In the textbookedited by M.V. Panovafor 8th grade the concept is introduced predicative basis of the sentence. In addition to the textbook material, this article presents various forms of the subject and predicate. The publication may also be useful in preparing for exams.graduates of grades 9 and 11.

The grammatical basis (otherwise the predicative basis) is a combination formed by the main members, or the only main member offers. The grammatical basis is an important grammatical phenomenon: without it, a sentence does not exist. That is why any syntactic work with a sentence begins with finding its grammatical basis. When determining the grammatical basis and distinguishing the subject and predicate, a number of problems arise. Let's name some of them.


I. Distinguishing between constructions with and without a grammatical basis, that is, sentences and non-sentences.

II. Definition of some varieties of non-morphologized subjects.

III. The nature of a simple verbal compound predicate.

IV. Secrets of the infinitive and the auxiliary verb in the compound verbal predicate.

V. Secrets of the copular verb of the compound nominal predicate.

VI. Question about a complex predicate.

VII. Qualification of predicates expressed by stable combinations.

VIII. The distinction between subject and predicate in the grammatical basis noun + noun.

IX. Distinction between one-part and two-part incomplete sentences with an unsubstituted position of one of the main members.<...>

And here is the first problem - the distinction between sentences and constructions that are not sentences. Let's analyze the examples. To the question Will Petya come for the holidays? You can get different answers: a) Petya will come for the holidays; b) Will come; V) On vacation? G) Yes or Still would! Answer (a) has a grammatical basis Petya will come- this is a proposal. Answer (b) is also a sentence: its grammatical basis is the predicate will come, and there is an unsubstituted subject position, indicated by the form of the predicate verb (see below for more on this). It is more difficult to find the grammatical basis in answer (c): it is not expressed verbally, but it is there. On vacation represents a circumstance, and the circumstance, as is known, is part of the predicate. Therefore, this is a hint that the sentence has a syntactic position of the predicate, only it is not replaced by a word form. We can already talk about the presence of a grammatical basis; On vacation?- also a proposal. Unlike the analyzed examples, answers (d) do not have a grammatical basis (the main members are not presented verbally, and there are no syntactic positions) - these are not sentences. Such constructions in science are called statements. In school textbooks, certain types of statements are discussed; they are called word-sentences, interjection sentences. There is another term for such units - indivisible sentences, which emphasizes that they do not contain sentence members at all.

Note that a statement is any reporting unit, which means that answers (a) - (c) are statements and at the same time grammatical sentences, but answers (d) are only statements, these are peculiar substitutes for grammatical sentences. And further. The main members are not always expressed verbally, that is, there may be their unsubstituted positions in the sentence. Unfilled positions are indicated by signals, or “hints,” as, say, in example (c).

It is interesting that in specific syntactic conditions, the words that form a statement are capable of occupying syntactic positions, that is, performing the function of members of a sentence, including the main ones. Wed. suggestions: 1) We received your letter. Thank you . and 2) Please don't bow, but Thank you doesn't bend your back.(Last) In example (1) Thank you- only a statement, or a word-sentence: it has no grammatical basis. In example (2) Thank you, as well as Please, takes the position of the subject, but at the same time it is substantivized, that is, it acquires some characteristics of a noun. More examples: 3) No, it’s not you that I love so passionately...(M. Lermontov) and 4) There is no music or singing in their houses!(B. Okudzhava) In example (3) No means only negation, has no grammatical basis - this is not a sentence. In a sentence (4) No denotes the absence of something (here - music, singing), is in the position of the predicate and forms a one-part impersonal sentence.

Let's continue the analysis of grammatical sentences: they have a grammatical basis. According to the nature of the grammatical basis, that is, according to the number of main members, their syntactic positions, sentences are divided into two-part and one-part. Analyzing foundations of each type has its own difficulties.

II.

Let's consider the problems associated with studying the grammatical basis of two-part sentences. The grammatical basis of a two-part sentence is formed by the subject and predicate and their syntactic positions. Each main member has its secrets. First of all, let us recall that the members of a sentence are expressed in different ways: by parts of speech intended for them (these are the so-called morphologized members of the sentence) and by parts of speech not intended for them (non-morphologized members of the sentence).

A morphologized subject is expressed by a noun or a noun pronoun ( me, you, who and so on) in the nominative case, they are not difficult to detect. The problems arise with non-morphologized subjects. Let's name some of these subjects. These are, first of all, subjects expressed by syntactically indecomposable phrases. The most common subjects are those with the meaning of quantity - definite, indefinite or approximate. They consist of combinations of a numeral or a word of another part of speech with a quantitative meaning and a noun in genitive case. Here are examples. 5) Four girlfriends were eating cheesecakes; 6) There were four of them(subject to four girlfriends, four of them denote a specific quantity); 7) There were a lot of young people in our city; 8) I have there was little time to sleep(many young people, little time– subjects with indefinite quantitative meaning); 9) About four and a half thousand of it have reached us.[Chekhov] letters to relatives, friends and acquaintances.(K. Chukovsky) ( about four and a half thousand letters - subject with the meaning of approximate quantity).

The subject can be expressed by a syntactically indecomposable phrase with the meaning of selectivity, like most of us in sentence 10) Most of us love to read. These are also subjects expressed by combinations of indefinite or attributive pronouns with nouns, substantivized words or other pronouns, cf.: 11) Someone unknown called you during the day; 12) I opened the case. In it lay something wrapped in something snow-white and light.(D. Granin); 13) All this made me happy; 14) They all made me happy(subjects – someone unfamiliar, something wrapped, all of it, all of them).

Let us pay attention to the subjects expressed by phraseological units that appeared, as noted by Academician. V.V. Vinogradov, as a result of “fusion and merging of parts of a complex sentence” (Grammar of the Russian language: In 2 vols. M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1954. T. II. part 1. P. 21). These are the subjects what to treat, where to go in sentences 15) There was always something to treat. (I. Goff); 16) There was somewhere to go. Let us note in passing that such phraseological units are not separated by commas.

