secular culture. These are works that have at least one specific author and must be performed as intended by the creator. The song work of composers reaches the listener in its original form, even if several centuries have passed since its creation.

Types of songs

There are the following song genres:

  • author's (or bard's);
  • Neapolitan;
  • hymns;
  • folk;
  • historical;
  • rock ballads;
  • variety;
  • country;
  • romances;
  • chanson;
  • ditties;
  • lullabies;
  • children's;
  • drill.

Both ancient and modern song genres are listed here. Examples of some of them: “It’s great that we are all gathered here today” by O. Mityaev (Bardovskaya); “Oh, frost, frost” (folk); “I Remember a Wonderful Moment” by M. Glinka to the words of A. Pushkin (romance); “Return to Sorrento” by E. de Curtis and J. de Curtis (Neapolitan); “Soldiers, brave boys” (combatant) and so on.

Russian folk songs

Folk songs are divided into ritual and non-ritual. Ritual accompanies any ritual: a wedding, a funeral, the birth of a child, harvesting, etc. Non-ritual - they are performed not on any specific occasion, but at gatherings, during conversations and parties, they are sung for the mood, expressing the emotions and experiences of people. Themes folk songs can be anything: love, a hard peasant or conscript lot, historical events or real historical figures...

Genres of Russian songs:

  • wedding;
  • recruiting;
  • lullabies;
  • nursery rhymes;
  • pestles;
  • calendar ritual;
  • cry;
  • coachmen;
  • ditties;
  • funeral;
  • robbers;
  • burlatskie;
  • lyrical;
  • round dances;
  • dancing;
  • nicknames.

Chatushki, by the way, is not a very ancient genre; they appeared a little over a hundred years ago and they sang about love. Initially, only boys performed them.

Folk songs include works that express the feelings and moods of those who sing them. Such songs are divided into family and love songs. They can be different in character, even reckless and uncontrollably cheerful. But for the most part, Russian folk lyrics express sadness and melancholy. Often in lyrics, a person’s mood is compared to natural phenomena.

Folk songs can be performed by a soloist, group or choir, accompanied by instruments and a cappella.

Romances

There are genres of songs where accompaniment is no less important than words and melody. Romance belongs to this type. This genre originated in Spain in the Middle Ages. The word “romance” was used to describe works performed in the Spanish style. Later, all secular songs began to be called this way. Russian composers wrote romances based on poems by Alexander Pushkin, Afonasy Fet, Mikhail Lermontov and other poets. In our country, this genre was at the peak of popularity in the 19th century. Many composed romances, most famous works This type of song creativity belongs to M.I. Glinka, P.I. Tchaikovsky, N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov, S.S. Prokofiev, S.V. Rachmaninov,

Bard's song

The genres of songs that appeared in the 20th century are pop, chanson, bard song and others. In our country, this type of musical creativity arose in the second half of the 20th century. A bard song is different in that, most often, the author of the text, composer and performer are one and the same person. That is, the author himself performs his work to his own guitar accompaniment. In this genre, the dominant role belongs to the text. Initially, these songs were divided into student and tourist songs, later the topic expanded. Prominent representatives of this genre: V. Vysotsky, Yu. Vizbor, B. Okudzhava, S. Nikitin, O. Mityaev, V. Dolina. The performers of such songs were often called “singing poets.” In the 50-60s of the 20th century, this genre was called “amateur song”, since often bards are not professional composers, poets and singers.

Music genres(music genres) - list and short description musical genres and directions.

Music genres

1. folk music - music of various peoples of the world.

2. Latin American music- a generalized name for musical genres and styles in Latin America.

3. Indian classical music - music of the Indian people, one of the most ancient genres of music. It takes its origins from the religious practices of Hinduism.

4. European music- a generalized concept that characterizes the music of European countries.

5. Pop music Disco (from the word “disco”) is a genre of dance music that emerged in the early 1970s. Pop (from the word “popular”) is a type of mass musical culture. Easy music (from “easy listening” - “easy to listen”) is music that covers different styles; the common thing in such music is simple, catchy melodies. A singer who performs music in the Pop genre is Madonna.

6. Rock music - a generalized name for the direction of music, the word “rock” means “to swing, rock” and indicates the rhythm of the music.

Country rock is a genre that combines country and rock, and became part of rock and roll after Elvis Presley performed at the 1955 Grand Ole Opry.

Southern rock - “Southern” rock, was popular in the USA in 1970.

Heartland Rock - “rock from the outback”, founded in 1980 on “country” and “blues”.

Garage rock - founded in the United States of America and Canada in 1960, the predecessor of “punk rock”.

Surf rock - (from the English “surf”) - American beach music, was popular in the early 60s.

