Olga Kuznetsova
Summary of the lesson “Safety on water bodies”

Municipal budgetary preschool educational institution

"General developmental kindergarten No. 44"

Lesson notes

Subject: Water safety

Prepared:

Kuznetsova O. Yu.

Usolye - Sibirskoye

Target:

To consolidate children’s ideas about the role of water in nature and its properties;

Introduce the rules safe behavior near water bodies in winter and summer;

Develop a conscious and responsible attitude towards personal safety and security of others;

Cultivate readiness for effective, informed actions in inadequate situations;

Develop the ability to participate in collective conversations, the ability to establish diverse connections, generalize and draw conclusions;

Enrich vocabulary, use reasoned reasoning in speech.

Progress of the lesson.

The teacher enters the group and shows the children an envelope with a letter. Together with the guys, the envelope opens. The teacher reads a letter from Dunno, in which he asks for help finding answers to riddles.

Children guess riddles, the teacher displays models - answers - on the board.

Afterwards the teacher asks the children questions:

What unites all our answers? (water)

What form does water come in? (solid-snow, ice-frozen water; in gaseous-clouds, steam, fog)

What is water for? (children's answers)

Educator: Guys, listen to one more riddle (water noise - audio recording)

A game "Droplets and Clouds" (metallophone and hoops are used)

Guys, today we will talk about safe behavior near water bodies in winter and summer.

Which bodies of water you know? (rivers, lakes, ponds, seas, oceans)

In winter there is ice on ponds thick, durable, as there were severe frosts. At the beginning of winter, when the ice is not yet strong, it breaks underfoot or cracks. You can't go out on it. The middle is the most dangerous at this time of year. body of water. Imagine a careless person walking on fragile ice and suddenly hears that the ice has begun to crack.

What do you think should be done?

You need to immediately lie down and crawl in your footsteps to the shore. Remember that even in the bitterest frosts on the ice body of water need to be careful.

Let's imagine that someone wants to take a shortcut and take a shortcut along the ice of a pond or lake. How to do this correctly?

First of all, you need to map out the right route. It is best to follow the fresh tracks of people, testing the road with a stick.

In the spring, when the sun warms up, the ice becomes loose, water seeps in, fills the tracks, and the ice breaks without a crack. At the end of winter, the most dangerous places are near the shore and under bridges. Remember, you cannot go out on the ice that has melted in the spring.

Let's review the rules safety on pond ice.

Do not go out on thin ice at the beginning of winter and early spring;

Remember that in the spring the ice breaks silently, and in the winter with a crunch and crack;

Move on the ice along trampled tracks and paths;

Take a stick to test the path ahead of you;

Move along the ice in a group at some distance from each other;

Remember that at the beginning of winter the middle is the most dangerous body of water, and at the end of winter, areas near the coast.

Guys, summer is coming soon and many will go on vacation in nature. Imagine that you come to the shore of a river or lake.

Fizminutka

We quickly went down to the river

Bent over and washed:

One two three four -

What a wonderful refreshment!

And now let's swim together

You need to do this with your hands:

Together once is breaststroke,

One and the other, this is a rabbit.

All as one

We swim like a dolphin.

Went ashore steep

And we went home...

Agree, on a hot summer day it is very pleasant to spend by a river or lake. Splash, swim, sunbathe on the warm sand. Can you swim? The ability to float on water is necessary for every person.

How to behave correctly so that trouble does not happen to you.

First of all, you need to swim accompanied by an adult. You should not swim in an unfamiliar place, especially where there are no other people. After all, the bottom of the river can hide a lot dangers: flooded snags, glass shards, sharp tins that can cut you, cold springs, deep holes. Before you go into the water, see what it looks like. If the color or smell of the water is not the same as usual, you should not swim in it. Sometimes, when a whole group of children are swimming, the children splash, make noise, and grab each other’s arms and legs. It is very dangerous! After all, in 10 seconds a person’s lungs fill up water, and he may choke and drown.

And also remember: Never dive in unfamiliar places or swim far on inflatable mattresses.

Rules of conduct on the water

Swim only under adult supervision

Do not swim in unfamiliar places

Swim in specially equipped places

When swimming, do not grab each other's arms and legs.

Letter from Dunno

Hello guys!

Help me find answers to the riddles. Thank you in advance. Your Dunno.