In the subject position there can be direct speech: 17) “ Come, help, without you it’s like without hands,” the letter said.(Yu. Nagibin) (was written Who? What? " Come, help"). There may be inclusions in the subject position. Interspersions are words, phrases that reflect the peculiarities of word usage of characters that are not directly related to the speech situation. Inclusions are usually separated by quotation marks. In sentence 18) Your “thinking about the future” comforted me subject – interspersed with thoughts about the future.

A peculiar subject in sentence 19) Masha composed the poem herself. The point is that the pronoun herself simultaneously connected with two members of the sentence: with the subject Masha and predicate composed(such sentence members are said to have bidirectional syntactic connections). Being associated with the subject, the pronoun occupies the same syntactic position with it: Masha herself - subject. And associated with the predicate verb, it at the same time acts as a circumstance of the manner of action: composed how? herself. Members of a sentence with bidirectional connections, having different meanings at the same time and therefore performing functions - also at the same time! – various members of the sentence are called syncretic (syncretism from the Greek synkretismos - cooperation, commonwealth). Hence, herself– subject and circumstance of the course of action at the same time.

III.

What problems arise when analyzing the predicate? First, let's remember the types of predicates. According to the structure, predicates are distinguished: simple, compound and complex (or complicated, complicated), and according to morphological expression - verbal and nominal. Hence the terms for predicates - simple verbs, compound verbs, compound nominals. There is a special conversation about complex predicates.

Let's focus on simple verbal predicates. This is a morphologized predicate, it is expressed by conjugated verb forms, for example, I love in sentence 20) I love April sunrises. (A. Dementyev). But there are problems here too. Let us pay attention to the fact that simple verbal predicates, but complicated ones, also include predicates represented by repetition of the same verb or verbs of the same root, for example, fly, fly in sentence 21) Fly, pigeons, fly. (From the song) or poured and poured in sentence 22) The trifling rains poured and poured, As if in response to rumors.(V. Dudarev) A simple verb compound is also called a predicate formed by forms of the imperative mood, say, come on tell me in sentence 23) Come on, tell us about yourself! This includes predicates formed by combining conjugated verbs with particles: 24) He went ahead and told(predicate took it and told it).

IV.

The following problems are related to compound verb predicates. Compound verbal predicates are built according to the formula: auxiliary verb + infinitive. Each of these parts has its own “secrets”. Let's look at the infinitive first. It is necessary to distinguish between two types of infinitive - subjective and objective: not each of them forms a compound verbal predicate. Wed. sentences: 25) I can draw and 26) I advise you to draw. In sentence (25) the infinitive paint and conjugated verb Can denote the action of the same person or subject (here - I), – such an infinitive is called subjective. It can be part of the predicate. In sentence (26) the infinitive paint denotes the action of one person (here – you), and the conjugated verb I advise- action of another person (here - I), that is, the infinitive and the conjugated verb denote the actions of different persons; such an infinitive is called objective. Let us pay attention to the fact that persons are not always indicated in a sentence, but the infinitive retains its nature, cf. subjective infinitive in sentence 27) I can draw and object in sentence 28) I advise you to draw.

The other part of a compound verb predicate is the auxiliary verb. Auxiliary verbs are recognized as three types: 1) phase, 2) modal, 3) emotional. Phase verbs denote the beginning, duration or completion of an action ( begin, start, continue, finish, stop and under.). Modal verbs are verbs that express the speaker’s attitude to the statement, its reliability ( be able to, be able to, want, desire and under.). Emotional verbs denote various feelings, emotions ( love, fear, fear, be afraid and under.).

So, a compound verbal predicate meets two requirements: 1) the infinitive in its composition must be subjective, 2) the conjugated verb must be auxiliary. Therefore, in sentences (25), (27) the predicate is a compound verb. Other examples (predicates highlighted): 29) Neighbour started digging beds; 30)I Want again experience myself.(E. Bogat); 31) I I'll become test own strength[do not mix with the simple verb predicate expressed by the complex future tense of the verb, as in sentence 32) I I will test own strength.(E. Bogat)]; 33) None of us in life dare to attack to the mills.(Y. Kim) If at least one of the above conditions is not met, the combination of verbs does not form a compound verbal predicate. Wed. sentences (26), (28), where infinitives are objective, and therefore are not included in the grammatical basis. They perform a complementary function ( I advise What? paint), and the predicate – I advise. In sentence 34) Skaters are preparing to participate in the regional championship infinitive is subject but conjugated verb getting ready not auxiliary, means predicate getting ready, A participate- addition ( getting ready - for what? – participate). In 35 sentences) Small children! Don't go to Africa for anything in the world, Go for a walk in Africa!(K. Chukovsky) and 36) We will forever forget to walk in Africa!– infinitive walk subject, but conjugated verbs don't go, we'll forget are not included in the category of auxiliaries, they are simple verbal predicates. As for infinitives, one of them performs the function of an adverbial goal ( do not go for what purpose? walk), and the other is the complement function ( let's forget about what? walk).

V.

Compound nominal predicates are constructed as follows: copular verb + nominal part. The nominal part is expressed by various names, as well as adverbs, words of the category of state. Connective verbs come in three varieties: abstract, semi-abstract (or semi-nominative) and nominative. These varieties are established depending on the degree of loss of lexical meaning by the verb. Abstract link be has completely lost its lexical meaning, it only connects the nominal part of the predicate with the subject, for example: 37) Brother was a schoolboy(do not mix with a full verb be, retaining its lexical meaning “to be” and acting as a simple verbal predicate, as in the sentence 38) Brother was at school). Since the abstract verbal connective has lost its lexical meaning, it can be not only verbally expressed, but also zero: 39) Man is good from birth.(E. Bogat) It manifests itself against the background of verbally expressed connectives, that is, in the system of sentences, cf.: Man from birth was kind, Man from birth will be kind, Man from birth would be kind, etc. The zero connective must be distinguished from the missing connective; the reference point is their grammatical meaning. The zero connective, unlike the missing connective, has the meaning of the present tense. Wed. sentence (39) with the meaning of the present tense and the highlighted part of sentence 40) They became familiar[ships. – O.Ch.] treacherous currents, familiar - the faithful shining night... (V. Nabokov), having the meaning of the past tense, established by context (became familiar).