Instrumental rock is a genre of rock music, the music of this genre is dominated by music rather than vocals, was popular in the 1950s - 1960s.

Folk rock - a genre combining elements of folk and rock, was formed in the UK and the USA in the mid-1960s.

Blues rock - a hybrid genre combining elements of blues and rock and roll, began its development in England and the USA in 1960.

Rock'n'roll - (from the word “roll”) the genre, born in the 1950s in the USA, is an early stage in the development of rock music.

Merseybit - (the meaning of the genre comes from the name of groups from Liverpool, which is located near the River Mersey)—the genre originated in the UK in the 1960s.

Psychedelic rock musical genre, it originated in Western Europe and California in the mid-60s, associated with the concepts of “psychedelia” (hallucinogens).

Progressive rock - a genre that is characterized by the complication of musical forms and the introduction of dialogue.

Experimental rock - a style that is based on experiments with the sound of rock music, another name is Avant-garde rock.

Glam rock - (from the word “spectacular” - “glamorous”) - the genre arose in Great Britain in the 1970s.

Pub rock - the predecessor of punk rock, a movement of music that arose in the 1970s as a protest of representatives of British rock against the excessive purity of sound in American AOR and prog rock.

Hardcore - the genre appeared in the UK and USA in the late 1970s. The sound became faster and heavier compared to the traditional punk rock sound.

Skiffle - singing with accompaniment. Instrumentation included a washboard, harmonica and guitar as a rhythm instrument.

Hard rock - (“hard rock”) is a genre that is characterized by the emphasis on sound percussion instruments and bass guitars. The genre originated in the 1960s and took shape in the early 1970s.

Punk rock - a musical genre that was formed in the USA in the 1970s, a little later - in the UK. The meaning that early groups put into this genre was “the desire to play prevails over the ability to play.”

Bard rock - a genre that appeared in the “Soviet Union” in the 1970s. He developed under the influence of poetry: Viktor Tsoi, Okudzhava.

J-rock (“Japanese rock”) is the name for different styles of rock music that originated in Japan.

Metal - a genre that was formed by hard rock in England and the USA in the 1970s.

Post-punk - a musical genre that was formed in the late 1970s in Great Britain. It was a continuation of punk rock and was distinguished by its diversity of self-expression in music.

New Wave - a direction that includes different genres of rock music, ideologically and stylistically breaking with all previous rock genres. Arose in the late 1970s - early 1980s.

No Wave - direction in cinema, music and performance art. Developed in New York in the late 1970s. This is a kind of response of free musicians and artists to the commercial “New Wave”.

Stoner rock is medium tempo music or slow music with low frequency musical instruments such as bass and guitar.

The genre arose in the 1990s, based on the work of the group “Kyuss”.

Alternative rock — this term refers to various styles of rock music. Appeared in the 1980s and covers many styles and movements that originate in post-punk, punk rock and other styles and musical genres.

Post-rock - experimental musical genre of rock music. Typical for the genrethe use of instruments that are usually used in rock music and chords that are not typical for rock (traditional).

7. Blues - a musical genre that originated in late XIX century, in the Southeastern United States in the African-American community, among the Cotton Belt rebels.

8. Jazz - a genre of music that arose at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries in the USA, as a result of the synthesis of European and African cultures.

9. Country - (“country music”) is one of the most common types of North American music.

10. Chanson - (translated from French - chanson, means song).

Has 2 meanings:

1. French song in cabaret style.

2. Soviet song on French, Renaissance and late Middle Ages.

The first composer and poet who performed songs in the chanson style was Guillaume de Machaut.

The peculiarity of the genre is that the performer, author of the song, music and words are the same person.

12. Romance - (“romance” means “in Spanish”) is a short poem that has lyrical content, sung to music. The term itself originated in medieval Spain and denoted a Soviet song sung in Spanish.

13. Blatnaya song - a genre of song in which one sings about difficult morals and life in a criminal environment. Since the 1990s, the Russian music industry has called the criminal song “Russian chanson,” although it has nothing in common with chanson.

13. Electonic music- a musical genre denoting music that was created using electronic musical instruments. Often, various computer programs are used to create it.

14. Ska - a style that appeared in the late 1950s in Jamaica.

The style is characterized by a 2 by 4 rhythm: when the bass guitar or double bass emphasizes the odd drum beats, and the guitar emphasizes the even ones.

15. Hip-hop - a genre of music that originated in New York, among the working class - November 12, 1974. The founder of hip-hop was DJ Kevin Donovan.

The above list includes only the most popular music genres.

Currently, new musical genres (genres of music) and directions are constantly emerging.

Lady Gaga - Judas (combines electronic music and dance rhythms).