There was a blanket lying - softly white, the sun was hot - the blanket began to flow (snow)

What kind of stars are those on the coat and on the scarf?

Everything is through, cut out, and if you take it, there’s water in your hand (snowflake)

It grows upside down, it grows not in summer, but in winter

But the sun will burn her - she will cry and die (icicle)

The bridge is like blue glass, slippery, fun, light (ice)

Fluffy cotton wool, floating somewhere

The lower the wool, the closer the rain (cloud)

Flows, flows, won't leak, runs, runs, won't run out (river)

With the onset of the long-awaited summer, hundreds of people flock to the reservoirs to relax. Water is a good friend and ally of a person, helping to get maximum pleasure from relaxation and improve health. But at the same time, it does not tolerate frivolity and can be a source of increased danger. The consequences of frivolous behavior will be the most severe. To avoid them, every person should know basic water safety rules.

Causes of water accidents

You can identify a drowning person by the following signs:

  1. The head is deep in the water, the mouth periodically disappears and appears above the surface. A drowning person cannot call for help, only breathe in and out.
  2. The mouth is half-open or open, the head is thrown back strongly.
  3. The eyes become glassy and lose the ability to focus.
  4. Vertical body position.
  5. Difficulty and rapid breathing.
  6. A person is floundering in place, not floating anywhere.
  7. Attempts to roll over onto your back and assume a horizontal position are unsuccessful, while the drowning person tries to climb out of the water as if using a rope ladder.

If at least one of the listed signs is present, you need to ask the person if everything is okay. If he doesn't answer, it most likely means the person needs help. The main thing in this case is not to waste time.

Rescue of a drowning man

Water safety precautions say that the most correct thing to do is to call for help from rescuers or people who know how to swim well. But if the situation is such that you have to save someone in distress alone, these recommendations will help you do everything right:

  1. First of all, you should try to calm the drowning person, let him know that help is close. Sometimes this is enough for a person to stop panicking and swim to shore.
  2. The most effective method of rescue is to extend a long pole or rope from a boat or from the shore to a drowning person, which he can grab onto and swim out. If there is a life preserver, you need to throw it.
  3. It is best to swim up to a person in distress from behind, since a drowning person instinctively grabs his rescuer and fetters his movements, and can even involuntarily stun him with a strong blow.
  4. You need to turn the person on his back and swim with him to the shore. If he resists and thereby drags the rescuer to the bottom, you can dive into the water with him for a few seconds, this will help free you from the convulsive grip of the drowning person.
  5. If a drowning person goes to the bottom, the rescuer must dive, take the drowning person under the armpits or hair under the water and, pushing off strongly from the bottom, float to the surface with him.

First aid

Providing first aid to a drowned person should be done right on the shore and as quickly as possible, since death from drowning usually occurs within 5-6 minutes. The method of providing first aid depends on the state of the drowned person.

If the victim is conscious, you need to remove all his clothes, dry him and wrap him in something dry and warm. In order for all the water to leave the lungs, it is necessary to induce vomiting by irritating the root of the tongue. After the lungs are free of water, it is advisable to give the victim a warm drink.

If the drowned person is unconscious but breathing on his own, he is given ammonia to sniff, then the whole body is vigorously rubbed. After consciousness returns, the lungs are cleared of water through vomiting. The victim must be taken to the hospital, especially if there is bluishness of the skin.

If a person removed from the water shows no signs of life, first of all he needs to clean his mouth. Then the rescuer must turn the victim onto his stomach through his leg bent at the knee so that the victim’s head is below the stomach and lungs. The rescuer then presses rhythmically on the back until water drains from the mouth and nose. Manipulations to remove water should take no more than 10-15 seconds, then you should immediately begin removing fluid from the respiratory tract.

To remove water from the lungs, the victim is turned over on his stomach and given mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration in combination with closed cardiac massage. After the person regains consciousness, he must be warmed up and immediately taken to the hospital for subsequent intensive care.

Signs of effectiveness of resuscitation measures

A set of measures to revive a drowned person can be considered effective if his skin turns pink, his pupils constrict, and with massage shocks the pulse in the carotid artery is clearly felt. Revival of the victim should last until the person is able to breathe on his own. This can last several minutes, and sometimes several hours, until the ambulance arrives.