Semi-nominal linking verbs partially lose their lexical meaning. These include such as become, become, become, appear, appear. Again, we distinguish them from full-valued verbs in the function of a simple verbal predicate, cf.: 41) Ivanov is a private and 42) Private Ivanov appeared to the part. The predicates are highlighted - the compound nominal in the sentence (41) and the simple verb in the sentence (42). The last predicate - appeared– retained the lexical meaning “came”.

Significant connectives have fully retained their lexical meaning. This includes verbs with the meaning of movement, state, activity: come, return, sit, lie, serve, work. Example: 43) But Blok’s chair is on the edge, right next to the window stood Now empty. (E. Zamyatin) These verbs can also act as simple verbal predicates, denoting specific actions-states: 44) Chair stood near the window.

VI.

Complex, or complicated, complicated, predicates have a varied structure. Let's limit ourselves to some examples (the predicates are highlighted in them). 45) In the evening it could be leisurely wander around By Moscow– the predicate consists of a word of the state category, a verbal connective and an infinitive; 46) Lessons in Art Understanding should be lessons understanding of the era(E. Bogat) – the predicate is formed by a short adjective, a zero connective, an infinitive and a noun. Some of these predicates are considered in school, but in the category of compound verbs. These are predicates expressed by a short adjective glad or must, zero copula and infinitive: 47) I glad to meet you with you; 48) I must meet with you.

VII.

A logical question arises: what type are predicates expressed by stable combinations, such as, say, come to the rescue, play a role and under.? To solve this issue, you need to select a synonym for such a predicate and establish its type. The analyzed predicate also belongs to the same type. Let's show this with examples. 49) This is where the saving word “Eureka!” comes to the rescue!(From the newspaper) Basis - a word will come to the rescue. We select a synonym: will help - it's a simple verb predicate. That means will come to the rescue - simple verb predicate. 50) But in eliminating the “frightening”, the personality of the teacher begins to play the main role.(From the newspaper) We reason similarly: Starts to play a role has a synonym begins to mean, which refers to a compound verbal predicate. Hence, begins to play a role– also a compound verb predicate.

VIII.

It is difficult to analyze the grammatical basis in sentences where both main members are expressed by nouns in the nominative case. Classic example - 51) Moscow is capital of Russia. The grammatical basis is here - Moscow is the capital(it is defined correctly), but where is the subject and where is the predicate? Let us immediately emphasize that you cannot rely on the order of words in a sentence, since it delimits the units of another aspect of the sentence - communicative, or otherwise - actual. With actual division, word order delimits other phenomena - known and new (or given and new, theme and rheme). At the beginning of a sentence, in the first place, with direct word order, there is the known, the topic of the statement, and in the second place is the new, the rheme of the statement (see, for example: Kovtunova I.I. Modern Russian language. Word order and actual division of sentences. M.: Education, 1976. P. 9 ff).

It is impossible to differentiate the main members in such sentences by substituting questions. Let's use other methods. Here they are.

1) It is known that the predicate agrees with the subject; this is noted in many school textbooks. Now we are considering a predicate with a noun in the nominative case, that is, a compound nominal. A noun, by its grammatical properties, is not a coordinated word, which means that the agreement of the predicate with the subject is carried out through a linking verb (without a verb there is no predicate!). The form of a non-null linking verb is determined by the subject. Let's analyze sentence 52) Delight was my current state. Grammar basis – delight was the state. Bundle was in the masculine gender, from two nouns the stem agrees with the masculine noun delight, which means it is the subject, and the predicate is was a condition.

With a zero copula, we reason differently.

2) We use the transformation method. We remember that the position of the subject can be occupied by a noun only in the nominative case, and the position of the predicate - in both the nominative and instrumental (the so-called instrumental predicative). Therefore, to recognize the main members, the sentence should be transformed so that one of the nominative cases of the nouns is replaced by the instrumental: this noun will be the predicate. We introduce a link into the sentence be(only her!): 53) Dead space in a poem is a blank spot in the poet’s soul.(V. Fedorov) – Dead space in a poem is a blank spot in the poet's soul wrong: The white spot is dead space. Hence, space– subject, White spot- predicate (here it is expressed by a stable phrase with a core word - a noun). Similar: 54) What is our Earth?(D. Granin) – What is our Earth like? Earth– subject, what's happened - predicate. 55) Who are you? - Who are you? You– subject, who it - predicate. Let's take note: stable combinations what is it, who is it always take the position of the predicate. And here is a sentence where the predicate precedes the subject: 56) Their[graduate students. – O.Ch.]specialty - Russian literature.(A. Efros) – Russian literature is their specialty(wrong: Specialty is Russian literature). Means, literature – subject, and speciality - predicate.

However, there are proposals that allow double transformations. Consider example 57) My brother is a biologist. – My brother is a biologist And The biologist is my brother. In such cases, both nouns are simultaneously qualified as both subjects and predicates - syncretism again!

3) The main members are differentiated on the basis of semantic connections. It lies in the fact that the subject, being defined by the word, is characterized and determined by the predicate. With this in mind, we differentiate between the subject and predicate of a number of grammatical principles. Here they are.

Proper noun + common noun. Proper nouns, by their lexico-grammatical properties, can only be defined, and therefore, occupy only the position of the subject. The position of the predicate “remains” for the common noun. And here the order of words does not matter. Wed. sentences: 58) Ophelia is the daughter of a courtier.(A. Efros); 59) Best Performer – Fyodor Chaliapin (subject to Ophelia, Fyodor Chaliapin, predicates daughter, performer). The proper noun, the subject, can be any name, for example, the title of a play: 60) Yes, “A Month in the Country” is not an easy play.(A. Efros)

A noun with a more specific meaning + a noun with a more abstract meaning. The subject as being defined has a more specific meaning, and the predicate, defining, has a more general, abstract meaning. Therefore, in sentence 61) Ash is an incredibly durable tree.(From the newspaper) ash is the subject, and tree- predicate. Proposition 62 is interesting) After all, not every poet is a poet. (A. Efros), where the grammatical basis is poet - poet. Since the first noun has a “specifier” - a pronoun every, then its meaning is narrower; the second noun, without a “specifier”, has a more general meaning. Conclusion: the first of the nouns is the subject, the second is the predicate.

Non-evaluative noun + evaluative noun. Since the predicate always characterizes the subject, in this combination the first noun performs the function of the subject, and the evaluative noun performs the function of the predicate. In sentence 63) Without science, man is a beast.(A. Losev) grammatical basis man is a beast. Noun beast used in a figurative meaning with a bright negative connotation, it is the predicate, and the subject is a non-evaluative noun Human. The evaluative nature of a noun can be created and emphasized by definitions dependent on it. Wed: 64) Science is a great achievement.(A. Losev) Definition great, having the meaning “outstanding”, qualitatively characterizes the noun achievement, which takes the position of the predicate; noun the science– subject.

4) Distinguish between subject and predicate in a grammatical basis noun in them n. + noun in them. P. the word helps This, if it is in the sentence - pay attention! – present. This is always attached to the predicate, which means it serves as its indicator. Noun without a word This always functions as a subject. In sentence 65) The culture of humanity is the active memory of humanity, actively introduced into modernity.(D. Likhachev) This with a noun memory allows us to consider it predicate, which means culture – subject. Another example: 66) This is a simple but great thing - the ability to concentrate on work.(A. Efros) Word This with the first noun of the grammatical stem, thing, requires to regard it as a predicate, and the second noun, skill, – as a subject. Word This - a strong indicator of the predicate: it is able to “cancel” other distinguishing features of the main members. Let's analyze proposition 67) True happiness is, first of all, the lot of those who know, the lot of writers and dreamers.(K. Paustovsky) At the core happiness is destiny noun happiness refers to evaluative, evaluative is supported by the definition true, however, it is not the predicate. The predicate is non-evaluative noun lot: there is a word with it This.

IX.

The next problem is related to the distinction between two-part incomplete and one-part sentences. Let us recall that one-component sentences have one-component stems formed by one main member. Sentences have one-part stems: definitely and indefinitely personal (in science sometimes generalized personal sentences are distinguished as a special type, at school they are considered a variety of definite and indefinitely personal sentences), impersonal (sometimes in science they distinguish infinitive sentences, in school they are impersonal sentences) and nominal ones. Please note that this structurally-semantic types of sentences, which means they should be determined primarily by structural features, that is, by the way of expressing the main member, then their meaning, or semantics, should be established. We will not list here the structure and semantics of each type of one-part sentence - they are named in school textbooks; let’s move on to the analysis of difficult cases.

Let's compare the highlighted sentences: 68) Today it's hot. Bakes mercilessly . and 69) The sun is already at its zenith. It bakes mercilessly. They look similar in appearance, but are they the same type? Predicate of the sentence (68) bakes expressed by a personal verb in impersonal use. Its grammatical meaning is an action without a doer - this is the meaning of an impersonal sentence. Therefore, sentence (68) is impersonal. Predicate of sentence (69) – verb bakes in the third person singular present tense and in the indicative mood. Grammatical meaning – relation to a specific person (Sun), it is unusual for one-part sentences. Sentence (69) is two-part. But it is incomplete. Incompleteness is indicated not only by the grammatical meaning, but also by the form of the predicate verb: third person form the only one numbers cannot be the main member of a one-part sentence. A similar example of a two-part incomplete sentence: 70) And he rarely walks, but steps firmly.(Last) (Note in parentheses that not every proverb, having a generalized meaning, is a generalized personal sentence.) The same reasons for recognizing sentences as incomplete will arrive And On vacation?, analyzed at the beginning of the article.

Another example:

71) – Who speaks?
- Elephant.
- Where?
- From a camel.(K. Chukovsky)

Elephant– the main member of the sentence, expressed by a noun in the nominative case. This form can be the main member of a one-part nominative (or nominative) sentence. However, the grammatical meaning of nominal sentences is a statement of being, the existence of an object, phenomenon, and here elephant represents the answer to the question Who speaks , in which, by the way, he would take the subject position Who. We conclude: this two-part sentence is incomplete. The grammatical basis in the sentence is also interesting Where? The grammatical basis is not presented verbally, but the circumstance, being part of the predicate, “tells” that the position of the predicate exists, which means the sentence is incomplete. To determine its type based on its grammatical composition, let us establish which word form can replace the position of the predicate (only here we turn to the previous context!) - this speaks, a verb in the third person singular present tense indicative mood, and, as just shown, such a form cannot be the main member of a one-part sentence. This means that the analyzed sentence is a two-part incomplete one. Similar sentence basis From a camel.

Another suggestion: 72) There is the hum of flocks of pigeons in the air.(M. Tsvetaeva) The subject here is verbally expressed, but the predicate is not, however, there are signals of its position - circumstance in the air. We conclude: the two-part sentence is incomplete. Please note: punctuation marks do not determine the nature of the stem.