Swimming in an open pond or pool is an excellent health procedure, from which, with the right approach, you can get a lot of positive emotions for both children and adults. But water safety rules must be strictly followed, because retribution could be own life or the life of a loved one.

Lesson topic: “Peculiarities of the state of reservoirs at different times of the year” 5th grade

The purpose of the lesson. To give students knowledge about the state of reservoirs at different times of the year.

Questions studied

    Condition of water bodies in your city and necessary measures security.

    Personal safety rules on frozen bodies of water.

Presentation of educational material

1. Reservoirs are dangerous at any time of the year.Describe the reservoirs available in your city, drawing students' attention to the fact that not all reservoirs are suitable for swimming; near it downstream, the water in the rivers is unsuitable for drinking, and in some places it is even dangerous for swimming. If there is a “No Swimming” sign on the shore, you should not violate this prohibition, no matter how great the desire to swim.

Emphasize that the first rule of safe human behavior on water is to know the place where the water in reservoirs has been tested and does not pose a danger to human health.

2. Draw students' attention to the need to observe general rules of conduct on water in order to reduce the possibility of accidents.

Convince students that the best way to feel confident in the water is to learn to swim and maintain water safety skills at all times. If your leg cramps in the water, you need to take air into your lungs, bend over to your leg, grab it by the toes with both hands and pull them strongly towards you. After this, immediately swim to the shore. In addition, you need to learn how to relax on the water, not lose composure and act correctly in a critical situation, and do not hesitate to call for help.

3. Emphasize that it is equally important to know the rules of safe behavior on frozen bodies of water. It is recommended to cross the pond only in checked places marked with special warning signs. If safe areas are not marked, you must carefully inspect the ice.

For single pedestrians, ice is considered strong when its thickness is at least 7 cm, for a group of people - 12 cm.

Draw students' attention to the fact that the strength of ice can be determined by a number of signs:

    Clean, transparent ice is the most durable; cloudy ice is unreliable;

    in areas covered with snow, the ice is thin and weak;

    In places where streams and rivers flow into a lake (river), the thinnest ice usually forms.

In summer they are dangerous when swimming and using watercraft. The danger most often comes from strong currents (including underwater), deep pools and underwater cold springs. In spring and summer, low water temperatures add to these factors. In winter, most water bodies are covered with ice, which is a source of serious danger, especially after the first frost and during the thaw period. At this time, the risk of falling through the ice is very high. Therefore, it is important to follow the rules of safe behavior on winter reservoirs. The main ones of these rules are as follows:
- ice that has a greenish or bluish tint is reliable, while yellowish ice is dangerous;

- areas of ice are dangerous at the confluence of rivers and streams, near steep banks, at sharp bends of the riverbed;

- places where water appears on top of the ice pose a great danger, as they usually indicate the presence of a gulley;

- You should cross a body of water on ice during daylight hours and in good visibility;
- when moving on ice a group of people must maintain a distance of approximately 5 m;
- if you have a backpack, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of quickly releasing it (it is better to carry it on one shoulder).
Having fallen, you need to lean your elbows on the ice, put one foot on it, then pull out the other, roll onto the ice and carefully move away from the dangerous place. Before doing this, it is better to take off your shoes.

RULES FOR SAFE CONDUCT ON THE WATER

The ability to swim well is one of the most important guarantees of safe recreation on the water, but remember that even a good swimmer must exercise constant caution, discipline and strictly adhere to the rules of behavior on the water.

It is best to swim in specially equipped places: beaches, swimming pools, bathhouses; It is mandatory to first undergo a medical examination and familiarize yourself with the internal regulations of the swimming areas.

When hiking, you need to choose a place for swimming where there is clean water, a flat sandy or gravel bottom, shallow depth (up to 2 m), and no strong current (up to 0.5 m/s).

When a swimmer's body becomes hypothermic in the water, cramps may appear that cramp the arm, and more often the leg or both legs. If you experience convulsions, you must immediately get out of the water. If this is not possible, then you must proceed as follows:

1.Change your swimming style - swim on your back.

2. When you feel your fingers tightening, you need to quickly and forcefully clench your hand into a fist, make a sharp throwing motion with your hand to the outside, unclench your fist.

3. When the calf muscle cramps, you need to bend over, grab the foot of the affected leg with both hands and forcefully pull the foot towards you.

4. In case of cramps of the thigh muscles, you need to grab your leg from the outside below the shin at the ankle (by the instep) with your hand and, bending it at the knee, pull your hand with force back to the back.

5.Prick with any sharp object at hand (pin, needle, etc.)

6. A tired swimmer must remember that the best way For relaxation on the water, the position is “lying on your back.”

Don't swim behind the buoys – there may be a sharp drop in the bottom, a cold spring, thickets of algae, etc.

Don't play games in the water that involve grabbing – in the heat of passion, you can cause your partner to inhale water instead of air and lose consciousness.

Rules for assisting with drowning

1. Turn the victim face down, lower the head below the pelvis.

2. Clean your mouth.

3. Press sharply on the root of the tongue.

4. When gag and cough reflexes appear, achieve complete removal of water from the respiratory tract and stomach.

5. If there are no gagging movements and no pulse, put him on his back and begin resuscitation (artificial respiration, chest compressions). When signs of life appear, turn it face down and remove water from the lungs and stomach.

6. Call an ambulance.

If a person has already plunged into the water, do not give up trying to find him in the depths and then bring him back to life.This can be done if the drowned person was in the water for no more than 6 minutes.

IT IS FORBIDDEN

LEAVE THE VICTIMS WITHOUT ATTENTION (cardiac arrest may occur at any moment)

TRANSPORT THE VICTIMS INDEPENDENTLY IF IT IS POSSIBLE TO CALL THE RESCUE SERVICE.

To get rid of water that has entered the respiratory tract and is interfering with breathing, you need to immediately stop, vigorously move your arms and legs to stay on the surface of the water and, raising your head as high as possible, cough forcefully. To avoid choking in the water, a swimmer must maintain the correct breathing rhythm. When swimming in waves, you need to be careful about inhaling when you are between the crests of the waves. When swimming against the waves, you should calmly climb onto the wave and roll off it. If there is a wave with a crest, then it is best to dive under it a little below the crest.

If you find yourself in a fast current, you should not fight against it; you must, without breaking your breath, swim with the current to the shore.

Finding yourself in a whirlpool, you should not give in to fear or lose your sense of self-control. You need to take in more air into your lungs, plunge into the water and, making a strong jerk to the side with the current, float to the surface.

If you become entangled in algae, do not make sudden movements or jerks. You need to lie on your back, trying to swim with soft, calm movements in the direction from which you came. If you still cannot free yourself from the plants, then, having freed your hands, you need to raise your legs and try to carefully free yourself from the plants using your hands.

You cannot swim close to moving ships in order to bob on the waves. In the vicinity of a moving ship, a current arises that can pull it under the propeller. It is dangerous to jump (dive) into water in an unknown place - you can hit your head on the ground, snags, piles, etc., break cervical vertebrae, lose consciousness and die.

It is no less dangerous to dive from the rafts of boats, boats, piers and other floating structures. There may be logs under water - driftwood, piles, rails, reinforced concrete, etc. You can dive only in places specially equipped for this. You cannot swim near steep, steep or overgrown shores. Here the bottom slope can be very clogged with roots and vegetation. Sometimes the sandy bottom is shifting, which is dangerous for non-swimmers.

An important condition for safety on the water is strict adherence to the rules of boating. You cannot go sailing on a faulty and completely unequipped boat. Before boarding the boat, you need to inspect it and make sure that you have oars, a rudder, rowlocks, a lifebuoy, life jackets for the number of passengers, and a bailer for draining water. When boarding the boat, carefully step in the middle of the deck. You need to sit evenly on the beams (benches). Under no circumstances should you board a boat, change from one place to another, or move from one boat to another, rock the boat, or dive from it.

It is prohibited for children under 16 years of age to ride a boat unaccompanied by adults, to overload the boat in excess of the established norm for this type of boat, to cross the course of motorized vessels, to be close to them and to move along the ship's channel. It is dangerous to place the side of the boat parallel to the moving wave. The wave must be “cut” with the bow of the boat across or at an angle.

If the boat capsizes, the first thing to do is get help to the person who needs it. It is better for all passengers to hold on to the boat and push it together towards the shore or into shallow water.

For those who cannot swim and those who are poor swimmers, various inflatable floating devices are especially dangerous: inner tubes, belts, rubber mattresses, etc.