The grammatical basis of the highlighted sentence in fragment 73 is interesting) What do others value in people? Reliability. (From the newspaper) Reliability- a form of the accusative case, homonymous to the form of the nominative case, and if so, then it occupies the position of a complement - the sentence is not one-part. Supplement is an indicator of the unsubstituted position of the predicate. What is the basis of the sentence - one-part or two-part? Let's continue the analysis. The position of the predicate can be replaced (now we turn to the context) by a word form appreciate. This form can be the main member of a one-part indefinite-personal sentence. However, indefinite personal sentences have the meaning “attitude to an indefinite person”, but here a specific person is those around. The grammatical meaning of "suggests": Reliability – two-part incomplete sentence.

It is difficult to determine the nature of the grammatical bases of the main part of sentences like 74) I like that I'm not sick with you.(M. Tsvetaeva) In such cases, it is necessary to establish the position of which member of the sentence is occupied by the subordinate clause. To do this, we substitute two double questions from the predicate to the subordinate clause Who? What? And whom? What?(you can’t limit yourself to one question What?, because it does not allow you to distinguish between the positions of subject and object). In the given sentence: like Who? What? what am I - the subordinate clause occupies the position of the subject, therefore, the main sentence is two-part, since it has the positions of two main members, but incomplete, since the position of the subject is replaced not by a word form, but by a predicative unit (sentence). The consequence is also important: like - personal verb in third person form.

Another example: 75) How sad that we didn't meet sooner. We analyze the grammatical basis of the main part. The predicate is obvious - sad. We determine the position of the subordinate clause by substituting two double questions: Sad - who? What? or whom? What? Here - Who? What?, that is, the subordinate clause takes the position of the subject, therefore, main part two-part incomplete (and therefore sad - short adjective). At the same time, you can substitute another question for the subordinate clause: sad why?, which means it also takes the position of circumstance. In this case, there is no subject position, and the main part is regarded as one-part impersonal (and therefore sad - state category word). An important conclusion: the main part is syncretic, it is both two-part and one-part, the morphological nature of the predicate is also syncretic ( sad– both a short adjective and a state category word).
Source


A complex predicate is a complicated simple or (more often) compound predicate.
Basic models (schemes) of sentences with a complex predicate:
Two-part sentences:
  1. “Sneaky.” + brief adj. + (ligament) + inf."
  2. “Sneaky.” + brief adj. + (connective) + be + name.”
  3. “Sneaky.” + conjugation, verb. + be + name.”
For example: 1. A person is able to overcome any difficulties (Vinogradov); I would be the first to be ready to devote myself to this matter (L. Tolstoy); I am glad to listen to the old song (Yesenin); I just had to give you a letter (Paustovsky).
  1. Prose should be winged (Paustovsky); A person must be smart, simple, fair, brave and kind (Paustovsky).
  2. I would like to be your mother (Gorky); In my early youth I dreamed of being a mathematician (Bryusov); “Maybe I’m wrong,” she said, “but I still want to be a surgeon, nothing else (Simonov); An idle life cannot be pure (Chekhov).
sounds of this night... (Paustovsky); It’s nice to use a daring epigram to enrage a mistaken enemy... (Pushkin); Truth can always be distinguished from flattery (Kataev).
  1. Nowadays one cannot be an encyclopedist (Bryusov); You must always live in love with something inaccessible to you (Gorky).
The nominal or verbal type of a complex predicate is determined by the last component: if it is an infinitive, the predicate qualifies as a complex verb, if it is a name, then as a complex nominal.
Modal-temporal meanings are expressed by conjugated verb forms (they may not be present in the present tense). The nominal part in the first component (in the compound nominal predicate) of two-part sentences can be expressed by short adjectives: glad, ready, capable, intends, must, etc., and in one-part sentences - by words of a state category with a modal meaning (it is necessary, it is necessary, it’s impossible, it’s possible and under.) or with an emotional-evaluative meaning: fun, sad,
pleasant, etc. The main part of the complex nominal predicate is connected to the first component using the infinitive to be or other verbal forms with the meaning of being, existence (live, exist, etc.).
Methodological note. The school textbook does not highlight the complex predicate. It is considered as a type of compound predicate.
SINGLE SENTENCES

The study of one-part sentences shows the richness of the Russian language, its ability to express the most subtle shades of meaning not only through the lexical and phraseological composition of the language, but also through the use of an “arsenal” of syntactic structures. The presence of only one main member allows you to update one thing that is most important for the message (action, state, sign, object or phenomenon, etc.).
The following diagram gives a visual representation of the specifics of one-part sentences and their place in the system of types of a simple sentence:
Structural-semantic types of a simple sentence: two-part, one-part and indivisible - arise, develop and exist, constantly interacting. There are no clear boundaries between them; they form a large number of transitional (intermediate and peripheral) types, standing on the verge of two-part and one-part, one-part and indivisible sentences.
Based on the totality of semantic and structural properties, the following main types are distinguished among one-part sentences:

  1. Definitely personal (I love thunderstorms in early May).
  2. Vaguely personal (In our village they built new school).
  3. Generalized-personal (Tears will not help your grief).
  4. Impersonal (It’s getting light; I’m chilling; I’m cold; There’s no wind).
  5. Infinitives (Clouds cannot hide the sun, war cannot defeat the world).
  6. Nominatives (Winter; Here comes winter; Winter!).
7 Vocatives (“sentences-addresses”).
The selected varieties of one-part sentences can be entered into the diagram in the same sequence, with definite personal sentences falling into the intermediate zone between two-part and one-part sentences, and vocative ones - into the intermediate zone between one-part and indivisible sentences.
Typical (core, central) one-component sentences are those sentences with one main member that do not require another main member and cannot be supplemented by it without changing the nature of the thought expressed, without changing the semantics.
This definition of one-part sentences notes their structural and semantic properties.
Methodological note. The school textbook identifies four types of one-part sentences: definitely personal, indefinitely personal, impersonal (this includes infinitives) and denominative (nominative).

And how to find it in a sentence? What questions do the predicate and subject answer? It is these topics that children little by little learn over the course of their long school years. And this is not at all surprising, because the topic is deep and has many pitfalls.

Grammar basis

So how do you recognize the stem of a sentence? First you need to understand the definition. In fact, this is the main part of any sentence that defines the subject, its action and what it is. Namely, this is the subject and the predicate. At school it is acceptable to consider them a phrase, but if you dig deeper, it’s not entirely true. The questions are:

  • The subject is "who" or "what". This can be any object, person, animal, living or inanimate creature, and a pronoun that is used in the nominative case in the sentence.
  • The second part of the grammatical basis is the predicate. Answers the questions “what is he” or “who is he”, “what does he do”, “what is the object”, “what happens to him”.

Body Sentence Examples

For example, you can take several

  • "The boy (who?) goes (what is he doing? - here the predicate is a verb) home."
  • "He's sad (what's happening to the item?)." In this example, the predicate is expressed by an adverb, namely the state of the main character.
  • “It is small (what is the object?).” The predicate here is a short adjective.
  • "Oleg is a student (who is he?)." In this example, the predicate is expressed by an animate noun.
  • "Baikal is a big lake." Here an inanimate noun is used, and the predicate answers the questions “what is” or “what is it?”

Compound verb predicate

A simple predicate, or as it is also called a verb, can be expressed in any mood. It is always a verb, as is clear from its name. Such a predicate answers questions posed at any time. A simple predicate is not always expressed in one word, for example:

  1. "I will sing". “I will sing” is a simple predicate expressed by a verb in the form of a complex future tense.
  2. As if, as if, exactly, as if, as if, used with the predicate, are model particles that are not separated by commas, as is the case with comparative conjunctions.
  3. “She was about to go to the door when she suddenly stopped.” Here “was” is a model part, denoting an action that began but did not take place. Such parts are not separated by commas, unlike such parts it happened And It happens, which have the meaning of regular repetition of actions.
  4. In the case of a phraseological unit as a predicate, in order to distinguish it from a compound type, you should remember the following: the first one can be easily replaced with one word, but you cannot replace it with “to be” (in any of its forms).

Compound nominal predicate

This type of predicate, in turn, is divided into subtypes: it can be verbal, nominal or three-term. These parts of a sentence can consist of two or more words, which determine the type.

The main and auxiliary parts, which are expressed in words denoting action, form a compound verbal predicate. One of them is always used in an indefinite form, and the second is expressed by verbs denoting the beginning, continuation and end of an action. Words are used in this capacity must, glad, can, ready and others that are short adjectives. This part is also expressed by words denoting states that have the meaning of possibility, desirability and necessity, as well as giving an emotional assessment of the action.

The nominal predicate answers questions regarding the actions of the subject and can contain a noun and an adjective in the nominative and instrumental cases, as well as a participle, numeral, adverb and pronoun, which are used together with auxiliary verbs.

A complex predicate is a combination of a verbal and a nominal predicate.

Predicate. The real and grammatical meaning of the predicate. Types of predicate. Simple verb predicate. Types of simple verbal predicate. Complex simple verb predicate.

Syntactic meaning predicate – grammatical predicate, i.e. component in which predicative meanings are concentrated: syntactic tense, objective modality and syntactic person . It is necessary to make a clarification: this is a grammatical predicate, correlated with the subject, denoting a predicative feature of the subject. The predicate exists only in a two-part sentence. In sentences: It's getting dark. I can not sleep. The winner is not judged - the grammatical predicate is not a predicate.

As a grammatical predicate, the predicate has two functions: grammatical And semantic . Grammatical function - expression predicativity . Semantic function – designation of a specific predicative feature : actions, states, properties, etc. These two functions are ideally combined in one word form (V f) or its equivalent - a phraseological phrase: He admired music by Mozart. He was delighted from the music of Mozart. Both functions are expressed by one component.

The modern classification of predicate types is based on two principles: 1) number of components(one or two in accordance with the two functions of the predicate), 2) morphological expression semantic component (predicative feature) – verb or name.

As a result, the classification of predicate types looks like this: 1) simple – compound – complex; 2) verbal – nominal – verbal-nominal.

Vinogradov believed that predicativity is expressed not only morphologically, by verbal forms, but also syntactically - by intonation and the relationship between the forms of the subject and the predicate. My sister is a doctor connective in zero form ; My sister was a doctor. My sister will be a doctor - the connective is verbalized. Secondary members of a sentence are minor only due to their grammatical dependence on the main or other minor members of the sentence. In terms of meaning, the secondary members of a sentence may be more important than the main ones. Division of minor members of a sentence into addition, definition, circumstances O largely conditional.

The traditional classification has weaknesses: 1) Firstly, it does not provide anything new for understanding the structure of a sentence, since it duplicates the analysis of phrases. 2) Secondly, the division into three types of minor members is imperfect. In particular: the circumstances in this classification include components that are very different in their role in the sentence and in meaning: They quarreled over a trifle. me this Very upset . The selected forms in the traditional classification are called circumstances. The first of them means the reason for the situation , and the second – sign of action , the degree of its manifestation. The first is indeed a circumstance, i.e. a condition external to the action for its manifestation, this is the circumstance of the cause (cf. other circumstances : time, place, condition, purpose). And the second “circumstance” is essentially a definition, a sign, a characteristic of the action itself, its specification. Such “circumstances” (of the manner or mode of action, measure and degree) actually have a decisive meaning. Minor members with subject meanings refer to additions , while their important differences are not taken into account: some of them really “supplement” the meaning of an action, a sign - in object relations, while others relate to the entire sentence and have the meaning of the subject of the situation. For example: To me need to talk with you. The second highlighted form is an object (addition to the action), and the first one is subject , relating to the entire situation. 3) Thirdly, this classification does not cover all possible cases of supply distribution. What, for example, sentence members can the highlighted word forms be classified as: I remember him young. You need to figure it out yourself. In silence were dogs barking? The first two remind definitions, but these word forms are connected not only with pronouns-nouns, but also with verbs; here there are bidirectional connections. The prepositional case form in the third sentence has an adverbial meaning. But which one?