Control questions

    Is it possible to drink raw water from open reservoirs and rivers?

    Why shouldn't you dive into water in unfamiliar places?

    In what places is the ice safest for movement?

    What distance must be maintained when a group of people moves on ice?

    What color of ice is non-hazardous?

    In what areas is the ice thin and dangerous?

    What time of day should you travel on ice?

    What indicates the presence of a ravine?

Homework

    Study § 3.2 of the textbook.

    In your safety diary, write down the bodies of water that are allowed to swim in your city.

Useful tips and first aid.

Rules of behavior on reservoirs in winter.

The following reservoirs are considered the most dangerous during the period of autumn freeze-up (November - January) and spring flood (March - mid-April).

Security measures.

  • Avoid walking alone near dangerous bodies of water;
  • Slide down slides (on skis, soles, snow scooters) onto the surface of the river, as well as ride in unfamiliar places on snowmobiles;
  • Do not ride on ice floes, avoid riffles, ice holes, ice holes, ice edges;
  • Do not test the strength of ice by kicking.

Rules of conduct in case of emergency on ice.

  • Do not come close to someone who has failed;
  • Urgently report an emergency (place, time, causes of the emergency).
  • Call adults;
  • Give the person who has fallen through support (ski, stick, crossbar, etc.);

Remember, the time for critical hypothermia of the body in water in winter occurs within 10 minutes.

  • Try to drag the victim in using a scarf, rope, belts and other available means;
  • Provide assistance after removing a person from the water (physical exercises to warm up, running);
  • It is forbidden to come close to the edge or give a hand to the victim.

If you fall into the water, you need to: do not panic, try to get to the surface of the ice on your own and crawl towards the shore, call for help, go ashore and do not let yourself freeze.

How to avoid falling through the ice?

In almost any part of Central European and northern Russia there are large or small bodies of water that are covered with ice in frosty times. Any hunter, fisherman, tourist or person simply walking in the park can find themselves in an ice-related emergency. An ice-covered body of water is dangerous due to warm underwater currents, sudden changes in air temperature - temporary thaw, or any other reasons. The ice may not be strong enough, and while on it, a person risks falling into cold water at any moment. Follow the rules of behavior on ice, study the basic methods of rescuing a person who has fallen through the ice. Then, if necessary, you can protect yourself from harm and help save the life of another.

Choosing a path and checking the strength of the ice.

If the ice is not covered with a layer of snow, you can determine its strength by its color. Ice that has a bluish or greenish tint, without bubbles, is the most durable. If the ice has a milky tint and breaks without cracking, it is about half as weak. This type of ice occurs after heavy snowfall. In addition, the ice cover on any body of water is uneven - somewhere there are strong places, and somewhere the ice is weaker.

To make sure that the ice is safe to walk on, you need to carefully step on it and see if cracks form on its surface. Small radial cracks and crunching of the ice indicate that the ice can already be walked on. At the same time, remember that you must walk carefully, constantly checking the shape of the cracks that form under your feet. If ring cracks form, the ice is not strong enough, and it is better to abandon further travel along it. Porous ice during the spring thaw, after rain or drizzle, acquires a matte white or yellowish tint. He is very unreliable. Porous ice formed during heavy snowfall can also be dangerous. Remember that safety on ice can only be guaranteed by the absence of cracks at all; only in this case is the ice stable and strong.

You need to be very careful when going down onto the ice and leaving it on the shore when crossing a fast river; such ice is usually multi-layered and has a lot of air bubbles, which make it quite fragile. On winding, fast-flowing rivers, the weakest points are located near the banks, called the ice, and in the middle the ice has a more uniform and durable structure. It is better to go down to the river or approach the shore where there is no snow. River ice is thinnest under snowdrifts, near rocks and steep banks, near trees, snags, thickets of reeds or cattails, as well as at the confluence of different water flows - the inflow of streams and tributaries or their outflow from the river. A hole or ice hole dusted with snow or slightly covered with a thin layer of ice is also dangerous. Such wormwood is quite difficult to notice, especially after a snowfall.

Rules for safe behavior on ice.

Correct behavior on ice will help you avoid possible risks and prevent danger to other people while walking or having to cross an ice-covered body of water. You should remember and follow the rules of safe behavior on ice.

  • Do not cross a frozen body of water in places where it is prohibited.
  • Do not go out on recently frozen and not yet hardened ice. If necessary, check the possibility of crossing the ice using the method described above.
  • Do not gather in large groups on one piece of ice. If you need to cross a body of water as a group, spread out and walk a short distance behind each other.
  • Do not approach ice holes and holes on the ice.
  • Do not slide sleds, ice skates, or skis from the shore onto thin, not yet hardened ice, and categorically prohibit children from doing this without supervision.
  • Do not go out on the ice in poor lighting or visibility, especially at night.
  • Do not drive your car onto the ice outside of specially organized crossing areas.

The procedure for crossing a reservoir on ice.

Before going out on the ice, you should make sure that it is strong and reliable. After this, carefully move along the ice with a sliding step, leaning on your entire foot. Be prepared to turn back to the shore in case of danger or doubt. If you are crossing a body of water on skis and are not sure of the strength of the ice, you should unfasten the bindings on your skis so that you can quickly get rid of them in an emergency. You should not completely remove your skis when crossing a body of water, as they reduce the pressure on the ice and reduce the risk of it breaking. If you have a backpack, you need to remove one strap from your shoulder in advance, and also remove your hands from the lanyards of your ski poles in order to also quickly throw away unnecessary ballast in case of danger.

A group of people is transported in a chain with a distance of at least 5 meters between people. The most experienced and prepared member of the group goes first, who analyzes the condition of the ice along the way. When crossing in a group, you need to belay yourself with a long rope or use a pole for this purpose; you can also wear a life jacket. You should walk on ice slowly. Walking slowly will not break the ice instantly. It will crack and sag. By changing it appearance, the shape of cracks and the appearance of water, it will be possible to draw a conclusion about the reliability of the ice and the degree of risk of such a transition. For any warning sign you need to go back immediately. You should return in your own footsteps, smoothly gliding along the ice, without lifting your feet or making sudden movements.

Being on an ice-covered body of water can be dangerous at any time of the year and in any weather. The most dangerous periods are considered to be the periods of autumn freeze-up (late autumn - early winter), since the ice is not yet strong and stable enough, and spring flood (beginning and mid-spring), when the ice becomes loose and weak under the influence of the sun and above-zero temperatures. Most common emergency situations on ice are general hypothermia, various injuries, and drowning. Knowing the rules for saving people and yourself, the ability to act quickly and organize a rescue operation can help you cope with an emergency situation and save the life of yourself or other people.

If the ice breaks under you.

If the ice breaks under you, remain calm. Try to throw off your backpack and other things that get in your way. Lie on your back or stomach with your arms and legs spread wide. If you were on skis, then try to lie down on them and crawl away in the direction from which you came. Ski poles should be held in the middle, used to fix your position and belay. If you find yourself in water, throw all heavy things aside. Try to stay on the surface and climb out onto the ice. To do this, stick a ski pole or knife into the edge of the ice and, leaning on them, get to the surface. In a narrow ice hole, it is better to lie horizontally to rest your feet on the ice, or simply make swimming movements. If you manage to rest your feet and hands on the ice, roll to the side and crawl away from the ice hole. As a rule, at the site of the failure the ice edge is quite weak. Therefore, first you will have to break the ice with your hands or improvised means until you reach a solid surface. At the same time, you should loudly call for help.

Saving a person if he falls through the ice.

If you decide to help a person who has fallen through the ice, carefully crawl on your stomach to the hole, spreading your arms and legs wide. It is advisable to lean on a board or ski. Do not come close to the breach; it is enough to crawl to it at a distance that is sufficient to provide assistance. Throw the end of a rope or belt to the victim, or extend a board or ski pole. You can only pull the victim out of the hole while lying down. Help can only be provided by one, maximum two people; a whole group of people trying to help will definitely not be able to withstand the ice. If absolutely necessary, several people can lie down on the ice in a chain, holding each other’s legs, and crawl into the ice hole.

Actions on a floating ice floe.

If you find yourself at sea on a broken floating ice floe, the first thing you should do is not panic and try to calm others down. Distribute the load on the ice floe so that it does not turn over and break in the middle. Check the wind direction and its strength. The direction of movement of the ice floe can be determined by the compass, stars, and landmarks on the shore. Try to attract attention to yourself: shout, burn torches, or shoot with a rocket launcher. Check the availability of products and distribute food into several meals. Assess the condition of each person, provide first aid to the wounded. You can’t even take off wet clothes; they can still slow down the cooling process. Get rid of unnecessary ballast that will not be useful to you during a forced trip. Save food, spend incendiary supplies sparingly, and try to maintain a warm, friendly atmosphere of mutual assistance while waiting for rescuers.