Syncretism secondary members of a sentence is the combination (synthesis) in one member of a sentence of the differential features of different members of the sentence, their different functions. According to semantics, the members of a sentence are divided into typical (unambiguous) and syncretic (multiple meaning). Wed: Recently news came from St. Petersburg. News came recently from St. Petersburg. All members of the first sentence are unambiguous. In the second sentence, the syncretic member of the sentence from St. Petersburg (which ones? where from?).

Syncretism minor members of the sentence are due to a number of the following main factors: 1. Inconsistency between form and content: Because of which are we fighting? By shape because of which is a complement , and by value - about standing of the reason. 2. The presence of double syntactic connections (cases with duplexes). 3. Syncretism of the categorical (partial) meaning of a word form (cases with verbal nouns that combine the meaning of an object and an action): Thought (what? about what?) about future the children were worried about Pavel. In syntactic science, minor members of a sentence are established with an unclear connection with other members of the sentence. Such minor members of V.V.’s sentence Vinogradov described it as “ distributors of the entire offer", and their connection with other members of the sentence began to be called free accession.

In modern descriptive grammars of the Russian language ( Grammar of the modern Russian literary language. M., 1970 And Russian grammar. M., 1980. T.2) common a simple sentence is described without involving the concept of “minor members of the sentence”.

Instead, the concept and term “ offer distributor", which refers to such components that are introduced into the sentence not as conventional distributors (components of the phrase), namely how offer distributors . These include: the so-called determinants , distributors with bidirectional connections , verb infinitive , various isolated components and some others. Spreading of a simple sentence is considered widely in grammars; this also includes those phenomena that have significant syntactic specificity and relate to complicated sentence.

Compound predicates– these are predicates in which the lexical meaning and grammatical meaning (tense and mood) are expressed in different words. The lexical meaning is expressed in the main part, and the grammatical meaning (tense and mood) is expressed in the auxiliary part.

A) auxiliary part
b) main part(indefinite form of the verb - infinitive) expresses lexical meaning. For example: I started singing; I want to sing; I'm afraid to sing.

The action of the infinitive must relate to the subject (it is a subjective infinitive). If the action of the infinitive refers to another member of the sentence (objective infinitive), then the infinitive is not part of the predicate, but

Meanings of the auxiliary verb: phase (beginning, continuation, end of the action), modal (necessity, desirability, ability, emotional assessment of the action).

Compound nominal predicate (CIS) consists of two parts: a) auxiliary part – bunch(verb in conjugated form) expresses grammatical meaning (tense and mood);
b) main part – nominal part(name, adverb) expresses lexical meaning. For example: He was a doctor; He became a doctor; He was ill; He was sick; He was wounded; He came first. Verb be can act as an independent simple verbal predicate in sentences with the meaning of being or possessing: He had three sons; He had a lot of money.

Verbs become, becomes, turn out to be etc. can also be independent simple verbal predicates, but in a different meaning: He found himself in the city center; He stood against the wall.

The most difficult to analyze are compound nominal predicates with a denominator, because usually such verbs are independent predicates (cf.: He was sitting by the window). If a verb becomes a connective, its meaning becomes less important than the meaning of the name associated with the verb ( He sat tired; more important is that he was tired , not what He sat , but not stood or lying).

If the verb has dependent forms of a full adjective, participle, ordinal number (answers the question Which?), then this is always a compound nominal predicate ( sat tired, left upset, came first). Parts of such a compound nominal predicate are not separated by commas!

Note!

1) Even if the predicate consists of one word - a name or an adverb (with a zero connective), it is always a compound nominal predicate; 2) short adjectives and participles are always part of a compound nominal predicate; 3) nominative and instrumental cases – the main case forms of the nominal part of the predicate; 4) the nominal part of the predicate can be expressed as a whole phrase in the same cases as the subject.

1. The concept of the predicate.

2. Simple verbal predicate and ways of expressing it.

3. Compound verbal predicate, types of auxiliary verbs, subjective and objective infinitive.

4. Compound nominal predicate, types of connectives, ways of expressing the nominal part.

5. Complicated predicate.

Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, which has the following properties: it is included in the structural scheme of the sentence, structurally subordinate to the subject, characterizes the subject of speech, is expressed by the conjugated form of the verb (morphologized) and names, and occupies a position after the subject.

The predicate expresses a predicative feature, that is, related to the modal-temporal plan. Compare: new house // The house is new (in the present tense) The house was new (in the past tense). Therefore, any predicate contains a grammatical and material part. The real meaning is based on the lexical meaning of the word acting as a predicate. The grammatical meaning is a modal-temporal assessment of the feature. If the grammatical and material meaning are contained in one word, then such a predicate is called simple. If the real and grammatical meaning are expressed separately, in two components, then the predicate is called compound. Compare:

If the predicate is expressed by a verb, then it is called verbal. It denotes the action of an object. If the predicate is expressed by a name, then it is called a compound nominal predicate and names the attribute of the subject of speech. Compare: The sea laughed. The sea is thoughtful.

The verb predicate can be simple and compound, the nominal predicate can only be compound. A complex or complicated predicate is also distinguished. The grammatical part of this predicate is always complicated. For example: I'm studying ( simple verb predicate). I started studying(compound verb predicate). I'm going to be a teacher(compound nominal predicate). I decided to be a teacher(complicated predicate).