Rules of conduct in cold water.

Being in cold water at any time of the year is extremely dangerous. While in it, in a matter of minutes the human body can become completely hypothermic and die. Not every experienced and healthy person is able to stay in ice water for long enough. However, some recommendations will help you hold out while waiting for help as long as possible. If you fall into water, try to hold on to any floating objects, including the ice itself. To reduce heat loss, keep your head and neck above the water. If several people fall into the water, it is better to stick together. Try to take care of the weak and wounded - give them random flotation devices to make it easier for them to stay on the water, or use them in turns.

You should get out of the water immediately, despite the fact that strong winds create the illusion that the water is much warmer. While in the water waiting for help, move as little as possible. Active movement increases sweating, which accelerates the process of hypothermia. You can begin active movement only when you reach strong ice to reach its surface or help other people. You should swim calmly, with small strokes underwater, without sudden movements. If there is numbness in your limbs and cramps, do not panic. Do not be alarmed, severe chills and pain in the limbs are local in nature and do not threaten a person’s life. Only general hypothermia of the body can lead to death.

Protection from cold.

Cold is the main enemy of a person caught in icy water. Once on shore or on solid ice, first wring out your wet clothes. If there is no way to stay warm in any building, find a place protected from the wind and take shelter there. To warm up, you should move actively and preferably eat something sweet. Lay out wet matches to dry. Build a temporary shelter or barrier out of branches, rocks or ice to protect yourself from wind and precipitation. On the shore you can light a fire and try to warm up. Don't sleep and don't stay motionless. Better keep yourself busy with work and thinking about your next steps.

How to swim and behave near water in summer?

The experience of rescue stations shows that an accident when swimming can happen to almost anyone, but children, drunk people, and those who consider themselves unsurpassed swimmers are most at risk.

So, here are some simple recommendations on how to behave near bodies of water.

You should enter cold water gradually. This is necessary so that the muscles are able to adapt to the temperature and there are no cramps. For the same purpose, before taking water procedures, it is highly recommended to do light exercises and stretch your muscles - this will improve blood circulation.

It is not recommended to swim in unequipped reservoirs or where there are no rescue stations. And in equipped rivers and lakes, you should not swim beyond the swimming area marked by buoys. To avoid electric shock, do not swim during a thunderstorm.

Unnecessarily, try to avoid dangerous long-distance swims. And if such a swim happens, you should calculate your capabilities, including the return trip. So, if you swam across a wide river, and on the other bank you feel that you have no strength left for the return swim. DON'T SWIMM! The risk could cost you your life. Get back by boat or bridge. As a last resort, have a good rest - let your body recover properly.

Do not swim while intoxicated. In this state, certain physical and mental changes are observed in the body. Intoxicated people tend to overestimate their capabilities, while at the same time the level of their physical strength and skills decreases. In addition, swimming while drunk can lead to complete cardiac arrest, and there will be no one to help on the water.

Don't swim alone. When relaxing in a group, watch other swimmers, especially children. Keep in mind that drowning people only scream in movies. IN real life When water gets into the throat, a choking person is not able to make sound signals.

If you feel that you are starting to drown, then try not to panic, save your remaining strength and breath, give signs to the rescuers and other people. Having given a signal, in order to stay on the water, it is recommended to lie on your back so that only your face (respiratory organs) remains on the surface, and make light movements with your legs and arms under water. In this state, a person can, using a minimum of effort, remain on the surface for a long time. Keep in mind that your entire body should be under water, including your ears and hair. The more part of our body we immerse in water, the more the saving buoyant force of water will act on us. Every swimmer should know this technique, and it should be learned in advance.

What not to do when swimming. Water safety rules.

  • DO NOT swim beyond the guardrails;
  • DO NOT swim in prohibited areas;
  • DO NOT leave children swimming unattended;
  • DO NOT give false signals;
  • DO NOT swim up to passing boats, boats or boats;
  • DO NOT jump into the water from bridges, dams, piers, boats and boats;
  • DO NOT dive in an unfamiliar place.

Boat water safety rules.

  • DO NOT use ownerless or technically faulty boats;
  • DO NOT go sailing without life-saving and water-draining equipment;
  • DO NOT overload the floating craft with passengers and cargo in excess of the carrying capacity indicated in the technical passport;
  • DO NOT ride while intoxicated;
  • DO NOT sit on the side or bow of the boat;
  • DO NOT change from one place to another, as well as from one boat to another while afloat;
  • DO NOT dive from boats;
  • DO NOT use watercraft after dark.


Children under 14 years of age are prohibited from using watercraft unless accompanied by an adult!

After severe overheating in the sun, do not rush to plunge into cold water. A rapid change in temperature causes a sharp contraction of blood vessels, which can lead to fainting.

First aid for victims in water.

  • Remember! The victim can be restored to life no later than 6 minutes after breathing stops.
  • Turn the victim's head to the side and clear the mouth of sand and silt.
  • Remove water from the respiratory tract and stomach. All this should not take more than 15 seconds.
  • Determine whether the victim is breathing and has a pulse. If there is no pulse, begin artificial respiration using the mouth-to-mouth method.
  • External cardiac massage is performed simultaneously with artificial respiration.

First aid for seizures.

Fingers: quickly and forcefully clench your hand into a fist, make a sharp throwing motion with your hand to the side and unclench your fist.
Calf muscle: bend, grab the foot of your flattened leg with your hand, and pull it towards you with force.
Thigh muscles: grab the outside of your leg at the ankle (by the instep) and, bending it at the knee, pull it back towards your back.
If the cramp does not go away, repeat the dose!

If you are caught in a whirlpool.

Take in more air, plunge into the water and, making a strong jerk with the current, float to the surface.

More than 2/3 of the earth's surface is covered by water. Perhaps this is why the ancient Greeks believed that every person should be able to swim. Water is a great blessing for us, but at the same time it is a great danger. Every year, in our country alone, thousands of people die on water.

All bodies of water are dangerous at any time of the year. In summer they are dangerous when swimming and using watercraft. The danger most often comes from strong currents (including underwater), deep pools and underwater cold springs.

In spring, autumn and winter, low water temperature is added to these factors. In winter, many reservoirs are covered with ice, which is a source of serious danger, especially after the first frost and during the thaw period. At this time, the risk of falling through the ice is very high. Therefore, it is important to follow the rules of safe behavior on winter reservoirs. The main ones of these rules are as follows:

  • Ice that has a greenish or bluish tint is reliable, while yellowish ice is dangerous;
  • areas of ice are dangerous at the confluence of rivers and streams, near steep banks, at sharp bends of the riverbed;
  • places where water appears on top of the ice usually have gullies;
  • You should cross a body of water on ice during daylight hours and in good visibility;
  • when moving on ice a group of people must maintain a distance of approximately 5 m;
  • If you have a backpack, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of quickly releasing it (it is better to carry it on one shoulder).

Having fallen, you need to lean on the ice, put one leg on it, then pull out the other, roll onto the ice and carefully move away from the dangerous place. Before doing this, it is better to take off your shoes.

Safe Ice Thickness

    Remember: Having fallen through the ice, you should not give in to panic - 90% of people successfully got out of such situations.

In summer, you must also follow the rules of safe behavior on reservoirs.

Firstly, you should not swim in unfamiliar places that are not specially equipped for this purpose.

Secondly, when swimming it is prohibited:

  • swim beyond the boundaries of the swimming area;
  • swim up to moving vessels, boats, cutters, catamarans, jet skis;
  • dive and stay under water for a long time;
  • stay in cold water for a long time;
  • swim on a full stomach;
  • play games in the water involving grabbing each other.

    Remember: if you swim poorly, stay at such a depth that you can touch the bottom with your feet at any time.

Questions and tasks

  1. What dangers exist on reservoirs in summer?
  2. Why are many bodies of water dangerous in winter?
  3. What places on frozen bodies of water are the most dangerous?
  4. There are errors in the signs of ice reliability given below. Identify them.

    Reliable ice is yellowish, bluish and greenish in color at the confluence of rivers and streams.

  5. What should you do if you fall through the ice?
  6. Name the main, from your point of view, rules for safe behavior on reservoirs in the summer.