Simple verb predicate expressed by a verb in the form of some mood. I remember a wonderful moment. I met you. This is the most productive way of expressing a simple verbal predicate (SVP). All these proposals have a complete paradigm. PGS can be expressed in analytical form: I will remember with all my being the poet... The predicate is expressed by a verb in the future tense form, which is one word form, so the predicate is simple. Another example: He would have changed in many ways and parted with the muses. Got married. In this case, the predicate is expressed by a verb in the subjunctive mood. Let me die, but let me die loving. PGS is expressed by a verb in the imperative mood.

The composition of the PGS can include not only formative, but also word-forming particles. They introduce additional shades into the semantics of the verb. He started to go to the door. Everything heavy seemed to recede. I used to say. You do not understand me.

PGS can be expressed by a phraseological phrase or a descriptive verbal-nominal phrase like have an opinion, raise a question, provide support. Verb-noun phrases can be replaced by one word; they represent semantic unity. For example: The first weeks were disappointing (disappointing). The traitors just disappeared into the water. Such predicates have an expressive and stylistic coloring.

PGS can be expressed by unconjugated interjection verbs, such as grab, clink, slam, clap, knock. He will come with a bag and throw the girl into the bag.

A simple verb is a predicate expressed by the verb to be with the meaning ‘existence, being’. There was fog at dawn.

Compound verb predicate(GHS) is a combination of an auxiliary verb and an infinitive. The infinitive conveys basic semantic information. The auxiliary verb expresses modal-temporal meaning and complements the main meaning with the following shades:

1. Phase meaning - the meaning of the beginning, end, duration of the action. It is represented by phase verbs: start, finish, stop, quit, cease, continue, interrupt, become. I started doing better. Today I quit writing poetry.

2. Modal verbs with the meaning of obligation, possibility, expression of will: be able. To want, to intend, to count. How early he could be a hypocrite, hide hope, be jealous. He wanted to write, but he was sick of persistent work. The model part contains not only verbs, but also short adjectives: must, glad, much, forced, compelled. I had to leave. People are walking, but I am forced to toil. The auxiliary part can be expressed using a phraseological phrase or a verbal-descriptive phrase: to burn with desire (to want), to make an effort, not to have the right (to not be able). He had no right to take risks.

3. Verbs with the meaning of emotional assessment: be in love. To be afraid, to be afraid. She loved to warn the sunrise on the balcony.

4. Common actions: learn, adapt.

The infinitive may not be part of the predicate, but serve as a complement or adverbial clause. The following differentiation criteria will be highlighted: (1) With a verb of motion, the infinitive adjacent to it has the meaning of the goal and performs the function of the adverbial adverbial goal. I came (for what purpose?) to study. I went (for what purpose?) to look.(2) The infinitive denotes an action that is performed by someone other than the subject. Such an infinitive is called objective and serves as a complement. It is usually used with verbs of speech. I ask you to leave me. The commander ordered the soldiers to retreat. The dean asked the students to clear the classroom.

Compound nominal predicate includes an auxiliary component, which is called a copula, and a main part, otherwise a nominal part. The copula indicates the modal-temporal plan, connects the subject with the predicate and expresses the formal correlation of the predicate with the subject. The following types of ligaments are distinguished:

1. Bundle be. It expresses only modal-temporal meaning. They say that its lexical meaning has eroded. And happiness was so possible, so close. In the present tense there is usually no copula. This is a zero link. A null copula is a significant absence. It testifies to the reality of the event and its relevance to the present time. But my fate is already decided. There are constructions in the Russian language that use connectives there is, the essence, expressing the meaning of the present tense. They are used in identity clauses: Saturday is Saturday. A student is a student. And in scientific style sentences: Language is a means of communication. In sentences with the connective be, the words are often used this is what it means. They are qualified differently. Sometimes they are called connectives, but these words should not be identified with the connective verb. Since it is the linking verb that indicates the modality and time of the utterance. Compare: I am me. He was angry. These words take on the meaning of particles. They are also called fictitious ligaments. You can come across the term “particle connectives that are combined with a verbal connective.”

2. Semi-nominal connectives: to become, to become, to become, to appear, to appear, to introduce itself, to be called. For two days the lonely fields seemed new to him. These verbs partially retained their lexical meaning. They can be used as ASG, realizing it completely. Compare:

3. Significant connectives: come, return, step on, stand, sit, lie down. The weather was warm. The significant link stands out then. When a large semantic load falls on the dependent word, which is due to the communicative task. The letter lay open. But this division is not structural, but semantic. In such constructions one can see PGS and semi-predicative definition. The mother returned tired.

The nominal part has the following ways of expression:

1. Adjective, short and full. The air is clean and fresh. The day is warm but windy. In such constructions, short forms displace full ones. The full adjective can be used in etc. etc. – this is an indicator of the predicate. The day was windy. The comparative degree of an adjective can be used as a predicate. The days were getting longer.

2. Communion, full and short. Job is done. The book has been read. The frosty air is intoxicating. The lady seemed angry.

3. Noun in T.p. and I.p. I am a servant of the king, the terrible king. Of course it is great art- wait. (Particle connectives indicate the predicate). The moon is like a turnip. Particles are part of the predicate. It's all your fault.

4. Pronoun. The Cherry Orchard now mine. What were you? And what happened? I am not me, and the horse is not mine.

5. Numeral noun. He seemed to be about six years old. Our house is five floors. Twice six is ​​twelve.

6. Adverb. The soldiers were ready. But you will be scared to die too. In impersonal sentences, words of the state category are used as predicates. It was cold.

7. Interjections. The character of the students is oh-oh-oh! Ushitsa – by the way, it’s cooked to the hilt!

It is not always possible to single out the predicate in a sentence unambiguously. The question of the boundaries of the predicate is controversial and complex. For example: He there was a man debt// – structural division. He was a man of duty // – semantic division. Not all scientists recognize the existence of a complex, or complicated, predicate. Although methodologically complicated forms should be highlighted. We must remember that the grammatical part is always complicated. Examples of a complicated predicate.